Psych chapter 5-8
What do social psychologist see under the veneer of cultural differences?
an essential universality
according to evolutionary psychologists, we are the way we are
because nature selected those who had our traits
as members of a great family with common ancestors, we share not only common biology but also...
common behavioral tendencies
Human biology enables our
cultural diversity
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
culture
even much of our morality is common across what?
cultures and eras
What are the five universal dimensions of social beliefs?
cynicism, social complexity, reward for application, spirituality, fate control
all cultures appropriate behaviors are different or the same?
different
Whenever people form status hierarchies, they talk to ____ status people in the respectful way they often talk to strangers.
high
The cultural perspective highlights what?
human adaptability
What is one reason cultures differ?
human adaptability
our shared ___ ____ enabled our cultural diversity
human biology
Because our social tasks are common to people everywhere.....
humans everywhere tend to agree on the answers
The quest in social psychology is not just to catalog differences but to also...
identify universal principles of behavior
What is the best-known universal norm?
incest taboo
univeral behaviors that define human nature arise from...
our bioligical similarity
Our most important similarity , the hallmark of our species
our capacity to learn and adapt
in order to achieve peace we have acquire a genuine appreciation for what two things?
our genuine differences and our deep similarities
Many collectivistic believe that what causes human suffering?
violating social norms
we're more _____ than we are _____
alike; different
The first aspect of universal status norms correlates with:
advances in intimacy are usually suggested by higher-status persons
Females and males are very similar in physcial traits and developmental milestones like...
age of sitting up, teething, and walking
Men and Women feel the same ____ and ____
emotions and longings
The vicarious experience of another's feelings; putting oneself in another's shoes.
empathy
Genes are not fixed blueprints, their expression depends on what?
environment
evolutionary psychology incorporates...
environmental influences
A field of research exploring the expression of genes across different environments
epigenetics
what prepared us to live creatively in a changing world and to thrive in different environments?
evolution
The _____ _____ highlights our universal human nature
evolutionary perspective
the study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection
evolutionary psychology
What is the first aspect of universal status norms?
forms of address communicate not only social distance but social status
In psychology, the characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female.
gender
Many cultures, like North America, believe that everyone has to be assigned a...
gender
Natural selection implies that certain _____ became more abundant
genes that predisposed traits that increases the odds of surviving long enough to reproduce and nurture descendants
What traits, that are found to be stereotypes of women, are actually preferred by most people?
less physical aggression, more nurturing; and greater social sensitivity
Whenever people form status hierarchies, they talk to ____ status people in the more familiar way they speak to friends
lower
People perceive leaders having culturally more masculine or feminine traits? Such as being more confident, forceful, independent, outspoken.
masculine
Darwin's idea was that ______ ______ enables evolution
natural selection
The evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations
natural selection
Evo Psych recognizes that what interacts to form us?
nature and nurture
Socially speaking, has there been any sort of gray area between male and female?
no
All cultures have ____ so they all evaluate how well others follow them.
norms
social behavior occurs smoothly when people understand the situations ___
norms
standards for accepted and expected behavior; these prescribe 'proper' behavior
norms
If norms are unclear we___
observe other's behavior and adjust accordingly
Females and males are also alike psychologically like...
overall vocabulary, creativity, intelligence; self-esteem, happiness
The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. Its size depends on our familiarity with whomever is near us.
personal space
Attitudes and behavior will always vary across cultures but the ____ by which attitudes influence will vary much less
processes
as mobile gene machines we carry not only the physical legacy but also the....
psychological legacy of our ancestors' adaptive preferences
What are some norms that are universal?
respect friend privacy; make eye contact while talking; keep secrets given
Are gender differences growing or shrinking in industrialized societies?
shrinking
we're all intensely...
social
The diversity of language, customs, and expressive behaviors confirms that much of our behavior is ___ ___ rather than hardwired
socially programmed
Every what disapproves of incest?
society
Cultures not only differ in what the norms are but also in...
strength of norms
Tight cultures are more likely to have been exposed to threats like what?
territorial conflict; resource scarcity
Cultures vary in how much they emphasize __ ____ ___ vs. others and society
the individual self
Societies with stronger, enforced norms for behaviors are considered what kind of cultures
tight
What kind of cultures are norms especially important?
traditional, collectivistic cultures
Which sex is more likely to describe themselves as being empathetic?
women
Most people rate their beliefs and feelings regarding ____ as more favorable than feelings regarding ____
women; men
Are there some norms that are actually universal?
yes
Does evaluating people appear across all cultures and languages
yes
