Psych - chapters 6 , 7 , & 8

Mario believes that his son is learning to be aggressive because he plays violent video games. In what way could observational learning explain the connection Mario sees between media and his son's behavior?

Children who watch violence in video games tend to show more aggressive thoughts and actions.

Marianna takes the bus to school every day. One morning, a different bus is used on her route. Marianna does not notice the switch, even though her usual bus is blue and the new bus is red. Marianna most likely did not notice the different bus due to

change blindness

Yelinda is talking to a salesman in a store when she steps away to answer her cell phone. When Yelinda turns back to the salesman, she fails to notice that the salesman she had originally been speaking to has been replaced by a different salesman. Yelinda's failure to notice that the salesman has changed is best explained by

change blindness

John is hanging out with a group of friends. Which friend will pay the most attention to social information?

Jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people

Which of the following would be an example of crystallized intelligence?

Jordan can easily recite the entire dictionary

An intelligence test that includes a verbal scale and a performance scale is the

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Positive punishment causes _______.

a decrease in behavior through the addition of a stimulus

The type of thinking that uses shortcuts to allow you to make a decision quickly, without considering all of the evidence, is called

a heuristic

Annie needs to take her cat to the vet but she does not have a carrier. She remembers that once she took her guinea pig to the vet in a pot. But she knows the cat will not fit in a pot so she cannot use this previous strategy. Annie is having a hard time solving the problem because of

a mental set

Dante was sitting on a rock to rest during a hike. Suddenly, he felt immense pain and looked down to see a snake had bitten him in the leg. Because of this, Dante has learned to fear snakes. If his fear is out of proportion with the danger posed by snakes, then Dante has developed _______.

a phobia

Hogan remembers the general information about a movie he saw a long time ago. He cannot remember the actors or the details of the movie, but knows that it was a romantic comedy. Hogan's memory of this movie is

a semantic memory

The final exam for your psychology class is a(n) __________ test

achievement

According to the paradox of choice, having some choice is good, and having even more choice

can be frustrating and impair thinking

Magdala blushes any time she makes even a slight social error. Magdala thinks this makes her unskilled in social situations and would love to be able to stop. The best information you can give Magdala is to tell her that people who blush do just fine in social situations because they

are more easily forgiven when they make a mistake

Mary does well in both math and science. According to general intelligence theory, Mary's performance in literature and history should be __________ how she does in math and science.

as good as

You are planning an upcoming trip to Namibia for a service project. The research on facial expressions and emotion would suggest you should

assume that you are reading the Namibians' facial expressions accurately.

Fatima is a new student on campus. Everywhere she goes, she is asked for her 12-digit student number. To memorize her new student number, she thinks of it as three different years. Fatima is using __________ to aid her memory.

chunking

Ashley studies for her upcoming psychology exam while sitting on her sunny front porch. When she takes the exam in a dimly lit lecture hall, she does poorly on the exam. Which of the following could have influenced her ability to recall the necessary exam information?

context dependent memory

Carson tries to convince his instructor to give the final exam in the same room where the class is held because he learned that it would improve his chances of getting a better grade. Which memory concept is Carson using?

context dependent memory

Lenny needs to quickly train his cows to use one specific field when they graze. The reinforcement that will allow the cows to learn most quickly is _______ reinforcement

continuous

When Ellen learns that her roommate will be an international student from Britain, she is worried that her roommate will be stiff and reserved. Ellen is surprised when Diana turns out to be upbeat and friendly. Diana's behavior goes against Ellen's beliefs about how people from Britain express emotions and have violated her

cultural display rules.

Alina often has trouble understanding her own feelings and has difficulty recognizing when her friends are expressing their feelings. Alina probably has low __________ intelligence.

emotional

Harry is reading the textbook for his astronomy class and is trying to relate the material to his own life experiences. According to the levels of processing model, Harry is more likely to remember the information over the long term because he is using

deep processing

To work at Burger Shack, Meghan must memorize all of the menu items. To do this, Meghan thinks about which friend would want to order each item. Meghan is likely to retain the menu items in long-term storage very well because she used

elaborative rehearsal.

Angelica claims to be an expert at reading people's emotions through their expressions. When asked how she does it, Angelica claims that she uses people's _______ to give her the best cues as to how they are feeling.

eyes

The Acme Chemical Company has some employees who work in a production plant and some who work in a sales office. The plant workers get paid every Friday; however, the office workers get paid for every fifth sale that they make. The plant workers are paid on a _______ schedule, whereas the office workers are paid on a _______ schedule.

fixed interval ; fixed ratio

Ekman and colleagues found that several emotions are common to people around the world, including all of the following EXCEPT

guilt

Billy hates it when his upstairs neighbor wakes up early to take a shower. He is typically abruptly awakened when the water starts, but then he gets used to the noise and goes back to sleep. In this example, Billy is showing learning through _______.

habituation

From an evolutionary perspective, we can see that pleasure _______ the likelihood of survival and reproduction because it _______.

increases; promotes adaptive behaviors

Cesar has done so well in his economics class that he only needs 43 out of 100 points on the final exam to receive an "A" in the class. Cesar still studies a lot because he wants to do well on the final. Cesar's behavior is affected by

internal motivation

Sunil wants to classically condition his dog to fear skunks so he does not get sprayed again. This task should be much easier than teaching him to fear a house plant because a dog _______.

is biologically prepared to fear animals that might cause it harm

While it appears to be negative, guilt can actually serve to protect and strengthen our interpersonal relationships. All of the following are examples of this protective concept except when guilt

is used to deceive others.

Sandra is a nutritionist who knows that long-term regulation of body fat primarily involves

leptin

Emilio has an "A" average, and Claudio has a "C" average. Both men have career aspirations of becoming aeronautical engineers to work for NASA. Claudio likely has _______ than Emilio.

lower achievement motivation

When we make our memories consistent with our current beliefs or attitudes, we are experiencing

memory bias

Your history professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper, so he posts an example of an "A" paper on the course website. You use this example as a template when writing your own paper. You have used _______ to write a good research paper.

modeling

Ali's previous boyfriend was named Sam and her new boyfriend is named Stan. When she accidentally calls her new boyfriend Stan by the name Sam, she explains to him that her mistake was due to

proactive interference

Which of the following is a type of explicit memory?

procedural motor skills classical conditioning Correct Answer: episodic

Prospective memory limits the cognitive resources available for other tasks because it

reduces the number of items we can maintain in short-term storage.

Sampson is a dolphin trainer who trains his dolphins to perform tasks by blowing a high-pitched whistle, the sound of which dolphins enjoy, immediately after the dolphins do the task. Sampson is using _______ reinforcers to train the dolphins.

secondary

Shara is participating in a psychology study in which she has to press a button as fast as possible whenever she sees a circle on the computer screen. This study is measuring __________ reaction time.

simple

When you write out a list of directions to find your way to a restaurant, you are writing words that do not physically resemble the locations of the streets. Because of this you are using a(n) __________ representation.

symbolic

Some mental shortcuts can cause errors in thinking. For example, simply because a piece of information is remembered easily, it does not mean that the best decision is based on that information. This error in thinking reflects

the availability heuristic

Sandra is toilet training her son and only rewards him some of the time when he uses the toilet. Sandra knows that using partial reinforcement creates behaviors that are more enduring than does continuous reinforcement, which is a result of _______.

the partial reinforcement extinction effect

Beth's entire family has a high achievement motivation. Which of the following is Beth NOT likely to observe in her family members?

unrealistically high career goals

Sue is a great math student. According to multiple intelligences theory, Sue's linguistic ability should be __________ her math ability.

unrelated to

Braxton's friend Shayla is caught cheating on a test and receives an "F." Braxton learns the consequences of cheating by watching Shayla be punished for this action. Braxton has learned through _______.

vicarious conditioning

While driving home, the car in front of you starts driving dangerously, so you concentrate on watching it. When you arrive home, you realize that you cannot remember anything from your drive home other than that car. Your memory is most likely due to the fact that we do not remember information that

we do not pay attention to

Typically, scores on intelligence tests are closely related to __________ memory.

working