Psych Chapter 6

maintence rehearsal

a common strategy for holding information in short term memory

Imagination inflation is a memory phenomenon in which

a memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred

The term schema refers to

an organized cluster of knowledge and information about an object, an event, a situation, or a concept

How can you increase the length of time that you can hold information in your short-term memory?

by repeating the sequence or giving the elements a meaning

Richard can recall very specific and vivid details of the day his son was born. Richard's memory of this very emotional, personal event in his life is an example of what is called _______ memory

flashbulb

The inability to recall information that was previously available to memory is called

forgetting

Not every researcher accepts that short-term memory is limited to exactly seven items, plus or minus two. Recent research suggests that the true "magical number" is more likely to be

four, plus or minus one

The semantic network model suggests that

semantic information is organized in a network, but episodic information is organized chronologically

Which stage of memory enables us to perceive the world around us as continuous, rather than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds?

sensory memory

As you are reading this question right now, you are consciously processing the meaning of the words in your _______ memory

short term

Because she didn't have a piece of paper handy, Mary mentally repeated the long-distance phone number over and over. Mary was trying to keep this information in her _______ memory.

short term

The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows

shows how information or knowledge stored within the brain is lost over time if the individual makes no attempt to retain it

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "phonological loop"-

specialized for verbal material

During a Trivial Pursuit game, Seth was trying to think of the name of John Lennon's wife. "Yanni? Yo-yo? No, that's not it. I'm sure I'll think of .... Wait, I remember! It was Yoko Ono! That was John Lennon's wife!" This example illustrates

tip of the tongue experience

information is stored in short term memory for about

20 seconds

While auditory sensory memory can last for about _______, visual sensory memory lasts for about _______

3-4 seconds; half a second

Identify the psychologist who is at the forefront of research on memory distortions and one of the MOST widely recognized authorities on eyewitness memory.

Elizabeth Loftus

How are flashbulb memories different from ordinary memories?

People have a higher degree of confidence in the accuracy of flashbulb memories.

What happens to information in short-term memory that is not further processed or rehearsed?

The information fades/decays.

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?

Whether the word contacted, hit, bumped, collided, or smashed

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. Which subjects gave the highest speed estimates?

Whether the word contacted, hit, bumped, collided, or smashed was used in the question

Jamie found the ISBN of the book she wanted to order in the Books in Print Catalog. To remember the 11-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jamie was using the strategy of _______ to help her remember the ISBN number.

chunking

From another room, Jenny called out to Leonard to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Leonard thought he hadn't heard what Jenny had asked, but a few seconds later, the question registered in his mind. He answered, "On the coffee table." Which type of sensory memory can explain this phenomenon?

echoic memory

Rather than simply repeating key terms and concepts, Jeremy focused on the meaning of the information in the chapter and tried to generate examples of concepts from his own experiences. Jeremy was using _______ to help encode information into his long-term memory.

elaborate rehearsal

The _______ is involved in encoding and transferring new explicit memories to long-term memory.

hippocampus

According to George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory can

hold about items at a time

The "misinformation effect" refers to the

impairment in memory for the past that arises after exposure to misleading information

According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan Baddeley, the "central executive"-

in charge of controlling attention, integrating info, initiating retrieval

At age 80, Bonita recalls the wonderful summers she spent with her grandparents during her childhood. She talks about the market in town where you could buy freshly churned ice cream and garden vegetables, the county fair, and bonfires where her grandmother would make s'mores for the family. Bonita's recollections are an example of ________ memory.

long term

Conner vividly remembers details from earlier in the day when he was mistakenly pulled over by a highway patrolman and briefly arrested for armed robbery. Conner's memory of this event is stored in his

long term memory

Merely repeating information over and over is called ______, while focusing on the meaning of the information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory is called _______.

maitence rehearsal; elaborate rehearsal

The peg-word method and method of loci are

mnemonic devices

Although she had not made one in years, Evelyn carefully folded the paper to make a paper airplane for her grandson. Evelyn's ability to perform this task is an example of which type of long-term memory?

procedural memory

The tip-of-the-tongue experience is a common example of

retrieval failure

What involves recovering the stored information so that we are consciously aware of it?

storage

Which model or theory describes the way that information is organized in long-term memory?

the interference model

Memory is formally defined as

the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information

The "phonological loop," "visuospatial sketchpad," and "central executive" are

working memory

Which stage of memory can be thought of as the "workshop" of consciousness?

working memory

short term memory is often referred to as

working memory