Psych Chapter 6

What is spontaneous recovery?

The reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause. This is because animals have hope.

What is generalization?

The tendency to respons to stimulu similar to the CS, can be adaptive

Is the below positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or a punishment? a professor gives extra credit to students with perfect attendance

positive reinforcement

what are prosocial effects?

prosocial behavior can have prosocial effects. Children learn good behavior from good models.

What are mirror neurons?

provide a neural basis for every day imitaiton and observational learning. Neuron fires when we perform certain actions and whe nwe observe others performing those actions.

Is the below positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or a punishment? Scolding a child for playing on the street

punishment

What is the definition of learning?

Learning is the relatively permanent behavior change as a result of experience

What is positive punishment?

Administer an aversive stimulus to stop behavior. (i.e. spanking, penalties)

Albert Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" experiments demonstrated the importance of _______ in the shaping of young children's behavior through ________ learning. a. modeling; observational b. conditioning; classical c. reinforcement; behavioral d. cognition; unconditioned

Albert Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" experiments demonstrated the importance of _______ in the shaping of young children's behavior through ________ learning. a. modeling; observational

What is operant conditioning?

Animals aassociat etheir own actions with consequences. There is more choice in the matter, more willful behavior.

What are the two basic forms of learning?

Associative Cognitive

What is a stimulus?

Event that evokes response. It can be conditioned or unconditioned.

What are conditioned reinforcers?

Events gain its reinforcing power through its link with the primary reinforcers. Money for humans is a large conditioned reinforcer because it can buy you many primary reinforcements.

what is shaping?

Gradually guiding actions closer and closer towards desired behavior, using reinforcement, using successive approximatons.

If a light reliably signals a food delivery, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer. a. partial b. primary c. conditioned d. delayed

If a light reliably signals a food delivery, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer. c. conditioned

In the experiment in which you were to condition a subject to blink her eye whenever she heard a certain tone, an eye blink was most likely to be scored as a ________ when it preceded the ________. a. CR; UCS b. CR; CS c. UCR; UCS d. UCR; CS

In the experiment in which you were to condition a subject to blink her eye whenever she heard a certain tone, an eye blink was most likely to be scored as a ________ when it preceded the ________. a. CR; UCS

Is the below positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or a punishment? a defendant is harassed and tortured until he confesses

Negative reinforcement

Salivating in response to a tone paired with food is a ___; pressing a bar to obtain food is an ___.

Salivating in response to a tone paired with food is a respondent behavior; pressing a bar to obtain food is an operant behavior.

Which psychologist tested reinforcement in mice?

Skinner

When is punishment okay?

Swat is used as a backup when milder disciplinary tactics don't work. Swat is combined with a generous dose of reasoning and reinforcing.

What is intrinsic motivation?

The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.

What is extinction?

The drop off in responses when a conditioned response no longer signals an upcoming unconditioned response.

What is conditioned stimulus?

The previously neutral stimulus that had nothing to do with the unconditioned stimulus but not causes a conditioned response. In Pavlov's experiment, it was the tone that now caused the dogs to drool.

What is conditioning?

The process of learning associations

Two forms of associate learning are classical conditioning in which we associate ___ and operant conditioning, in which we associate ___.

Two forms of associate learning are classical conditioning in which we associate two stimuli and operant conditioning, in which we associate a response and a consequence.

What is cognitive learning?

We acquire mental information that guides our behavior. We learn from each other's experiences.

What is associative learning

We link other events that occur close together, and allow them to predict future behaviors. This is called conditioning.

what is reinforcement

any event that STRENGTHENS a behavior

Classical vs. Operant coniditioning: Generalization

both do

What is observational learning?

higher animal slearn by watching and imitating, through a process called modelling

Is the below positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or a punishment? a rat presses a lever to terminate a shock or a loud tone

negative reinforcement

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

negative reinforcement is stopping an action to help continue an action. punishment is to stop an action.

What is partial (intermittent) reinforcement?

sometimes reinforced behavior, sometimes not. Learning is slower, but resistance to extinction i sgreater because hope is greater.

What is negative reinforcement?

strengthens a response by reducing or removing something undesirable or unpleasant.

What is positive reinforcement?

strengthens a response by reducing or removing something undesirable or unpleasant.

What are primary reinforcers?

unlearned, innately reinforcing, often by satisfying a biological need. Food, water, shelter are primary reinforcers.

What is negative punishment?

Removing a desirable stimulus (time out, grounding)

What is extrinsic motivation?

Behavior to perform something because of reward

What are antisocial effects?

Children learn bad behavior.

Classical vs. Operant coniditioning: Acquisition

Classical - Associating events, CS announces US Operant - Assocating responses with a consequence

What are some arguments for not physically punishing children?

1. Behavior is suppressed, but not forgotten. 2. Punishment teaches discrimination. They'll just do bad thing at home. 3. Punishment can teach fear (fear/anxiety can generalize) 4. Physical punishment may increase aggressiveness (especially for a kid not getting any other info).

11. Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-interval b. variable-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-ratio

11. Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. c. fixed-ratio

What is the unconditioned response?

A response to an unconditioned stimulus which is generally biological. In Pavlov's experiment, it was drooling.

What is a neutral stimulus?

A stimulus that has nothing to do with the conditioned response naturally (i.e. the tone ringing in the pablov experiment)

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A stimulus which triggers a reflex without conditioning, usually biological. In Pavlov's experiment, it was the food.

What is the aversive stimulus, behavioral response, and negative reinforcer in: fanning oneself to escape the heat

AS - being hot BR - fanning NR - being less hot

What is the aversive stimulus, behavioral response, and negative reinforcer in: Giving in to a dog's begging

AS - dog whining BR - giving in NR - dog stops whining

What is acquisition?

Acquisition is when we ink a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggerin gthe conditioned response.

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective. a. evolutionary b. behaviorist c. cognitive d. neuroscience

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective. c. cognitive

What did Bandura do?

Bandura researched the extent of observational behavior on children from models with aggressive behavior. He states that when children watch physical aggresion, they in turn do physical aggression. They were more aggrisve, increasingly attracted to aggressive things, and had more novel hostile behavior.

What limits are there to conditioning?

Biology. All stimuli are not equal, and so animals are biologically prepared to learn some things rather than others. We mostly learn and retain behaviors that reflect our biological predispositions. (IE Rats have a great sense of taste, so that is their conditioning tool, but not sight)

Classical vs. Operant coniditioning: Spontaneous recovery

Both do

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy later play with the toy less than those who are not promised a reward. This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior. a. spontaneous recovery b. primary reinforcers c. cognitive processes d. negative reinforcers

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy later play with the toy less than those who are not promised a reward. This provides evidence for the role of ________ in operant behavior. c. cognitive processes

Classical vs. Operant coniditioning: Extinction

Classical - CR decreases when CS is repeatedly presented alone. Operant - responding decreases when reinforcement stops

Classical vs. Operant coniditioning: Response

Classical - involuntary, automatic Operant - voluntary, operate on environment

Classical vs. Operant coniditioning: Basic idea

Classical - learn associations b.w event we dont control Operant - associations b.w our own behavior and consequences

What is the distinction between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning is involuntary, and is making associations between 2 events generally beyond our control. Operant conditioning is associations between our behavior and consequences. Actions in operant conditioning are more willful.

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) ________. a. CS; US b. UR; CS c. secondary reinforcer; operant behavior d. negative reinforcer; operant behavior

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) ________. a. CS; US

If a rat in a Skinner box learns that a light reliably signals a food delivery, the rat will work to turn on the light. The light has become a(n) a. primary reinforcer. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. cognitive map. d. conditioned reinforcer.

If a rat in a Skinner box learns that a light reliably signals a food delivery, the rat will work to turn on the light. The light has become a(n) d. conditioned reinforcer.

What is the conditioned response?

The learned behavior to a conditioned stimulus. With pavlov, this was the drooling with the food.

What is latent learning?

Learning that is not apparent until ther eis an incentive to demonstrate it.

Why is pavlov's work important and how is it being applied?

Many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically ocnditioned in lots of other creatures. Also showed us an objective way to study learning.

What is a cognitive map?

Mental representation of a maze / directions.

What is operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning - we learn to associate a response and its consequences.

Who first discovered classical conditioning?

Pavlov and his dog experiments.

Is the below positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or a punishment? suspending a basketball player for committing a flagrant foul

Punishment

What are punishments?

Punishments decrease behavior. Swift and sure punishers can powerfully restrain behaviors.

What is continuous reinforcement?

Reinforced desired behavior every time it occurs. Learning happens rapidly, so does extinction.

The highest rates of responding occurred when rats reinforced for pressing a bar were placed on ________ and ________ schedules of reinforcement. a. fixed-ratio; variable-ratio b. fixed-ratio; fixed-interval c. variable-ratio; variable-interval d. variable-interval; fixed-interval

The highest rates of responding occurred when rats reinforced for pressing a bar were placed on ________ and ________ schedules of reinforcement. a. fixed-ratio; variable-ratio

Which schedule of reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction? a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval

Which schedule of reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction? d. variable interval

What is discrimination?

the ability for animals to distinguish a conditioned stimulus vs other irrelevant stimulus