psych chapter six questions

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens behavior is called a(n):

reinforcer

This type of behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

respondent

The first time that Liza heard the loud sound of her father's bass drum, she responded with fear. Her fear response is most clearly an example of

respondent behavior

Classical conditioning focuses on _____ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on _____ behavior.

respondent; operant

Parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if

their words and actions are consistent

Skinner's work built on the law of effect, a principle identified and named by:

thorndike

variable-ratio examples

lottery tickets, slot machines, bingo, using drugs to escape withdrawal problems, a woman asks men at a club to dance w her

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus (US) used to produce fear was a:

loud noise

Infants by age _____ months will imitate acts modeled on television.

14

American adolescents spend just over _____ hour(s) each day watching television.

4

Research discussed in the textbook suggests that it takes just over _____ days for a behavior to become a habit.

60

A 5-year-old girl observes a stranger in a store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. When the stranger moves on to the next aisle, the girl picks up another stuffed animal and does the same thing. Her behavior is similar to the findings in studies conducted by:

Albert banduraIn classical conditioning, this is the tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.

In classical conditioning, the learned stimulus/response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:

CR

Kennedy had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is the:

CR

Susie repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into her eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n):

CR

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

CR

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a

CR

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The waiting room became the:

CS

Taste-aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights or sounds. This finding supports

Darwin's principle that natural selection favors traits that aid survival.

Which research showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus (US) does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS)?

Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion studies

Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what is known about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the MOST likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?

He realizes that his nausea is caused by the drug, not simply the cigarette.

According to operant conditioning principles, which action would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning?

Her parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.

Which statement does NOT describe one of Ivan Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology?

His methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments.

_____ was the scientist whose experiments with dogs led to the discovery of classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

Correlational evidence suggests that there is a link between viewing television violence and exhibiting violent behavior. However, it is possible that the television viewing is not causing the violence. Which alternative hypothesis might explain the correlations?

Neglectful parenting could be the cause of increased aggression and increased television watching.

Which statement is accurate about the function of mirror neurons?

Our brain's mirror neurons underlie our intensely social nature.

To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games CAUSE children to act more aggressively, which research study would you conduct?

Randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play educational games and then measure aggressive behaviors.

Although B. F. Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which finding suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?

Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.

Seventeen-year-old Ricky has had his driver's license for less than a year. Ricky absolutely loves driving any car. His love of driving gave him the idea of getting a job delivering pizza 25 hours a week. After having the job for 6 months, you can predict that:

Ricky's love of driving would decrease

Nicole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would one expect this contradiction to impact Nicole's behavior?

She would act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite.

The law of effect is MOST clearly highlighted by:

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement

Three hours after eating at an airport fast-food restaurant, Karen got extremely nauseous while in flight. The next time she was in the airport and walked by that restaurant, she felt a wave of nausea. Which statement does NOT explain this phenomenon?

The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus (US) for nausea.

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what is known about observational learning, which action would one recommend to her?

Tina should do all of these things to foster musical enjoyment in her children.

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n):

UR

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

UR

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

UR

Youri had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseous. As he underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room began to make him nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the:

UR

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ repeatedly comes before a(n) _____.

UR; NR

Hamika had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is the:

US

Baby May is 12 months of age. Which statement is an example of the MOST sophisticated ability of which May is probably capable?

When her mother turns to look at the television screen, May can also turn and look at the screen.

Road construction prevents you from getting to campus using the route that you usually travel. You think about the situation for a moment and then come up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, you are using _____ to devise a different route.

a cognitive map

In classical conditioning, extinction of the learned response involves _____, while in operant conditioning, extinction of a learned response involves _____.

a decrease in the conditioned response (CR) when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented alone; a decrease in responding when reinforcement stops

A word of praise is to a delicious meal as a conditioned reinforcer is to _____.

a primary reinforcer

In classical conditioning, this term refers to the initial stage when we link a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the unconditioned response, making it the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, it is the strengthening of a reinforced response.

acquisition

In his experiments, Ivan Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if:

after a few hours without the conditioned stimulus or the unconditioned stimulus, the tone was presented again.

Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior?

albert bandura

Ten-year-old Maggie continually interrupts her teacher with jokes that make her fellow students laugh. The attention from the other students is an example of:

an extrinsic reward

According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe.

antisocial; prosocial

In observational learning, the MOST effective models are those who:

are likely to imitate people we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable

In operant conditioning, animals:

associate their own actions with consequences.

Every time Martin opens the cabinet door where he stores his dog's treats, his dog begins to bark in anticipation of getting a treat. This is an example of:

associative learning

Learning that certain events occur together is called:

associative learning

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

associative learning

Conditioning can help animals:

avoid danger, find food, mate

Most of the TV shows that 9-year-old Fred watches involve violence. This is most likely to lead Fred to

become desensitized to violence on TV or in real life.

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on associative learning.

biological constraints

_____ is/are evolved biological tendencies that predispose animals' behavior and learning.

biological constraints

The textbook states that "our learning is the product of the interaction of biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences." This statement suggests that learning is BEST understood though the:

biopsychosocial model

fixed-interval examples

checking the fridge to see if the jello is ready, checking the clock near the end of a class, getting clean clothes when the washing machine cycle is done

When Miguel was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now, every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

classical

If people have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, their fear may occur when they hear that sound again. This BEST illustrates:

classical conditioning

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates

classical conditioning

Lightning is associated with thunder and always precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of:

classical conditioning

People have been observed to form negative attitudes toward Pokémon characters who were repeatedly shown with negative words and images next to them. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

classical conditioning

While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Timmy took a pin and popped the balloon, causing her to flinch and blink quickly. Later, during the party, Martha's mother approached her with a balloon and she blinked and flinched. This is an example of:

classical conditioning

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

cognitive

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language is called:

cognitive learning

The textbook states that "by watching models, we vicariously (in our imagination) experience what they experience." The term "vicariously" links observational learning MOST directly to:

cognitive learning

Being able to visualize the layout of your house is an example of a:

cognitive map

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _____ in operant behavior.

cognitive processes

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

conditioned

In Pavlov's experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became a(n) _____ stimulus.

conditioned

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the fear of the white rat was the _____ response.

conditioned

A word of praise is to a soothing back rub as ________ is to ________.

conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Months after she was beaten up by a robber, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney's anxiety.

conditioned stimulus

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

conditioned stimulus

Conditioning can help animals both survive and reproduce. Which statement does NOT describe a way in which this phenomenon occurs?

conditioning can help the animal hide

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings?

correlation does not prove causation

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

decreases; increases

Working hard every day of the year for the gratification of a bonus paycheck at the end of the year best illustrates the impact of ________ on behavior.

delayed reinforcers

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of

discrimination

Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not to a square. This process is an example of _____.

discrimination

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction BEST illustrates:

discrimination

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____.

every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs

Researchers are conducting a research study with 24 men on the relationship between movies and sexual violence. They will have the men watch three violent films over the next two days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. The researchers find that the men:

expressed less sympathy for rape victims

This is the weakening of a response in both classical and operant conditioning.

extinction

Brenda studies frequently for her class in hopes of earning an A in the class. She is trying to keep her grade point average as high as possible. She is motivated by:

extrinsic motivation

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR).

fear of a loud noise

During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule.

fixed-interval

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

fixed-interval

Periodically checking to see if the cookies are ready is an example of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-interval

A restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price, your fifth meal will be free. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 75,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

Airline frequent-flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio

Jonah works in a packaging plant. For every 100 packages he completes, he is given an additional 10-percent increase in his hourly pay. This is a _____ reinforcement schedule.

fixed-ratio

Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which reward is NOT a secondary reinforcer?

food

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates

generalization

A year after surviving a classroom shooting, Angie still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and the sound of balloons popping. This reaction BEST illustrates:

generalization

After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat. This illustrates

generalization

In classical conditioning, this is the tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, it occurs when our responses to similar stimuli are reinforced.

generalization

Marlee was sexually assaulted at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne. After that, she refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction BEST illustrates:

generalization

variable-interval examples

getting a pop quiz, waiting for a taxi, random drug testing, fishing, checking for texts when your phone is on silent, when a woman will go into labor/give birth

fixed-ratio examples

getting a snack after reading thirty pages, doing 20 sit ups to keep fit, when a student graduates, a dog receives a treat after it turns around four times

Shaping is a method used by B. F. Skinner in order to:

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.

John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning, he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of:

habitual behavior

Learning is defined as "the process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring _____ or _____."

information, behaviors

After Libby was promised a large reward for playing with a fun toy, she began to lose interest in playing with it. This best illustrates that excessive rewards can reduce

intrinsic motivation

Marco loves to play the drums. He enjoys it and does it for fun. He is motivated by:

intrinsic motivation

Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which process does NOT apply to both types of learning?

involuntary responses to stimuli

Most experts agree that repeated viewing of TV violence

is a risk factor for viewers' increased aggression.

Rats that explored a maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats that had received food rewards for running the maze. The rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated __________ __________.

latent learning

Watson and Pavlov agreed that:

laws of learning are the same for all animals.

Psychologists define _____ as the process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience.

learning

Neil wants to complete several on-campus errands as efficiently as possible during a break between classes so that he can spend at least a few minutes reviewing lecture notes. To plan his route, he consults a picture in his mind of the campus's layout. In terms of latent learning, Neil is using a cognitive:

map

Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rats running a maze develop a _____ _____ of the maze.

mental map

Some scientists believe that the brain has _____ neurons that enable observation and imitation.

mirror

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, a type of brain cell called a _____ is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation.

mirror neuron

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This BEST illustrates the functioning of:

mirror neurons

Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who

modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern.

Jonny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is an example of:

modeling

Which factor would be important in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors through observational learning?

models who commit violent acts and go unpunished

In Albert Bandura's experiment, those children who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll compared to children not exposed to the adult model.

much more likely

Jason is busy with a work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Jason tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Jason decides to put the movie in right now. If Jason's son stops complaining, Jason's behavior of starting the movie immediately may be maintained by _____reinforcement.

negative

Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

negative

_____ reinforcement involves any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

negative

Nannette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of:

negative punishment

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of

negative reinforcement

Findings from John Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that:

rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

Your dog is barking so loudly that it's making your ears ring. You clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing, and you think to yourself, "I'll have to do that when he barks again." The end of the barking was for you a

negative reinforcer

Rats most easily learn to associate being sick and nauseated with

novel tastes

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of

observable behavior

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via:

observation

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This BEST illustrates _____ learning.

observational

Children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called __________ __________.

observational learning

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates

observational learning

Tina is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse toward her mother. In Tina's room, she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:

observational learning

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning.

operant

If Jamal wants to train his dog to sit and lie down when he commands the behavior, which type of conditioning should he utilize to train his dog?

operant

This type of behavior produces consequences.

operant

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a worker selects either the "A" or "B" choices. This worker continues to frequent this machine regularly and selects the "A" or "B" choices to make sure they get extra candy bars. This BEST illustrates:

operant conditioning

Dan wanted to train his dog, Rocket, to come to him when called. Every time Dan called Rocket and he came, Dan would give him a treat and pet him. Soon Rocket would come every time he was called. Which type of learning is Dan using?

operant conditioning

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates

operant conditioning

Reinforcing a desired response only some of the times it occurs is called _____ reinforcement.

partial

A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates

partial reinforcement

For his studies of digestion, _____ earned Russia's first Nobel Prize.

pavlov

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

positive punishment

Jenni has been working nights and weekends to get a project completed for her job. She is successful, and a couple of weeks later she comes to work and her boss presents her with a bonus check. This BEST illustrates the value of:

positive reinforcement

Positive, constructive, and helpful behavior is called _____ behavior.

prosocial

This is the opposite of antisocial behavior.

prosocial

An old saying notes that "a burnt child dreads the fire." In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a

punisher

Some teachers have reduced the disruptive classroom behavior of students by imposing a time-out following troublesome behavior. In this case, the time-out is a

punishment

When Aaron's teacher began responding to his habit of kicking other children with an immediate time-out, the frequency of this misbehavior steadily declined. The time-out best illustrates a

punishment

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as

shaping

New golfers learn putting skills best if they are first reinforced for making short putts followed by reinforcement for making putts that are increasingly farther away from the hole. This best illustrates the value of

shaping

One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as they get closer and closer to a desired behavior. This process is called _____.

shaping

Jackie is worried about her young children's exposure to the violence on television. What does her friend NOT tell Jackie?

she should not worry

A guest will be spending time in a teacher's classroom. To make sure the students imitate this person's prosocial behaviors, the teacher should pick a guest who the children think is:

similar to them

Who was modern behaviorism's MOST influential and controversial figure?

skinner

Thorndike's law of effect was the basis for_____ 's work on operant conditioning and behavior control.

skinner's

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking is not necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which argument should she NOT use to support her position?

spanking increases the frequency of the behavior

Khalid had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. He had associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, he had to take his mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment, and he became nauseous while in the waiting room with his mother. His nausea BEST illustrates:

spontaneous recovery

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when first shown her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates

spontaneous recovery

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness BEST illustrates:

spontaneous recovery

_____ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

spontaneous recovery

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by the classical conditioning phenomenon called _____.

taste aversion

One of Ivan Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates

the law of effect

Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which we associate _____, and operant conditioning, in which we associate _____.

two or more stimuli; a response and consequence

Most learning involves the process of associations. In classical conditioning, an organism learns to associate:

two stimuli

In conditioned taste aversion, spoiled or poisoned food is a powerful:

unconditioned stimulus

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n)

unconditioned stimulus

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, an event that naturally and automatically triggers a response is called a(n):

unconditioned stimulus (US)

In observational learning, the MOST effective models are those who:

use consistent actions and words

Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a _____ schedule.

variable-interval

In operant conditioning, which reinforcement schedule reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals?

variable-interval

Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding, and are examples of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-interval

The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods is a _____ - _____ schedule.

variable-interval

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule.

variable-ratio

Gamblers and fisherman have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will be his winning one. This is a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio

When Evie saw that her classmates got the teacher's attention after asking questions in class, Evie started asking questions in class. This best illustrates the impact of

vicarious reinforcement

According to Bandura, we learn by watching models because we experience _____ reinforcement or _____ punishment.

vicarious; vicarious