Psych Chapter 7

The average 8 year old gets 30 questions right on an intelligence test, whereas the average 12 year old gets 50 questions right. What is the mental age of an 8 year old who gets 50 questions right

12

What is intellectual disability?

A condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has an IQ of 70 or below

What is a normal distribution?

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; a majority of the scores fall in the middle of the range, and few scores appear toward the extremes

BLANK intelligence is the ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.

Analytical

The two levels of reasoning and decision making are _____.

Automatic and controlled

Thinking that a plane crash is more likely than a car crash because you can easily remember dramatic images of plane crashes on TV is an example of what cognitive shortcut?

Availability heuristic

BLANK intelligence is the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine.

Creative

Evaluating alternatives and making choices among these alternatives is known as

Decision Making

BLANK reasoning is reasoning from the general to the specific.

Deductive

BLANK is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence.

Dyslexia

Lewis Terman conducted a study of 1,500 gifted children. Which of the following is a correct conclusion from that study?

Gifted children typically became experts in a well-established domain.

A child is given an intelligence test. What does his score on the test correspond to?

His mental age

Which of the following is an example of the confirmation bias?

If you are liberal, avoiding discussing serious issues with people who are conservative

The acronym IQ stands for which of the following?

Intelligence quotient

Being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities is known as which of the following?

Mindfulness

BLANK are created so that tests are applicable to individuals from diverse groups.

Norms

Deductive reasoning is which of the following?

Reasoning from the general to the specific

BLANK is the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance.

Reliability

If an IQ test produces similar scores for people over repeated testing, it is considered

Reliable

A researcher creates a new intelligence test. She gives the same test to a subject on three separate occasions. The subject gets the same score every time he takes it, but the researcher realizes that the test isn't measuring intelligence, it is measuring personality. What is the researcher's new test?

Reliable but not valid

Sarah sees an older lady who is wearing glasses and has her hair styled in a bun. Sarah guesses that the lady is her school's librarian because she fits Sarah's librarian stereotype, even though there are way more teachers than librarians at her school. What has Sarah fallen prey to?

Representativeness heuristic

What type of test is based exclusively on norms?

Standardized test

The _____ is an intelligence test given to individuals from the age of 2 through adulthood that includes a wide variety of items, some requiring verbal responses.

Stanford-Binet

The ______ is an intelligence test that can be administered to children or adults because the questions vary depending on the test taker's age.

Stanford-Binet

Which of the following are traits of intellectually gifted people? (Select all that apply.)

Superior talent in a particular area Socially well-adjusted Academically advanced IQ of 130 or above

What is infinite generativity?

The ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a relatively limited set of rules

What is practical intelligence?

The ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into action

What is validity?

The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

What is reliability?

The extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance

What is reasoning?

The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions

Which of the following is evidence for the behaviorists' view of language development

The more parents speak to a child, the better the child is at acquiring language.

Which of the following is evidence for the behaviorists' view of language development?

The more parents speak to a child, the better the child is at acquiring language.

Phonology is the study of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

The smallest units of speech Phonemes

What is hindsight bias?

The tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome

What is the primary purpose of algorithms and heuristics?

They provide a way for problems to be solved.

True or false: The Terman study of intellectually gifted individuals found that most of them were healthy, social, and well-adjusted.

True

What are some traits of those who are intellectually gifted? (Select all that apply.)

Well-adjusted Higher than normal IQ

Deficits in BLANK behavior are now included in the definition of intellectual disability, which means that two individuals, both classified with mild intellectual disability, may be drastically different in some aspects of behavior and performance.

adaptive

Two individuals with intellectual disability may both be classified with mild intellectual disability, but one may hold a job and be married, while the other may need to be cared for by others in a care facility. This is one reason that deficits in BLANK behavior are now included in the definition of intellectual disability.

adaptive

The BLANK system of reasoning is more associated with intuitive processing.

automatic

Allen and Dave are each trying to solve the same brain teaser problem. Allen goes with his immediate hunch to solve the problem, so he is likely using the BLANK system of information processing. Dave is very slow and analytical in his attempt to solve the problem, so he is likely using the BLANK system of information processing.

automatic; controlled

The BLANK heuristic is a shortcut in which the probability of something is judged based on how easily one can recall similar events.

availability

BLANK is the term for meaningless speechlike sounds uttered by infants.

babble

When considering the BLANK influences on language, a number of experts believe that language is a very recent human ability.

biological

Mathematical intelligence is the ability to

carry out calculations

Thinking, language, memory, and reasoning are all part of BLANK psychology

cognitive

When it comes to categorizing new information, our brains use several techniques; for example, the mental category that is used to group objects and events is called a(n)

concepts

_____ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

concepts

If you avoid talking with people who disagree with you on various issues but discuss those same topics with people who agree with you, you are displaying a _____ bias.

confirmation

You ignore or forget all information that is inconsistent with your point of view. In doing so, you display BLANK bias

confirmation

According to Sternberg, the ability to generate novel ideas is related to _____ intelligence.

creative

Individuals with intellectual disabilities who have no evidence of organic brain damage or genetic disorders are diagnosed with _____.

cultural-familial intellectual disability

_____ _____ is evaluating alternatives and making choices among them.

decision making

Diego has heard that everyone at a nearby high school loves to play soccer, so when Diego meets Samuel, who is a student at the high school, Diego concludes that Samuel must be a soccer fan. Diego is using

deductive

Every child that Marco has ever seen loved crayons, so when he goes to babysit a child he has never met before, he is sure to bring paper and a big box of crayons with him. Marco is using ____.

deductive reasoning

True or false: The heritability of intelligence is static across the lifespan.

false

Infinite BLANK is the ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a relatively limited set of rules. Listen to the complete question

generativity

Estimates of BLANK can change over time and across different groups; estimates for intelligence may differ with changes in nutrition, quality of school, neighborhood stability, and other factors.

heritability

A child with a chronological age of 6 and a mental age of 12 would have an intelligence quotient (IQ) score _____.

higher than 100

BLANK BLANK is the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome.

hindsight bias

BLANK reasoning is reasoning from the specific to the general.

inductive

Rhea is preparing the family home for her uncle, who is coming to visit. Rhea has only met him one time, but on that occasion, he was annoyed that the radio was playing loudly. Now, Rhea assumes he doesn't like music at all and puts her own radio in the closet. This is an example of BLANK reasoning

inductive

Psychological research, which uses a sample of participants in order to draw conclusions about the population from which the sample is drawn, is an example of _____.

inductive reasoning

Reasoning from the specific to the general or from the bottom up is known as _____.

inductive reasoning

BLANK disability is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has a low IQ, usually below 70, has difficulty adapting to everyday life, and has an onset of these characteristics in the so-called developmental period.

intellectual

Many people think of BLANK in terms of reasoning and thinking skills, but a broader definition is that it is an all-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.

intelligence

Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences is known as _____.

intelligence

BLANK is a communication system that follows rules of syntax and grammar.

language

Many experts believe that biological evolution that occurred long before BLANK emerged shaped humans into linguistic individuals.

language

We use _____, symbols, signs, or sounds arranged according to systematic rules to communicate our ideas.

language

Laura has the chance to take an optional final exam. If she doesn't take it, her course grade stays as it is. If she does choose to take it, her final course grade could improve or decline, depending on her performance. Laura's decision to keep her grade as is is best explained by the idea of _____.

loss aversion

Michael could gamble four quarters in a carnival game, with the potential to win as many as 20 quarters. However, the possibility that he might end up with no quarters at all leads Michael to choose not to play. Michael's decision illustrates

loss aversion

Scientists, engineers, and accountants are people who are likely to have a high level of _____ intelligence.

mathematical

To have an IQ score greater than 100, a child's BLANK age must be above his or her BLANK age

mental; Chronological

BLANK - mindfulness is being receptive to the possibility of other ways of looking at things.

open

BLANK describes a language's sound system.

phonology

All of the following are aspects of thinking, EXCEPT _____.

physically manipulating objects

BLANK BLANK is the ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice.

practical intelligence

Algorithms and heuristics both _____.

provide solutions to problems

The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions is known as BLANK. This activity is involved in problem solving and decision making.

reasoning

In decades past, behaviorist psychologists claimed that language learning occurred via BLANK which was also called reward.

reinforcement

On Monday when you asked your friend if you should dump the person you're dating, she said yes. Now on Wednesday, she says no. Since you asked her twice and got two different answers, in terms of validity and reliability, her advice is not

reliable

On Monday when you asked your friend if you should dump the person you're dating, she said yes. Now on Wednesday, she says no. Since you asked her twice and got two different answers, in terms of validity and reliability, her advice is not BLANK

reliable

The ability to think three-dimensionally is known as _____ intelligence

spatial

The ability to think three-dimensionally is known as _____ intelligence.

spatial

Gary has decided to relandscape his front yard. He's set some deadlines for himself: by Tuesday, he wants to have the weeds pulled, and by Friday, he wants to have the new plants in. Gary is using BLANK in reaching his goal of a new front yard.

subgoals

Marie's dorm room is a total mess, and Marie is so overwhelmed, she doesn't know how to fix it. Marie's older sister tells her to start by putting dirty clothes in the hamper and folding the clean ones, and then to move on to putting away books and papers. Marie's sister is using _____ to help Marie solve her problem.

subgoals

A normal distribution is a _____, bell-shaped curve, showing the majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and a few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.

symmetrical

Ian wants his sister to drive him to the movies. He is imagining various ways of achieving this. In other words, he is ______.

thinking

Cognitive psychology is the study of _____.

thought, language, memory, and reasoning

A test (such as an IQ test) that accurately measures what it is intended to measure is highly

valid

According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, the ability to think in words and use language to express meaning is known as _____ intelligence.

verbal