psych chapters 11, 12, 14

false consensus effect

observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do

in committing the fundamental attribution error, we overemphasize _____ and underemphasize ____ when making attributions about others behavior A.internal factors; external factors B.external factors; internal factors C.controllability; stability D.stability; controllability

A

in order to explain and predict behavior, ________ psychologists typically look to situational factors A. social B. personality C. health D. cognitive

A

research on the relationship between socioeconomic status and prosocial behavior shows that on average A. the poor give more than the rich B. the rich give more than the poor C. there is no association between socioeconomic status and prosocial behavior D. the extremely rich are most likely to give

A

with respect to male and female aggression A. males engage in more overt aggression than females B. females engage in more overt aggression than males C. males engage in more relational aggression than females D. both sexes engage about equally in overt and relational aggression

A

All the following are related to deindividuation except A. doing something as part of a large group B. hearing someone explicitly call your name and express recognition of you C. losing your sense of personal responsibility while taking part in a group activity D. wearing a disguise while taking part in a group activity

B

The bystander effect means that a person is A. more likely to help if there are other people around B. less likely to help if there are other people around C.likely to be unaffected by the presence or absence of bystanders D. likely to be more aggressive when there are more bystanders around

B

what is one difference between social psychology and sociology? A. social psychology is interested in human social groups, and sociology is not B. compared to to sociology, social psychology is more interested in the behavior of individuals within groups C. sociology focuses on the person as the main cause of behavior D. Sociology is more likely to rely on experimental lab studies than is social psychology

B

which of the following is the true statement about the difference between conformity and obedience? A. conformity has a stronger influence on behavior than obedience B. conformity does not involve an explicit command from others C. conformity happens in small groups, whereas obedience happens in large groups D. conformity is based on wanting to be right, obedience is based on wanting to be liked

B

self perception theory

Bem's theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior

The ___ route to persuasion involves reflecting carefully about the merits of an argument A. peripheral B. false consensus C. central D. emotional

C

the role of similarity in attraction would predict A. that opposites attract B. that relationships with more give and take are best C. that we are attracted to people who are similar to us D. that romantic love is more important than affectionate love

C

with. regard to happy relationships, social exchange theory tells us that A. we are happiest when we are giving in a relationship B. we are happiest when we are receiving in a relationship C. we are happiest when there is a balance of both giving and receiving D. equity is important to happiness only in long- lasting relationships

C

a white woman says she is not racist but avoids sitting near black individuals. she is.. A. high explicit racism, low implicit racism B. high explicit racism, high implicit racism C. low explicit racism, low implicit racism D. low explicit racism, high implicit racism

D

affectionate love is more common _________, whereas romantic love is more common ________ A. in men ; in women B. in women ; in men C. early in a relationship ; later in a relationship D. later in a ship ; early in a ship

D

egoism is in evidence when A. a mother physically protects her children from the ravages of a tornado at risk to her own life B. a person donates bone marrow to a stranger C. a coffee shop customer pays for the latte of a stranger behind them D. a speaker compliments his staff's achievements in order to make himself look good

D

stereotype threat refers to A. the damage potentially caused by stereotyping others B. the strategy of changing someones behavior by threatening to use a stereotype C. humans tendency to categorize people using broad generalizations D. an individuals self fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group

D

tracy, a young woman in the armed forces, notices that when she is the only woman in a group, she feels nervous and does not perform as well as she can. when there is at least one other woman in the group, she performs very well. tracy is interested in studying her experiences as a social psychologist would. how would a social psychologist tackle this problem?

Design an experiment in which the gender composition of groups is manipulated and the performance of individuals is measured

Thomas has spent long hours working to get his candidate elected president of the student body. when he talks to his mother on election night Thomas is overjoyed to report that his candidate won by a landslide. his mom points out that Thomas never cared about the campus politics before and she asks him about his sudden interest. Thomas admits that she is right but notes that he now cares deeply about campus issues and is likely to be involved in politics. what theory best explains Thomas's change?

Self perception theory

conformity

a change in a persons behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

stereotype

a generalization about a groups characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another

investment model

a model of long term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships

vulnerability stress hypothesis or diathesis stress model

a theory holding that preexisting conditions put an individual at risk of developing a psychological disorder

stereotype threat

an individuals fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group

attitudes

an individuals opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas - how the person feels about the world

cognitive dissonance

an individuals psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts

prejudice

an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individuals membership in a group

discrimination

an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group

affectionate love or companionate love

love that occurs when an individual has a deep, Caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near

obedience

behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority

abnormal behavior

behavior that is deviant, maladaptive or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time

relational aggression

behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person

somatic symptom and related disorders

bodily symptoms that are either very distressing or that interfere with a persons functioning along with excessive thoughts, feeling, and behaviors about the symptoms

social loafing

each persons tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability of individual effort

positive illusions

favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality

romantic love or passionate love

love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often predominant in the early part of a love relationship

altruism

giving aid to another person win the ultimate goal of benefitting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself

egoism

giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self-esteem; to present oneself as powerful, competent, or caring; or to avoid social and self- censure for failing to live up to society's expectations

will is bothered by the way students segregate themselves in the campus commons with all the African American students generally eating in one area the latinos in the other.... bill starts the students together program to get students to interact more an promote harmony. which of the following strategies is most likely to work based on the social psychological evidence

identify problems of common interest to students of all groups and initiate ethnicity diverse discussion groups aimed at solving those problems

social contagion

imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions and ideas

social facilitation

improvement in an individuals performance because of the presence of others

while driving Nate sees an elderly man struggling to change a flat tire Nate stops and helps the man and then continues to his girlfriends house. when Nate tells his girlfriend about the act of kindness she says "I would never have done that" Nate suggests that he just might be nicer. is Nate right?

nate is not right because his girlfriend may not have felt safe stopping to help someone on a country road at night

fundamental attribution error

observes overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of another persons behavior

attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

one of the most common psychological disorders in children, in which individuals show one or more of the following; inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

overt aggression

physical or verbal behavior that directly harms another person

aggression

social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally

self fulfilling prophecy

social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that the the expectations are realized

social cognition

the area of social psychology exploring how people select, interpret,

DSM-5

the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition; the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States

groupthink

the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony

normative social influence

the influence other people have on us because we want them to like us

informational social influence

the influence other people have on us because we want to be right

dan and Alexia have been dating for 2 years. Alexa meets a new guy during spring break and cheats on dan. when she tells dan about it he is crushed but forgives her. he believes that it makes no sense to through 2 years away. which theory would predict that dan is likely to cheat on Alexia in the future

the investment model

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize it they have seen it before

person perception

the process by which an individual uses social stimuli to form impressions of others

social comparison

the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others

deindividuation

the reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group

group polarization effect

the solidification and further strengthening of an individuals position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction

risky shift

the tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members

bystander effect

the tendency for an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are around

ethnocentrism

the tendency to favor ones own ethnic group over other groups

self- serving bias

the tendency to take credit for one's successes and to deny responsibility for ones failures

social exchange theory

the view of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits

attribution theory

the view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior

medical model

the view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin

social identity theory

the view that social identity is a crucial part of self image and a valuable source of positive feelings about oneself

social identity

the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership

elaboration likelihood model

theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route