Psych chapters 11-13

Social Anxiety Disorder

Also known as social phobia, an anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear in one or more social situations causing considerable distress and impaired ability to function in at least some parts of daily life.

When they cannot be controlled and when they significantly reduce the quality of a person's life.

Although most people experience some obsessions and compulsions, when are these behaviors considered abnormal?

Medical

Amelia often treats her depressed clients with drug therapy in hopes of adjusting the levels of serotonin in the brain. Amelia was most likely trained in the _________ perspective.

Walter Freeman

American physician and neurologist who performed the first lobotomie in America with his own technique.

Psychosurgery

Biological intervention that requires the removal or destruction of brain tissue. Its effects are irreversible.

Door-in-the-face Technique

Persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted.

Lobotomie

Procedure, created by Antonio Moniz, in which an instrument is inserted into the brain and rotated, severing fibers that connect the frontal lobe and the thalamus. Theorized to alleviate the symptoms of severe mental disorders. Used only as a last resort.

Free Association

Psychoanalytical technique that encourages individuals to say aloud whatever comes to mind.

Aaron Beck

Psychologist who believed that mood disorders result from unreasonable negative ideas that people have about themselves and the world, and futures, aka cognitive triad.

Insight Therapies

Psychotherapies in which the therapist helps patients/clients understand their problems

Diffusion of Responsibility

Reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Some of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants available. They work by interfering with the re-absorption of serotonin in the brain. (Prozac)

Obedience

Sometimes soldiers will commit acts of violence against others because they were ordered to do so by superior officers. This is an example of...

Deindividuation

tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities.

Applied Behavior Analysis

the application of operant principles to psychological disorders?

implicit/explicit stereotype

Belief about the characteristics of an out-group about which we're either unaware (implicit) or aware (explicit).

Systematic Desensitization

A behavioral therapy technique in which anxiety is extinguished by exposing the patient to an anxiety-provoking stimulus.

Anti-anxiety drugs

A category of drugs that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepines, drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety.

Serotonin

A chemical created by the human body. It works as a neurotransmitter. It is commonly regarded as a chemical that is responsible for maintaining mood balance.

Benzodiazepine

A class of drugs primarily used for treating anxiety, and generally offer the greatest relief, however they can be addictive. They work by binding to the receptor sites of neurotransmitters that become overactive during anxiety. The most frequently prescribed are Xanax, Valium and Librium.

Aversion Therapy

A classical condition procedure that involves presenting individuals with an attractive stimulus paired with unpleasant stimulation in order to condition a repulsive reaction.

Anxiety Disorder

A condition in which intense feelings of fear and dread are long-standing or disruptive. There are five types of disorders that fall under this category.

They often oversimplify the world and they cause us to view people not as individuals but rather as typical group members.

A danger of using stereotypes is that_____.

GABA

A deficiency in which neurotransmitter has been implicated as a potential cause of generalized anxiety disorder?

Dissociative Amnesia

A disorder characterized by loss of memory for past events without organic cause.

Dissociative Fugue

A disorder that involves flights from home and the assumption of a new identity with amnesia for past identity and events.

Client-centered Therapy

A humanistic approach to treatment developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizing an individual's tendency for healthy psychological growth through self-actualization.

Mania

A mood disorder characterized by euphoric states, extreme physical activity, excessive talkativeness, distractedness, and sometimes grandiosity.

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder in which periods of mania and depression alternate, sometimes with periods of normal mood intervening.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers. It also helps regulate movement and emotional responses, and it enables us not only to see rewards, but to take action to move toward them.

Psychotherapy

A non-medical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems.

Diathesis

A physical predisposition to a mental illness.

Look at your behavior

According to self-perception theory, if you're not sure how you feel about something, how can you find out?

Norepinephrine

Acts as a neurotransmitter and as a stress hormone, controlling the body's "fight or flight" response.

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by recurring panic attacks, causing a series of intense episodes of extreme anxiety during panic attacks. It may also include significant behavioral changes lasting at least a month and of ongoing worry about the implications or concern about having other attacks.

Prejudice; discrimination

An employer who thinks that members of a specific group are inferior is an example of _____; the employer's refusing to hire members of that group is an example of _____.

Tardive Dyskinesia

An incurable disorder of motor control, especially involving muscles of the face and head, resulting from long-term use of anti-psychotic drugs

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness, apprehension, fear or worry, repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing the associated anxiety, or a combination of such.

Specific Phobia

Anxiety disorder that amounts to an unreasonable or irrational fear related to exposure to specific objects or situations. As a result, the affected person tends to actively avoid direct contact with the objects or situations and, in severe cases, any mention or depiction of them.

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Anxiety disorder that may develop after a person is exposed to one or more traumatic events, such as major stress, sexual assault, terrorism, or other threats on a person's life. The diagnosis may be given when a group of symptoms, such as disturbing recurring flashbacks, avoidance or numbing of memories of the event, and hyper-arousal, continue for more than a month after the occurrence of a traumatic event

Behavioral Therapy

Any form of psychotherapy based on the principles of learning theory, especially operant conditioning and classical conditioning

Inoculation Effect

Approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking it.

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Are among the newer types of antidepressant. As the name implies, they block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. They include Cymbalta, Effexor, Khedezla, Fetzima, and Pristiq.

Illogical Thoughts

Beck's cognitive therapy focuses on ______.

Try to align their attitudes and behaviors.

Cognitive dissonance theory states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals should _____.

Irrational Thoughts

Cognitive therapy views psychological problems as resulting from_____.

Mood

Depression is classified as a(n) _____ disorder.

Addiction

Development of a physical need for a psychoactive drug.

Social Loafing

Dr. McCall found that class projects were of poorer quality when students worked in groups compared to when each student did an individual project. This difference can be explained by the phenomenon of _____.

Stimulants

Drugs that normally increase activity level by encouraging communication among neurons in the brain. They, however, have been found to suppress activity level in persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Groupthink

Emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision making. (Enron)

Social Facilitation

Enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others.

Delusions

False beliefs about reality that have no basis in fact.

Hallucinations

False or distorted perceptions of objects or events.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Personality disorder that involves a pattern of violent, criminal, or unethical and exploitative behavior and an inability to feel affection for others.

Frank should be open to a therapist who understands the cultural issues that might affect Frank's life.

Frank, an Asian American, is struggling with depression. When he tells a friend that he plans to get therapy, Frank mentions that he hopes the therapist is Asian American. His friend responds that Frank is biased and that he should be open to a therapist from any background. Based on research findings, what is Frank's wisest course of action if he genuinely wants his therapy to succeed?

Psychoanalysis

Freud's therapeutic technique for analyzing an individuals unconscious thoughts.

Normative Social Influence

Galatea attended a high school that encouraged and emphasized creativity and the arts until her junior year. When her mother's employer transfers her to another state, Galatea and her father must also move. Because there isn't a special arts magnet in the new town, Galatea is enrolled in the public high school. On her first day she dresses as she always has—an eclectic, funky style that is uniquely hers. The other students, who appear to Galatea to be dressed in boringly similar styles, stare and laugh at her appearance, and by the end of the day Galatea is uncomfortable. If she conforms to be accepted by her new schoolmates, Galatea will have succumbed to

Clients can interact in genuine relationships, which is more like real life than individual therapy.

Group therapy can be helpful for clients because_____

Altruism

Helping others for unselfish reasons.

In treating severe depression, especially if there is a high risk of suicide.

Historically, ECT was applied to a wide range of disorders, but today it is only used_____

Generalized anxiety disorder involves anxiety about a large variety of things, whereas phobic disorder involves anxiety about a specific thing.

How are generalized anxiety disorder and phobic disorder different?

It blocks the re-absorption of serotonin

How does Prozac work?

Deviance

In the sociocultural approach to psychological disorders, the criterion of ____ to describe behavior as being abnormal suggests the importance of society, culture and context in disorders.

Tricyclics

Medicine used commonly as an antidepressant. They work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine

Antidepressant drugs

Medicines that affect depression, usually by their effect on the serotonin and/or norepinephrine pathways in the brain. The 3 main types are trycyclics, MAO inhibitors, and SSRI's.

Anti-psychotic Drugs

Medicines that diminish psychotic symptoms, usually by their effect on the dopamine pathways in the brain. (Neuroleptics)

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia), Specific Phobia and Panic Disorder.

Name the 5 types of anxiety disorders.

Foot-in-the-door Technique

Persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one.

Flat Effect

The absence or near absence of emotional response to a situation that normally elicits emotion. It is observed in schizophrenia and some depressive disorders. (Negative symptom)

Medical diseases with biological origins.

The medical model describes psychological disorders as

Checking, cleaning, and counting

The most common compulsions exhibited by individuals who have obsessive-compulsive disorder is excessive ______, ______, and ______

Neuroleptics

The most extensively used anti-psychotic drug. In sufficient doses it can treat, NOT CURE, schizophrenia. They work by blocking receptors in the brains dopamine pathway.

Individuals possess the capacity to heal themselves

The primary premise of humanistic therapy is that ______.

Cognitive Dissonance

The tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes.

Social Comparison Theory

Theory that we seek to evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing our reactions with others'.

Rational-emotive behavior therapy

Therapy based on assertion that individuals develop a psychological disorder because of irrational or self-defeating beliefs. The goal is to get clients to eliminate those beliefs by rationally examining them. (Albert Ellis)

Humanistic Therapy

Therapy which emphasis the individuals self healing capabilities, and that encourages clients to understand themselves and grow personally.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOIs)

These drugs seem to work a little differently from trycyclics. A natural enzyme breaks down serotonin and norepinephrine. This drug blocks the effects of this enzyme. As a result, the levels of those neurotransmitters might get a boost. Does NOT react well with cheese or dairy.

Self-serving Bias

Tori did well on her first exam in psychology. She congratulated herself for studying hard and being naturally gifted. When she failed her second exam, she became angry at the professor for creating an unfair test and for not explaining the concepts well. Tori's reactions are an example of

Cognitive Therapies

Treatment emphasizing that cognitions are the main source of psychological problems, and that attempt to change the individuals feelings and behaviors by changing cognition.

Barbiturates

Used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and seizure disorders. They are not, however, prescribed as often due to the availability of benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines. They can be addictive and have strong withdrawal symptoms

Psychodynamic therapy

Views abnormal behavior as the result of unresolved unconscious conflicts? (Think Freud)

When groups work together to achieve a common goals, prejudice is decreased.

What does social psychological research have to say about decreasing within-group prejudice?

American Psychiatric Association

What organization publishes the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?

The Fundamental Attribution Error

When many people first learn of the classic conformity and obedience studies, they often believe that the participants in these studies are weak-minded people and they tend to underestimate the power of the social situation. This is an example of ______.

Benzodiazepines

Which of the following is a class of anti-anxiety drugs? -benzodiazepines -tricyclics -monoamine oxidase inhibitors -neuroleptics

Genetic heritage causes a predisposition to mental illness, but environmental and cognitive/emotional factors must be present for mental illness to develop.

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the biopsychosocial model? -Mental illness is caused by brain abnormalities, neurochemical abnormalities, and genetic influences. -Societal forces such as oppression and poverty drive the development of mental illness. -Genetic heritage causes a predisposition to mental illness, but environmental and cognitive/emotional factors must be present for mental illness to develop. -Mental illness does not exist but is rather a normal reaction to an abnormal situation.

The fundamental attribution error is focused on others, while self-serving bias is focused on the self.

Which of the following statements is most correct? -The fundamental attribution error is unrelated to stereotypes, while self-serving bias is related to stereotypes. -The fundamental attribution error is focused on others, while self-serving bias is focused on the self. -The fundamental attribution error attributes successes to internal causes, while self-serving bias attributes successes to external causes. -The fundamental attribution error does not take into account all available information, while self-serving bias does.

Therapists take an eclectic approach to therapy, relying on a variety of techniques from multiple orientations.

Which of the following statements is true regarding most therapists' approach to therapy? -Therapists tend to rely most heavily on behavioral therapy when treating all types of disorders. -Therapists find cognitive therapies to be highly ineffective. -Therapists take an eclectic approach to therapy, relying on a variety of techniques from multiple orientations. -Therapists unanimously agree that medical therapies are the most effective in treating psychological disorders.

"I can't believe she's so overweight. She must be a very lazy person."

Which of the following statements would indicate that the speaker is making an internal attribution? -"She got the job because she was in the right place at the right time." -"No wonder he's a juvenile delinquent—just look at his home life!" -"That man slipped on the sidewalk because it's icy." -"I can't believe she's so overweight. She must be a very lazy person."

Saying a person's name.

Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of deindividuation? -large groups -darkness -saying a person's name -costumes

They are unaware that their obsessions are irrational and counterproductive.

Which of these statements about people with obsessive-compulsive disorder is FALSE? -They might think about harming somebody they love. -When they are unable to purge harmful ideas from their mind, they become highly distressed. -They might feel driven to perform a ritualistic act in order to avert some perceived threat. -They are unaware that their obsessions are irrational and counterproductive.

Many mental health providers believe that the disorder is over-diagnosed and is misapplied to individuals who are unwilling or unmotivated to focus on difficult or unpleasant tasks.

Why is ADHD considered to be a controversial diagnosis?

Lithium

Widely used to treat bipolar disorder

Social Contagion

You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others doing the same thing. This is an example of _____.

Interferes with ability to function.

Your roommate becomes depressed after he learns that his significant other has been cheating on him. He skips class for the next week. His behavior would fall under which category of abnormal behavior?

Schizophrenia

_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered thought processes.

Borderline Personality Disorder

______ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.