PSYCH: Chapter 6 Learning Curve

After chatting with a new acquaintance at a party, she tells you her telephone number so you can call her for a date. About how long do you have to write down the number before your short-term memory store is depleted?

15-20 seconds

The inability to transfer new information from short-term memory to long-term memory is known as _____.

Anterograde amensia

_____ is one of the three functions of memory and refers to transforming perceptions, thoughts, and feelings into memories.

Encoding

_____ occurs because attention is divided.

absentmindedness

Episodic memory:

allows us to travel backward and forward in time

John was in a car accident 20 years ago and suffered brain damage. His friends often discuss how vivid their memories of September 11, 2001 are and can describe when and where they were when they first heard about the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York. John is familiar with the event but has no particularly vivid memory of when and where he first heard about the attacks. It is likely that John suffered some damage to his:

amygdala

When people are given drugs that block the release of hormones mediated by the _____ their memory for emotional information is comparable to that of their memory for non-emotional information.

amygdala

One day while gardening, Greg tripped over a coil of wound-up hose and fell face first on the pavement. He suffered damage to his hippocampal region, and while recovering in the hospital, he consistently greeted his friends and family as though he was seeing them again for the first time in ages, and he often forgot what he was doing during the day. However, he could still recall, without effort, adventures from his teenage years. Most likely, Greg has what would be called _____ amnesia.

aterograde

If you really dislike the current president, but later come to appreciate the good things that he accomplished, you may report that you felt more positive towards him while he was in office. This example represents the sin of memory known as _____.

bias

A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it is known as:

blocking

The name Goldilocks is less likely to lead to _____ than the name Gretel.

blocking

When we use organizational encoding we are:

categorizing items according to how they are related to one another.

Patients with damage to the _____ lobes are especially susceptible to memory misattribution.

change bias

Which of the following processes leads to the formation of new memories?

combining information we already know with new sensory information

If memories are not _____, they will not remain in the long-term memory system.

consolidated

A year after getting married Liz told her friends she was unbelievably happy. Liz and her husband are now getting divorced. Liz will probably now remember her marriage as unhappy and tumultuous because of the _____ nature of memory.

constructive

Elaborative, visual, and organizational encoding all depend on _____ of the brain.

differnt regions

A fast-decaying store of auditory memory is referred to as _____ memory.

echoic

By relating new information to things that you already know and their meanings, it is easier to remember. This refers to what type of encoding?

elaborative

Dr. Gruber is running a memory experiment using fMRI. One participant is asked to remember a particular set of words, and Dr. Gruber notices that the lower left frontal lobe and inner part of the left temporal lobe are particularly active during the task. The participant is MOST likely using what type of encoding?

elaborative

You learn a new fact about Wilhelm Wundt, your favorite psychologist. If you relate it to information you already knew, you would be using:

elaborative encoding

To successfully remember information you must first _____ the information before you can store and retrieve it.

encode

What type of memory has been likened to "mental time travel"?

episodic

Michael and Lisa are arguing about the details surrounding their first vacation. Their disagreement is occurring because they each have different _____ for the event.

episodic memories

Marcus remembers the exact moment when he first saw Jeanne, his wife of 25 years. Marcus is demonstrating:

episodic memory

Because some people with damage to the hippocampus have no trouble learning new facts, but can never recall personal events they experienced, researchers concluded that:

episodic memory relies on the hippocampus while semantic memory does not.

Repeated suggestibility may actually produce _____ in some people.

false memories

Mike is walking down the street and sees a woman he is sure he has met before. Mike asks the woman if they indeed know each other and she informs him she just arrived in the country and has never been here before. Mike's feeling of familiarity is most likely a result of _____.

false recognition

The persistence of intrusive memories, such as _____ memories, is often a result of highly emotional experiences, which lead to more vivid and long-lasting memories.

flashbulb

A(n) _____ is a detailed recollection of when and where a person heard about a shocking or unexpected event.

flashbulb memory

The hippocampus is vital for:

forming new memories, accesing memories, inking different aspects of a specific event in order to have one cohesive memory of the event

Patients with damage to the _____ lobes are especially susceptible to memory misattribution.

frontal

Krissy's _____ becomes active when she tries to recall what she received for Christmas when she was ten years old. Successful remembering of this information, however, requires the activity of the hippocampus.

frontal lobe

You have just returned from the best vacation of your life. You want to make sure you remember as much about your trip as possible. So when you return home you decide to blog about your experiences, you talk to friends about your trip, and you look over photos that you took on the trip. During these activities it is likely that the neurotransmitter _____ is being released in your hippocampus.

glutamate

The _____ is important for the formation of a new memory but becomes less important when the memory becomes an older memory.

hippocampus

What type of memory causes you to still have a brief image of letters you saw on a computer screen even after the screen has gone blank?

iconic

_____ memory causes you to still have a brief image of letters you saw on a computer screen even after the screen has gone blank.

iconic

_____ is a fast-decaying store of visual memory.

iconic memory

When you are trying to study by answering questions and suppressing incorrect responses, you may _____ recall, in a process known as _____.

impair, retieval-induced forgetting

Explicit memory may consist of conscious memories while _____ memory consists of unconscious memories.

implicit

Memories that cannot be consciously recalled but impact our behavior are referred to as _____ memories.

implicit

Which list of the types of storage is in the correct order, from largest to smallest capacity?

long, short, sensory

What is the MOST problematic memory "sin" that jurors should consider when hearing information about eyewitness identification?

memory misattribution

As illustrated by the research with Aplysia, any experience that results in _____ produces physical changes in the nervous system.

memory???

Dr. Gruber is running a memory experiment using fMRI. One participant is asked to remember a particular set of words, and Dr. Gruber notices that the left frontal lobe is particularly active during the task. The participant is MOST likely using _____ encoding.

organizational

Survival encoding involves elaborative encoding, visual imagery encoding, and _____ encoding.

organizational

Susan's mom called to ask her to pick up eight items from the grocery store on her way home from work. Since Susan was on the bus with no way to make a list, she grouped them into categories of food, drinks, and supplies, thereby making use of:

organizational encoding

An elementary school class took a spelling test immediately after learning how to bake a cake. The teacher noticed that many of the students spelled the word "FLOUR" instead of the vocabulary word "FLOWER," illustrating:

priming

Jake has been golfing for most of his life and thinks he's a good golfer. So, Jake was surprised when his friend asked him to describe how to swing the club without slicing and he couldn't really put it into words. Jake's memory of how to avoid slicing the ball is probably a _____ memory.

procedural

Compared to unprimed tasks, procedural memories and priming are associated with _____ activity in various brain regions, such as parts of the occipital and frontal lobes involved in visual processing and word retrieval.

reduced

_____ is the process of bringing to mind information that is already in memory.

retrieval

_____ refers to a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items.

retrieval-induced forgetting

Marta is able to remember what she did yesterday after dinner. This means that Marta engaged in encoding, storing, and _____ the information.

retrieving

The inability to retrieve events that occurred before an injury or operation is known as:

retrograde amnesia

The hippocampus is not necessary for acquiring new:

semantic

Twenty-five years from now, Breanna is on Jeopardy. One of the answers is "This person was the 44th president of the United States of America." Breanna says, "Who was Barack Obama?" and is correct. To "answer" the "question," Breanna has to use _____ memory.

semantic

Information in the _____ store lasts for a few seconds or less.

sensory

After chatting with a new acquaintance at a party, she tells you her telephone number so you can call her for a date. You have about 15-20 seconds before your _____ memory store is depleted.

short term

Information must proceed through sensory memory, _____ memory, and then to long-term memory.

short term

Liz heard a phone number but did not attempt to encode it and so she could not remember it later. More than likely the phone number never made it past her _____ memory.

short term

Liz heard a phone number but did not attempt to encode it and so she could not remember it later. More than likely the phone number never made it past her:

short term memory

Brianna knows that Michael was the first person to tell her about Larry's accident but she can't remember if she told both Cyndi and Ty about Larry. Brianna is showing good _____ memory but problems with _____ memory.

source, destination

Long-term memory is possible because of the:

strengthened pathways in the brain achieved through repeated signals sent across synapses.

Retrograde amnesia is:

the inability to retrieve information that occurred before a brain injury or operation

Bailey attends her 20th high school reunion and realizes she'd have great difficulty with names if people weren't wearing nametags. Her inability to remember the names of people she spent so much time with 20 years earlier is most likely due to the sin of:

transience

When we _____ information our left frontal lobe shows increased activity and when we _____ information our hippocampal region shows increased activity.

try to retireve, sucessfully retieve

In comparison to short-term memory which has a capacity of 7 +/- 2 chunks of information, long-term memory has:

unlimited

Dr. Gruber is running a memory experiment using fMRI. One participant is asked to remember a particular set of words, and Dr. Gruber notices that the occipital lobe is particularly active during the task. The participant is MOST likely using what type of encoding?

visual imagery

If you remember something by converting the information into mental pictures then you are using:

visual imagery encoding

Storing information and manipulating it (e.g., calculating a simple addition problem in your head) would require the use of _____ memory.

working