Psych Chapter 8

Many American adults can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. This best illustrates:

flashbulb memory

Leroy has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that:

he has a flashbulb memory for this event.

Chickadees and other birds are unable to return to where they have stored food if this part of their brain has been removed.

hippocampus

Maria is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due in part to the fact that her ______________, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding memory?

We remember more information than we are able to recall.

_____ memories are also called nondeclarative memories.

implicit

Implicit memory formation is dependent on which brain structure?

cerebellum

Which of the following helps to retain information for the long-term?

distributed practice

Cassie is trying to remember the Big Five personality traits discussed in her introductory psychology class (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion). Her book suggests that she use CANOE to remember these five traits. If she does so, she will be using:

mnemonics.

Whenever Wanda experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Wanda's experience best illustrates:

mood-congruent memory

Although Ryan typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking only a little more than one pack per day. His poor memory best illustrates:

motivated forgetting

Your brother often pretends to listen to what you are saying, but his attention really is focused elsewhere. When you ask him, "What did I just say?" however, he can sometimes repeat your last few words. This is likely due to:

echoic memory.

As opposed to automatic processing, ______________ refers to encoding that requires attention and conscious exertion.

effortful processing

Researchers have found that memories derived from real experience and imagined memories are similar in that:

real and imagined memories can be emotionally upsetting.

Visual illusions are to _____________ as false memories are to actual memories.

real perceptions

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of a __________ memory task.

recall

Sam is happy to hear that the final exam will be all multiple-choice questions since he feels he has a better chance to pass the class by using:

recognition of the information

Adults who have trouble remembering incidents of childhood sexual abuse have sometimes been led by therapists to believe that their memory difficulties result from:

repressions

Research has shown that more forgetting occurs when a person stays awake after learning and is then exposed to other new material. This demonstrates which of the following?

retroactive interference

_______________ occurs when something you learn now interferes with your ability to recall something you learned earlier.

retroactive interference

Makaila is not able to remember anything from her past. She is experiencing:

retrograde amnesia

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage memory processing model, we record information in which order?

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Encoding information on a basic level is to _____ as encoding semantically is to _____.

shallow processing; deep processing

After a head injury, Amanda has difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is also unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Amanda is having difficulty with her:

short-term memory

What we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state. This is referred to as:

state-dependent memory

Some individuals have an amazing ability to remember things. For example, Russian journalist Shereshevsky had an amazing memory but struggled with:

thinking abstractly

Terrance suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. The form of treatment his psychiatrist is using is electroconvulsive therapy, a therapy that will affect his memory of __________.

very recent memories

Contrary to the claims by those who say they can remember being abused as toddlers and infants, memories of things happening before age ____ are unreliable.

4

Ceci and Bruck's study of children's memories found that when shown anatomically correct dolls, ________ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked where they were touched during their examinations.

55

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize ______ percent of the slides they had seen in the first round of viewing.

90

Tom is trying to determine if something his 8-year-old daughter is telling him about really happened when she was 4 years old. She claims that someone stole her doll and then ran over it with a car. Her description of the event is a bit vague, and also sounds similar to a cartoon he remembers her watching then. What is the likelihood that she is remembering a real event?

Children of either age cannot be trusted to have accurate memories, so it is likely a FALSE memory.

Who said, "If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as if we remembered nothing?"

William James

Which of the following BEST describes the typical forgetting curve?

a rapid initial decline in retention, becoming stable thereafter

If different parts of the brain could talk, this brain structure would say, "Brain, encode this moment for future reference!"

amygdala

Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the:

amygdala

This memory model compares human memory to computer operations.

information-processing model

Luke has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and while he is quite forgetful, he is still able to recall events from his teenage and young adult years. His ________________ memory is still intact.

long-term

This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of your memory system.

long-term memory

The neural storage of long-term information is called:

memory consolidation

The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve:

memory construction