Psych: Chapter 8

Which of the following describe schemas?

A mental concept that provides structure for interpreting information. A framework used for organizing information.

Bargaining

A person can attempt to strike a deal with fate or with God.

Depression

A person can feel a profound sense of sadness.

Denial

A person can respond with avoidance.

Anger

A person can use it to mask anxiety; the unfairness of the situation is especially upsetting.

Acceptance

A person may find some resolution.

What do psychologists mean when they talk about resilience?

A person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty.

Which of the following statements are true with respect to Piaget's theory of schemas?

A schema organizes information. A schema assists us in making sense of experience.

A person's role in their own development is best characterized as.

Active.

Which of the following are examples of teratogens?

Alcohol, heroin and German measles.

Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the influence of nature versus nurture?

Biological inheritance.

What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?

Cognitive development.

Kübler-Ross believed that in the process of dying, we go through _____ progressive stages of death and dying.

Five.

Matteo, aged 9, and Max, aged 8, are playing with trucks. Fatima, aged 8, wants to play. "Trucks are for boys!" Matteo shouts. This best illustrates which of the following?

Gender schema.

The social and psychological aspects of one's experience as male, female, both, or neither is referred to as _____.

Gender.

The term _____ schema is used to describe a mental framework for understanding what gender means in one's culture.

Gender.

A child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and an X chromosome from the father will be...

Genetically female.

A child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father will be...

Genetically male.

In the context of the John/Joan case. when one twin's penis was irreversibly damaged in a medical procedure, John Money, a sex researcher persuaded the child's parents to raise the child as a:

Girl, trusting socialization to establish a female identity for the infant.

Which of these are major criticisms of Kohlberg's theory?

He does not adequately account for the role of culture in shaping morality. He does not distinguish between moral reasoning and moral behavior. He does not adequately acknowledge how some people's moral views are shaped by concern for others, not for individual rights.

Which of the following changes are typical of puberty?

Hormonal changes, rapid skeletal growth and changes in the brain.

Which of the following are examples of cognition?

Imagining a future occupation. Solving problems. Being able to speak and understand words.

Which of the following represent the influence of gender roles?

In a particular culture, females are expected to take care of the house and children. A young child assigned male at birth goes to school wearing a pink shirt, and his classmates ask him why. Prior to World War II, males in the United States were considered the breadwinners.

According to critics, which of the following are not adequately addressed by Kohlberg's theory?

Interpersonal relationships. Moral behavior. The influence of culture.

A female who has stopped menstruating and experiences a dramatic drop in estrogen production is going through what process?

Menopause.

_____ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide people as they interact with others.

Moral.

Rewarding and punishing nonconforming gender behaviors in childhood is most strictly enforced by...

Peers.

What are the three domains of development?

Physical, cognitive, socioemotional.

Which statements about development in adulthood are true?

Piaget's concept of accommodation can help us understand how people make sense of changes in their lives. Development in adulthood may mean maintaining an openness to change and to being changed by experience.

Erica is asked if it's ever appropriate for people to protest violently against the government. She replies, "Yes, there are cases where it might be ethical, such as if the government is acting abusively toward its citizens." By focusing on the larger ethical principle, Erica shows that she is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development.

Postconventional.

Dr. Salzano is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. He wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents rather than look at the two pictures equally. Dr. Salzano is using the _____ technique.

Preferential looking.

The technical term for behaving in a way that is intended to benefit others is _____ behavior.

Prosocial.

When behavior is intended to benefit others, psychologists refer to it as _____ behavior.

Prosocial.

Erikson wanted to emphasize how a developing person's psychological life is embedded in and shaped by social relationships and challenges, which is why he identifies the stages in his theory as...

Psychosocial.

_____ is a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in adolescence.

Puberty.

Which of the following changes are typical of puberty?

Rapid skeletal growth. Hormonal changes. Changes in the brain.

Pattern of grief identified by George Bonanno and his colleagues.

Resilience, recovery, chronic dysfunction, delayed grief.

John Money, a well-known sex researcher, believed that _____ was the main determinant of gender.

Socialization.

Which of the following refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding?

Temperament.

_____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.

Temperament.

Alcohol, viruses, and nicotine are all categorized as _____, because they can cause birth defects when a fetus is exposed to them.

Teratogens.

Conventional

The person abides by standards learned from parents or society's laws.

Delayed grief

The person does not experience sadness or distress immediately, but intense feelings may come over the person weeks or months later.

Chronic dysfunction

The person experiences a long-term disruption of functioning in important life domains.

Resilience

The person experiences immediate grief over their loss, but only for a brief time, and then returns quickly to their previous levels of functioning.

Recovery

The person experiences profound sadness and grief that dissipates slowly and gradually over time.

Postconventional

The person recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly moral code.

Preconventional

The person's moral reasoning is based primarily on the consequences of a behavior and on punishments and rewards from the external world.

A person is born with some serious physical problems but perseveres throughout development and chooses environmental reinforcers that allow them to construct a unique developmental path. Which of the following best describes this process?

This person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment.

Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs.

Throughout life.

Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional process all influence the development of gender.

True.

Dr. Abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. She shows infants cards with shapes in different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abramowitz's research can best be described as...

Using the preferential looking technique.

Which of the following is true of wisdom?

Wisdom increases with age.

_____ is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life.

Wisdom.

Which of the following are examples of "nature" influences?

Family history of hair loss and eye color.

In ______ designs, a number of people are assessed at one point in time.

Cross-sectional.

In a research study, Dr. Lopez asks people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as which of the following?

Cross-sectional.

According to anthropologist Ernest Becker, our _____ may shield us from the terror of our own mortality.

Culture.

According to anthropologist Ernest Becker, people's _____ may provide the customary beliefs, practices, religious rules, and social order for their experience of mortality. Therefore, being a part of this shields us from the terror of our own mortality.

Culture.

What is the cause of the hot flashes associated with menopause?

Decreased estrogen.

Kübler-Ross's model

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

______ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.

Development.

Who theorized that there were eight psychosocial stages of development from infancy through late adulthood?

Erik Erikson.

Which of the following are examples of "nature" influences?

Eye color. Family history of hair loss.

Developmental psychologists view development as occurring only during infancy and childhood.

False.