Psych- Chapter 4-7

In girls, puberty begins with physical changes starting around age ____.

11

By age ___ months, infants will imitate acts modeled on television.

14

Fewer than ____________ of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks after fertilization.

50 percent

The difference threshold is the minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuli:

50 percent of the time

Although it varies, which of the following ages would menopause MOST likely occur?

53

Fatal car accidents increase after the age of __________, especially when measured per miles driven.

65

In one survey, ______ percent of 12- to 17-year-old American girls who have had sex said they regretted it.

72

_____ is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Adolescence

Brenda's uncle underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for four months straight. How will this sensory deprivation affect his future vision?

His vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation.

Infant rats deprived of their mothers' grooming touch produce:

LESS growth hormone and have a LOWER metabolic rate.

Why are teenage girls at an increased risk for contracting STIs?

They have both an immature anatomy and lower levels of protective antibodies

_____________ is the process in which we detect physical energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals.

Transduction

_____________ refers to the conversion of one form of energy into another.

Transduction

Which of the following activities illustrates egocentrism?

While talking on the phone, a little boy holds up four fingers in response to being asked how old he is by the person speaking to him.

Brenda is a genetically normal baby girl, which means that she received a(n):

X chromosome from both her father and mother.

Tom just learned that his roommate Ahmed's girlfriend no longer wants to see him. Tom knows that Ahmed is studying in the library, so he goes to find him. Although Ahmed looks like he is studying, Tom assumes he looks depressed. This assumption is an example of someone being influenced by:

a context effect.

Sexually active teens are more likely to use contraceptives if they:

are in an exclusive sexual relationship involving open communication.

Infancy's major social achievement is:

attachment

After having a stroke, Juanita reports having lost the ability to see, and brain scans show damage to her brain's visual cortex. However, when asked which direction a stick is pointing, she is able to accurately "guess" whether the stick is vertical or horizontal. This phenomenon is called:

blindsight.

According to the Gestalt psychologists, we tend to fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole object. This is called the principle of:

closure.

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or by means of language is called:

cognitive learning.

During this stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children first become able to think logically about events, grasp analogies, and perform arithmetical operations.

concrete operational

A dollar bill is to a delicious meal as:

conditioned reinforcer is to a primary reinforcer.

The phenomenon of blindsight best illustrates that visual information can be processed without:

conscious awareness.

Critics of evolutionary psychology are particularly likely to emphasize that gender differences in mate preferences can also be by-products of:

cultural practices

Your 9-month-old niece is just learning to crawl. Your brother has agreed to have her participate in an experiment that incorporates a visual cliff. What is most likely being studied in this experiment?

depth perception

Studies have shown that exposure to violence _________________ viewers when later viewing other violent programs on television

desensitizes

Studies have shown that exposure to violence _________________ viewers when later viewing other violent programs on television.

desensitizes

Bryce volunteered to participate in a taste test for a new soup. The testers want to know when the participants notice a reduction in salt in the soup. After Bryce tastes several bowls of soup he notices that the last bowl has less salt than the others. Bryce's detection of the change in salt content is an example of detecting the:

difference threshold

Just one week after conception, the cells of the zygote begin to ___________. In other words, the cells begin to specialize in structure and function.

differentiate

In psychological science, ______ is the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.

embodied cognition

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called:

gender typing.

Compared with men, women are more likely to show obvious signs of:

interdependence

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually:

large when it is near the horizon.

The gender gap in social connectedness and power peaks during which of the following age range(s)?

late adolescence and early adulthood

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of:

latent learning.

Prolonged exposure to TV violence leads viewers to experience:

less sympathy for victims of violence on TV and to become less upset by the sight of real-life violence.

he first menstrual period in girls occurs usually within a year of age 12.5, and it is known as _____________.

menarche

Gays and lesbians have been found to score midway between straight males and straight females on:

mental rotation tasks.

Lee is a 40-year-old banker. Which stage of development is he in?

middle adulthood

Kole works at hammering a nail with his toy hammer as his father hammers deck boards into place. Kole's behavior is a clear example of:

modeling.

For conditioning to occur, a(n) ____________ must repeatedly come before a(n) unconditioned stimulus.

neutral stimulus (NS)

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via:

observation.

Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are:

social scripts.

Puberty is a time:

when one is maturing sexually.

_____________ occurs when the mechanical system that conducts sounds waves to the cochlea is damaged.

Conduction hearing loss

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend viewing violence, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings?

Correlation does not prove causation.

Who first proposed the law of effect, that rewarded behavior is likely to recur?

Edward Thorndike

_____ is a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties when many young people in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults.

Emerging adulthood

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a conditioned stimulus was challenged by:

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.

According to the ____________, the spinal cord contains a neurological opening that either blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.

gate-control theory of pain

Since 1998, Viagra has been a highly successful treatment for:

erectile disorder.

Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States has increased more than five years since 1960, to:

29 for men and 27 for women

In 1937, two Harvard psychologists asked the public for assistance in finding the Lindbergh baby after he was kidnapped. People were asked to submit the contents of their dreams. Out of 1300 submissions, what percentage of people accurately predicted that the baby had already died?

5 percent

Which of the following is evidence for the dissociation theory of pain relief?

A hypnotized dental patient reports she is not feeling any pain, but her brain demonstrates activity in areas that receive sensory information.

Which of the following pairings can be MOST easily explained by evolutionary psychology?

A young woman marries a successful middle-aged man.

Ashley is house-sitting. On the first night, a thunderstorm causes the electricity to go out. She remembers seeing some candles and matches next to the grandfather clock. How is she able to determine that the clock is to the right of her?

Her right ear receives more intense sound and receives the sound sooner than her left ear.

Which of the following individuals is in the late adulthood stage of development?

Juanita, who is 70 years old

According to evolutionary psychologists, there are clear differences between male and female behaviors related to reproduction. Imagine a study in which a woman approaches a man in a bar and starts a casual conversation with him. What will observers of this interaction think?

Many men watching this scenario will perceive the woman's friendliness as sexual interest.

All of the following psychologists are considered stage theorists EXCEPT:

Marc Bornstein.

In a study on aggression, a group of university students was given an experimental task purposely meant to be frustrating. Then the participants were given a task that forced them to administer (fake) electric shocks to other participants. Given what we know about gender differences and aggression, who do you think administered more painful electric shocks?

Men administered more painful electric shocks.

____________ is a girl's first menstrual cycle and is a marker in sexual development.

Menarche

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by:

Piaget's studies of cognitive development.

Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?

Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.

_____ consists of all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Self-concept

____________________ is the result of damage to the cochlea's hair cell receptors.

Sensorineural hearing loss

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's views is FALSE?

Skinner advocated the greater use of punishment to control human behavior and achieve a more perfect society.

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner is TRUE?

Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will.

______________ occurs below your absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

Subliminal stimulation

______________ are agents that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause it harm.

Teratogens

___________ is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sensory stimulus (e.g., light, sound, pressure, and taste) 50 percent of the time.

The absolute threshold

How does the cognitive view of classical conditioning differ from the traditional behavioral perspective?

The cognitive view maintains that mental processes as well as external events are an important component in the learning process.

Brianna, the manager of a food store, is trying to come up with ways of increasing sales of items with high profit margins. She decides that she is going to embed subliminal messages to buy certain items in the music playing in the store. What do you predict will happen to the sales of the items that are subliminally advertised?

There will be no real change in the sales of those items

Jake is weightlifting at the gym. He works out with 100 pounds and then adds 5 pounds but notices no increase in weight. He instead adds 10 pounds and notices the increase in weight. He notices that if he increases the weight by 10 percent each time he feels the increase in weight. This best illustrates:

Weber's law.

Your 17-year-old nephew seems to take a lot of risks compared to his 18-year-old sister. He drives faster than she does, he smokes cigarettes, and he has several casual sexual partners. His sister does not want to have any kind of sexual relationship until she meets the right person. How would an evolutionary psychologist explain the difference between your niece and nephew?

Women are attracted to males who have the potential for long-term mating.

According to the _________________ theory, the retina has three types of color receptors, each of which is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue.

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates:

a context effect.

You have a limited budget for your research, so you need to focus on a small sample of individuals who are most likely to develop an alcohol use disorder and to develop an antisocial personality disorder. Given what we know about gender differences, which of the following groups would you choose?

a group of adult males

Compared with men who do not have older brothers, men who have older brothers are somewhat more likely to experience:

a homosexual orientation.

Two people can look at the same photograph and interpret the image in two different ways, depending on their pre-existing assumptions and beliefs. The set of mental tendencies that influences what we experience is called:

a perceptual set.

A framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking is known as:

a scaffold.

On a clear, dark night, researchers estimate that people can see a candle flame from about 30 miles away about 50 percent of the time. This represents the ______________________ for vision.

absolute threshold

When we adapt our current understandings to incorporate information, we have engaged in:

accommodation.

The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining the characteristics of:

afterimages.

We perceive intense colors as those with a greater:

amplitude.

It has been suggested that men in many cultures tend to marry women younger than themselves because men are genetically predisposed to seek female features associated with youthful fertility. This suggestion best illustrates:

an evolutionary perspective.

Although she has had sexual intercourse, 30-year-old Amber has never had an orgasm. Her physician has told her she might be suffering from:

an orgasmic disorder.

By age 14, boys:

are usually taller than girls

Temperament and emotionality studies have demonstrated that these characteristics:

are very stable over time.

When we interpret our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas, we have engaged in:

assimilation.

Learning that certain events occur together is called:

associative learning.

Chandra's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for breaking the rules he has set forth. Chandra's father has which type of parenting style?

authoritarian

Garry's parents set firm rules, but they are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight, and so on. Garry's parents have which type of parenting style?

authoritative

Relative luminance most clearly contributes to:

brightness constancy

Older adults are more susceptible to _____________ than when they were younger.

cancer

Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the:

cerebellum.

A learned association between two stimuli is central to:

classical conditioning

An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of:

classical conditioning

Whenever Jamison opens his refrigerator to get something to eat, he also gives his dog some food. Now, when Jamison opens the refrigerator door his dog begins to drool. This best illustrates:

classical conditioning.

You are a building contractor surveying the progress on a home that you are constructing. From one angle, it appears that the home is completely framed. However, when you move to the right, you see the gaps. The first angle illustrates the principle of:

closure.

Zack repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into his eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):

conditioned response (CR).

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):

conditioned stimulus (CS)

David has been suffering from a lengthy illness, with symptoms that include his ears being painfully plugged with fluid. One morning his right ear "pops" from all the pressure and fluid comes out. The eardrum has been ruptured, and he screams in pain. This damage could result in:

conduction hearing loss.

Premarital sexual activity is higher among American teens who:

consume rather than abstain from alcohol.

When 3-year-old Luca is in the grocery store with his mother he sometimes throws temper tantrums if she refuses his requests for a particular cereal. Parent-training experts in operant conditioning would suggest that his mother should:

continue shopping while not giving in to Luca's tantrums, explaining why.

How a vending machine works is an example of a __________________ reinforcement schedule

continuous

Those in this stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral thinking believe that laws are needed to maintain social order.

conventional morality

In agricultural societies, children typically socialize into more distinct gender roles than do children in nomadic societies. This best illustrates that gender-role differences between social groups result from:

cultural influence.

Improved judgment, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develops during the late teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:

development of the frontal lobe of the brain.

Your sister has a 3-month-old baby girl who is always cheerful, relaxed, and predictable in terms of sleeping and eating. The baby's temperament is most likely that of a(n):

easy baby

Isabella is looking for a new roommate. She invites a candidate to meet her at her apartment. Isabella's mother, a real estate agent, tells her to bake cookies and make hot tea just before the potential roommate arrives, explaining that the hot drink and the smell of the cookies will favorably affect this person's judgment of her. This is an example of:

embodied cognition

Chris is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses, and he spends school holidays at home with them. He is in the phase of life known as:

emerging adulthood.

Reese is unable to have an erection so he has gone to his doctor to discuss the problem. Reese's doctor referred to this problem as:

erectile disorder.

Stan went to see his doctor because he has difficulty maintaining an erection. Stan was diagnosed with:

erectile disorder.

Women are somewhat more likely than men to feel bisexual attractions. This best illustrates a gender difference in:

erotic plasticity.

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________.

every time the desired behavior occurs

During the _______________ of the sexual response cycle, the genital areas become engorged with blood, a woman's vagina expands and secretes lubricant, and her breasts and nipples may enlarge.

excitement phase

Bree's genital areas have become engorged with blood, her vagina has expanded and secretes lubricant, and her breasts and nipples have enlarged from her boyfriend's caresses and soft kisses. She is in the:

excitement phase.

Jill was born without the ability to feel pain. On several occasions she has not noticed when she has been seriously injured. People with this type of problem may:

experience all of these things.

Compared with men, women are more likely to talk with others to:

explore relationships

What was the conditioned response (CR) in Watson and Rayner's famous Little Albert study?

fear in response to the sight of the rat

According to researcher Qazi Rahman (2015), "gay men appear, on average, more _____ in brain pattern responses and lesbian women are somewhat more _____."

female typical; male typical

You received a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail, complete with a rewards program. After you read on further, however, you find that the one dollar spent for every mile earned may not be such a great offer after all, since getting a $500 airline ticket only happens after you first acquire 25,000 miles (spending $25,000 to do so). This is a ________ schedule.

fixed-ratio

Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT a conditioned reinforcer?

food

According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning form?

formal operational

When adolescents achieve the intellectual summit that Jean Piaget called _____, they apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them.

formal operations

Men are _____ likely to suffer from alcohol use disorder than women.

four times as

Mirror neurons in the brain's ______________ are believed to be the neural basis for observational learning.

frontal lobes

Lee has noticed that the girls he goes out with still expect him to pick up the check even though they may have asked him out in the first place. These expectations are called:

gender roles.

Melissa has always taken responsibility for preparing family meals because she had learned that this was expected of women. Her behavior illustrates her application of

gender roles.

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

generativity versus stagnation stage

When James celebrated his 25th anniversary at the company, he felt that the rare autographed baseball he was given, while nice, was just a meaningless trinket. He thought that his wife and children were much more important than his job. James is in the stage of development called:

generativity versus stagnation.

Harry is now in his mid-50s, so he can expect to experience a:

gradual decrease in testosterone.

Jorge was born with cataracts, but he didn't have cataract surgery until he was 30 years old. The surgery restored his sight, but:

he could not recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch.

Unlike many of his friends, Jerry has not had sexual intercourse as an adolescent. Which of the following factors have likely contributed to his abstinence?

high intelligence

In the United States and Canada, ____________ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV.

homicide

According to research on the stability of temperament, which of the following is the MOST stable over time?

impulsiveness

Thomas recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Thomas' perception was most clearly influenced by a distance cue known as:

interposition.

According to Erik Erikson, the two fundamental themes that dominate adult development are:

intimacy and generativity.

A person who responds successfully to a hypnotic suggestion is likely to also be the type of person who:

is frequently engaged in imaginative activities.

The sensory experience of bending one's knees or raising one's arms illustrates:

kinesthesia.

The system for sensing the position and movement of our individual body parts is called:

kinesthesia.

The initiative to have infants sleep on their back, rather than their stomach, has been associated with:

later crawling

Women fantasize about sex ________ men.

less frequently than

Aja is worried that as her husband approaches his 40th birthday he will become depressed and unhappy with his life, and that he will begin to seek out adventure and younger women to help compensate for these feelings. Studies indicate that very few men (or women) go through this sort of:

midlife crisis

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron may be activated in an empathic response to this observation?

mirror neuron

People watching their team lose important games often make faces, yell at the screen, and demonstrate general agitation. Although they aren't playing the game themselves, they may be able to experience the frustration felt by the players because of ________________ activity in the brain.

mirror neuron

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates:

observational learning

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates:

observational learning.

As evidence of the stability of temperament over time, researchers have found from studying photographs that:

one in three of those people with the widest smiles tended to divorce.

The average girl enters puberty __________ sooner than the average boy.

one year

A learned association between a behavior and its consequences is central to:

operant conditioning.

Research on the human sexual response cycle indicates that:

orgasm is experienced the same for both males and females.

A woman's estrogen levels peak during:

ovulation

Cross-sectional studies are those in which:

people of different ages are compared with one another

Even though it is completely dark outside, you still perceive your car as fire-engine red, rather than the actual color of burgundy, due to lighting. This is an example of:

perceptual constancy.

We recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of how the viewing angle changes. This fact illustrates:

perceptual constancy.

Both _______________ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception.

perceptual set and context

After hearing that Bruce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of:

perceptual set.

Men are more likely to engage in _________ aggression than women.

physical

Rich is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though the piccolo produces much shorter, faster sound waves than does the tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the ______________ of their sounds.

pitch

The length of a sound wave determines what aspect of hearing?

pitch

The volley principle is most relevant to understanding how we sense:

pitch.

The theory that links the pitch we hear with the location where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated is called:

place theory.

During the _______________, excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase and genitals become engorged with blood.

plateau phase

Jenny is in her seventies, and she is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry most about:

pneumonia.

Betty wants to find a way to control her asthma without always relying on her rescue inhaler. She visits a hypnotherapist, hoping that hypnosis will help her, and within a month is less reliant on her inhaler because of the:

posthypnotic suggestions.

The purported ability to see future events before they happen is known as:

precognition

Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of:

precognition.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a __________________ of self-interest.

preconventional morality

Which of the following is a sexual dysfunction?

premature ejaculation

Jill and Thomas, who have been happily married for 5 years, both experience feelings of satisfaction and contentment after sex. Studies have found that unlike couples who hook up for one night, Jill and Thomas experience a surge of the hormone _____, which accounts for this feeling of satisfaction and contentment.

prolactin

The supposed ability to move objects with one's mind is known as:

psychokinesis

Seventy-six-year-old Charles has an optimistic outlook on life, plays golf several times a week, and teaches English to non-English speaking people. Charles's example demonstrates the role that _____ factors play in helping older people live longer and flourish.

psychological

At about age 11 in girls and age 12 in boys, a surge of sex hormones triggers the onset of:

puberty.

Our senses do all of the following EXCEPT:

record sensory information and save it for later processing.

What is NOT a monocular depth cue that drivers rely on?

retinal disparity

A gender ______________ is a set of expected behaviors for men and women.

role

Katie acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Katie is experiencing:

role confusion.

When a baby's cheek is touched, she will turn toward the touch, then open her mouth in search of a nipple. This is known as the _________ reflex.

rooting

Concepts of masculinity and femininity that influence our comprehension of the world are called gender:

schemas.

Female breasts are an example of:

secondary sex characteristics

The nonreproductive sexual characteristics (e.g., female breasts, male facial hair) are known as:

secondary sex characteristics

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics such as the deepened male voice and male facial hair are called:

secondary sex characteristics.

Evidence that brain anatomy differences help explain variations in sexual orientation is provided by the fact that these brain differences:

seem to develop soon after or even before birth

Experiencing sudden pain is to _____________ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to _____.

sensation; perception

According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do the developmental phenomena of object permanence and stranger anxiety occur?

sensorimotor

There are three well-known stage theorists in developmental psychology: Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, and Erik Erikson. Which of the following lists the first stage of their respective stage theories?

sensorimotor, preconventional, basic trust

If you walk into a room that smells strongly of cigarette smoke, you will notice it right away. After a few minutes, though, you will no longer notice the smell. This best illustrates:

sensory adaptation.

Tammy puts one toe into the swimming pool and shivers because the water is so cold. She grits her teeth and dives in anyway. After about ten minutes in the water, the temperature seems quite comfortable to her. This example illustrates the principle of:

sensory adaptation.

One sense influencing the perception of another sense is known as:

sensory interaction.

What makes sensation possible?

sensory receptors

Your room is still fairly dark when you wake up early one morning. You look over at your shirt hanging on a hook. You know it's your red shirt because you hung it up there before you went to bed, but in the dark you can't see its color. It looks dark gray to you. Why is that?

sensory receptors

Premature ejaculation is one form of:

sexual dysfunction.

Art is trying to train his dog to do a trick. First, he gives his dog a treat for paying attention. Next, he gives his dog a treat for beginning the trick. Each time the dog gets closer to performing the trick, Art gives him a treat. Rewarding successive approximations toward behavior is known as:

shaping

Professor Smithers studies the impact of boredom and fatigue on people's absolute thresholds. His research is based on:

signal detection theory.

Robert, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents might not notice the same small changes. This difference in reaction to the same stimuli is best explained by:

signal detection theory.

When Marissa imitates her mother, carefully wrapping and setting out presents for the holiday celebration, she is praised and given holiday cookies. Marissa's learning of gender-linked behaviors is best explained by:

social learning theory

Six-year-old John likes to help his dad fix things around the house. When his dad gets ready to start fixing something, John grabs his toy tools. Sometimes he even picks up a real screwdriver to try and help fix whatever is broken. John's imitation of his dad's behavior can be best explained by:

social learning theory.

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a(n):

stimulus.

Today, a man on television described his experience of ____________, a condition in which the senses become joined. He explained that when certain types of music are played, he often sees patterns of colors.

synesthesia

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to later prey on sheep. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning concept?

taste-aversion learning

Both religious engagement and participation in service learning programs are predictors of:

teen sexual restraint.

Which of the following is the term used by psychologists to describe an infant's inborn characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity?

temperament

Clarrisa, who has suffered from epilepsy all her life, takes Trileptal to control her seizures. Recently she became pregnant with her first child. She then checked on her medication and found that no adequate studies have been performed on the effect of the medication on pregnant women. She asked her doctor whether Trileptal was a(n):

teratogen.

More than in other mammals, in humans the female sex drive is facilitated by elevated ________ levels.

testosterone

When we see the mouth movement for "ga" while hearing "ba," we may perceive "da." This best illustrates:

the McGurk effect.

Jane's teacher knows that behaviors that are followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated, so she gives her students a sticker every time they turn in their homework. This example best illustrates:

the law of effect.

Lee fell off of his bike and hit the back of his head on the sidewalk. For a few minutes afterward, his vision was distorted. His friend, Jackson, says that the fall couldn't have affected his vision because he hit the back of his head, not the front. You know that Jackson is wrong because:

the occipital lobe is located in the back of the head.

During which phase of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin?

the resolution phase

Detecting a weak stimulus, or signal, does NOT depend in part on:

the sense being used to detect the stimulus.

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as:

the social clock.

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that:

the unconditioned stimulus (US) must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS) for conditioning to occur.

Research shows that infants only a few weeks old prefer:

their mother's voice to another woman's voice.

Research on gender and aggression indicates that:

throughout the world, men are more likely than women to commit violent crimes.

Sex reassignment surgery today would most likely be recommended for individuals who are:

transgender

Although Kendra is genetically male, she dresses in women's clothes in order to express her strong sense of identity as a female. Kendra could best be described as:

transgender.

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n):

unconditioned response (UR).

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

unconditioned stimulus (US).

Unlike sexual dysfunctions, paraphilias involve sexual behaviors that are:

unusual and distressing.

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____________ schedule.

variable-ratio

Since pain is both a physical and psychological phenomenon, the use of this diversion helps burn patients to distract themselves from painful procedures by diverting their attention.

virtual reality

_____________ refers to the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

wavelength

An example of a primary sex characteristic is a:

woman's ovaries

With respect to today's gender roles, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

women spend more time today on housework than they did in the mid-1960s.

The correct order of prenatal development is:

zygote, embryo, fetus

Which of the following is NOT a major issue in developmental psychology?

zygotes versus teratogens