psych exam 1
Picking up the vibrations in the nuclei of atoms making up the organs is the way in which the _____________ can map the structures of the brain. PET. EEG. TMS. MRI.
MRI
lateralization
Specialization of the two cerebral hemispheres for particular operations.
Making a chocolate cake from a world famous recipe is an example of: a heuristic. inductive reasoning. an algorithm. delicious reasoning.
an algorithm
Our beliefs about what we expect about the behavior or men and women in our society: cognitive schema. propositions. prototype. mental images.
cognitive schema.
cerebral cortex
responsible for higher mental functions
Wilhelm Wundt used _____________ in psychology's first scientific psychology laboratory but it was later rejected because it was too subjective. phrenology. empirical techniques. functionalism trained introspection.
trained introspection
In Dr. Ryujin's studies of Cal Poly, they -fit the romantic ideal. -use a strategy in dating that is inconsistent with the romantic ideal. -pair up randomly, without regard to majors. -are likely to continue relationships they started in high school -none of the above.
use a strategy in dating that is inconsistent with the romantic ideal.
Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. both were famous because they - used meditation as ways to reduce conflict. - used mediation as ways to reduce conflict. - only used force when it was necessary to defend themselves. - used nonviolent resistance to achieve their goals. - were traded to the Lakers to become power forwards in the NBA.
used nonviolent resistance to achieve their goals.
If I had come up with a strategy that allowed me to win at Black Jack 60% of the time, I would probably be: cheating. using an algorithm. using a heuristic. depending upon the g factor.
using a heuristic.
Repeating something over and over until people believe it is true is called: brainwashing. validity effect fundamental attribution theory operant conditioning.
validity effect
According to the "marriage bureau study" presented by Don, -a large proportion of both men and women felt a strong emotional attraction toward their future spouse within the first few weeks of meeting. -a large proportion of men, but NOT women felt a strong emotional attraction toward their future spouse within the first few weeks of meeting. -a large proportion of women, but NOT men felt a strong emotional attraction toward their future spouse within the first few weeks of meeting. - a very small proportion of both men and women felt a strong emotional attraction toward their future spouse within the first few weeks of meeting. - married couples who went to the marriage bureau were less likely to be together after a year than couples who did not get married.
- a very small proportion of both men and women felt a strong emotional attraction toward their future spouse within the first few weeks of meeting.
Which of the following has actually been found to support men's superior spatial ability (rotating mental objects and reading maps)? - larger hippocampus-amygdala pathways in women inhibit parietal lobe nerve firing. - more cortical neurons in men. - more folds in the frontal lobes of men. - what? There are no differences between men and women in spatial abilities.
- more cortical neurons in men.
In the Asch study of conformity, ______ students did not conform to the influence of the confederates in the study who unanimously contradicted an obvious fact. 0%. 20% 50% about 2/3.
20%
Which of the following is true about mental set? - Encourages people to solve new problems by using strategies that were successful in solving past problems. - Makes problem solving more efficient. - Not useful when a problem requires a new strategy. - all of the above.
Not useful when a problem requires a new strategy.
Which of the following increases the likelihood that a person will engage in an altruistic act like helping in a crisis? the individual becomes "entrapped". the individual decides that there is a need for help. the individual has an ally. all of the above.
all of the above
___________ is a part of the brainstem. cortex. limbic system. medulla. hippocampus. a and c.
medulla
According to Don's definition, the independent variable is: that which is the cause. contained in the control condition. randomly determined. a+b that which is affected
that which is the cause
Research on "conflict games" has found which of the following is true when a cooperative person is working with an uncooperative person? -cooperative people are subject to becoming abusive when the other person does not cooperate. - cooperative people are rarely taken advantage of. -the best strategy is to cooperate first, then tit for tat. - all of the above. - none of the above.
the best strategy is to cooperate first, then tit for tat.
Inferential statistics are the primary means for researchers to: - determine the variance of the data. -summarize the data. -determine the impressiveness of the findings. -none of the above.
-determine the impressiveness of the findings.
Which heritable trait is most likely found in political conservatives: religious affiliation. political affiliation. conscientiousness lack of conscience. self-serving bias.
conscientiousness
temporal lobe
contain areas involved in hearing, memory, perception, emotion, behavior and (in the left lobe, typically) language comprehension.
The tendency in close-knit groups to think alike and suppress disagreement is called: junior high school. assimilation. groupthink. infusion of responsibility.
groupthink
amygdala
involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the initial emotional response to sensory information.
Back to love, which of the following best predicts long term relationship success? big smile. slender legs. education. intelligence. personality.
personality
In a person's attempt to explain behavior, a dispositional attribution means the person believes: - the cause of the behavior is due to something in the environment. - the effect of the environment is overestimated and personality effects are underestimated. - the cause of the behavior is due to a trait or motive in the person. - that the environment should be blamed for one's bad behavior. - all of the above.
the cause of the behavior is due to a trait or motive in the person
Professor Barnes inadvertently gives cues to the subjects while administering a psychological test. This phenomenon is called: the experimenter effect. placebo effect. prompting effect. publish or perish effect.
the experimenter effect
The method of laboratory observation has which of the following drawbacks? -the method has little control over the situation being studied. -it is too subjective. -subjects are likely to be underrepresentative of the general population studied. -the method is not very good at explaining why a behavior occurred.
the method is not very good at explaining why a behavior occurred.
Dialectical reasoning refers to: - the ability to think with an accent. - the ability to make decisions without having to stop and analyze the problem. - the ability to evaluate opposing points of view. - a problem solving strategy guaranteed to produce a solution even if the user doesn't know how it works.
- the ability to evaluate opposing points of view.
Broca's area refers to: - the region in the frontal lobe that handles speech production. - the region in the frontal lobe that handles speech comprehension. - the region in the temporal lobe that handles speech comprehension. - the region in the temporal lobe that handles speech production.
- the region in the frontal lobe that handles speech production.
Which of the following is NOT true about prejudice? -Prejudice often serves to ward off fear. -Prejudice is unique to Western industrialized countries. -Prejudice serves as a way for majority groups to consolidate its economic dominance over other groups. -Prejudice is often the result of conflict rather than the major cause of that conflict.
-Prejudice is unique to Western industrialized countries.
A patient with epilepsy had successful split-brain surgery. In a laboratory study where the left half of a picture was a girl and the right half was a boy, what did the patient verbally answer when asked to say what they saw? -a girl because the right hemisphere is better at facial recognition. -a boy because the left hemisphere contains the language center. -a boy because the right hemisphere is better at facial recognition. -both the boy and the girl because the brain stem was not divided.
-a boy because the left hemisphere contains the language center.
In an experiment, the control group -decides which variable to manipulate in the experiment. -is not necessary when trying to prove cause and effect. -does not receive the independent variable. -is treated quite differently in all respects than the experimental group.
-does not receive the independent variable.
William James was a leader of the functionalism approach which: -emphasized the purpose of behavior. -used introspection to analyze behavior. -assumed patients' problems often had mental causes. -broke down behavior into its basic units. -none of the above
-emphasized the purpose of behavior.
Although John was injured while attempting to save a child from a burning house, he was not aware of the pain of his injury. This reduction of pain was likely due to: - norepinephrine which lowers arousal and blood pressure. - an injury to the amygdala. -endorphins which are endogenous morphine like substances. - acetylcholine which acts like a natural aspirin. - gaba infusion which is similar to morphine.
-endorphins which are endogenous morphine like substances.
When a poll suffers from volunteer bias, -the volunteer poll takers may inadvertently influence the subject. -the poll takers may make subtle errors in recording the subject's response. -the test is an unreliable instrument. -it suggests the sample may not be representative of the larger group. -one should hire professional poll takers.
-it suggests the sample may not be representative of the larger group.
Justification of effort: -reduces cognitive dissonance. -occurs when you really got what you wanted without much effort. - is associated with high achievement rather than high aptitude. - is a process in formal reasoning.
-reduces cognitive dissonance.
In your authors' discussion of critical thinking skills, the principle of falsifiability means -emotional reasoning can unfortunately replace clear thinking. -generalizing from a few examples to everyone. -developing a system of general principles that tries to explain the phenomenon. -scientific predictions are made that will expose the hypothesis to the possibility of disconfirmation.
-scientific predictions are made that will expose the hypothesis to the possibility of disconfirmation.
An experiment is being conducted at Research University. Alcohol is administered to one of two groups of college sophomores who have been randomly selected to participate in a study of the effects of alcohol on driving. Which of the following will get the alcohol? -the control group. -only the group which actually drives the car. -the experimental group. -the experimenter.
-the experimental group.
If you saw that the findings of a study were significant at the .05 level, p<.05, that would mean to the critical reader that: -there is only a 5% chance that this finding is correct. -there is less than a 5% chance that the finding was due to chance. -relative risk is only 5%, and absolute risk is 95%. -there is greater than a 5% chance that the findings were due to chance.
-there is less than a 5%chance that the finding was due to chance
A coefficient of correlation of -.80 between two variables means: -this is a very weak relationship, with -1.00 meaning no relationship. -that as values on one variable decrease, values on the other variable decreases. -this is a strong relationship and a negative correlation. -one variable has been manipulated to negatively influence the other.
-this is a strong relationship and a negative correlation.
Don noted that the event marking the birth of Psychology is: -1917 with the joint course in theories of Philosophy and methods of Physiology.. - 1068 when Freud decided to Test, Observe and Measure. -1616 when Freud visited Disneyland. -1879 with the founding of the first scientific psychology laboratory.
1879 with the founding of the first scientific psychology laboratory.
Dr. Blatz administers 20 pounds of delicious chocolate to college freshmen to see what the effect of chocolate has on weight gain. Which of the following is the independent variable? weight. 20 pounds of chocolate acne freshmen
20 pounds of chocolate
According to Dr. Ryujin, who had the idea of eliminating the IQ quotient and comparing an individual's performance on an intelligence test to an age-related norm? William Stern. David Wechsler. Lewis Terman. Charles Spearman. None of the above.
David Wechsler.
While the variation in the height of tomato plants grown in one pot is due to heritability, we cannot assume that any difference between the plants in one pot with plants in another pot can be due to heredity because the other pot might contain different nutrients. One point of this example is that: -you don't keep all your eggs in one basket. -intelligence is not highly heritable. -cousins are as likely to have similar IQ's as identical twins. -IQ differences between Blacks and Whites could be due to environmental differences.
IQ differences between Blacks and Whites could be due to environmental differences.
In term of the functions of various parts of the brain, Dr. Laver indicated that: - dysfunction of Wernicke's area makes you unable to pronounce complex words. - dysfunction of Broca's area makes you unable to comprehend words. - If the frontal cortex is separated from the limbic system, there is nothing to inhibit the person's emotions. - all of the above.
If the frontal cortex is separated from the limbic system, there is nothing to inhibit the person's emotions.
________ shows you what parts of the brain are working at any given moment by measuring radioactive glucose. (Dr. Laver). EEG (electroencephalograph) PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography) MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imagery) X-ray geiger counter
PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)
plasticity
The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experience, by reorganizing or growing new neural connections.
corpus callosum
The bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the processes used in indoctrination of suicide bombers? - access to disconfirming evidence is controlled. - The person's problems are defined as so multi-faceted that only the group has the ability to sort things out. -The person is offered a new identity and promised salvation. -The person is subjected to entrapment.
The person's problems are defined as so multi-faceted that only the group has the ability to sort things out.
What does Wernicke, Broca and Phineas Gage have in common? - The split brain surgery technique uncovered their disorders. - The split brain surgery technique caused their disorders. - They were all examples of understanding brain function through lesions. - They were all examples of understanding brain function through early non invasive techniques. - They were all examples of understanding brain function through electrical and magnetic devices.
They were all examples of understanding brain function through lesions.
How are Psychology and common sense different? - Psychology is simply a fancy term for common sense. -Psychology includes graphology and numerology, and common sense is limited to astrology and fortune telling. -Common sense identifies the true causes of behavior; psychology is the tool to confirm what we already know. -Unlike common sense, Psychology's principles are based on rigorous research and verifiable evidence.
Unlike common sense, Psychology's principles are based on rigorous research and verifiable evidence.
Social norms have been referred to as "social constraints." Do social norms provide any benefits? - No, social norms prevent people from expressing their individuality. -Yes, they contribute to the positive contributions of unanimity and invulnerability in group processes. -No, they are directly responsible for the lack of creativity and spontaneity in the society. -Yes, they make interactions with other people predictable and orderly.
Yes, they make interactions with other people predictable and orderly.
You are considering joining a protest against a government policy that is accepted by most people but you feel is morally unjust. Your friends and family think you would be crazy or unpatriotic to protest. Your new roommate, however, suddenly decides that the policy is unjust and will protest also. What is the effect of this ally in deciding to join the protest? -You are still likely to conform to the majority and not protest. - You will scapegoat your roommate to justify your final conformity to your family and friends' position. -You are likely to think your roommate is not a factor because they are an engineering major and incapable of thinking about issues like justice. -Your are likely to join the protest because one ally is often sufficient to overcome the pressure of the majority.
Your are likely to join the protest because one ally is often sufficient to overcome the pressure of the majority.
Dr. Laver indicated that the cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles of the cortex. is contained in the synaptic vesicles helps to support the brain. a + c
a + c
Which type of relationships has the BEST chance of making it? -a long distance relationship. -a relationship where the woman is feminine and the partner is masculine. -a relationship in which both partners are also each other's best friends. -a relationship in which both partners are opposites of each other. -the guy is rich and the woman is beautiful.
a relationship in which both partners are also each other's best friends.
While the IQ test in America is used to determine intelligence, what was Alfred Binet's original use? a measure of French intelligence. a way to determine social class. a measure of wealth. a way to identify slower learners for remedial work.
a way to identify slower learners for remedial work.
Which of the following neurotransmitters has been associated with the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease? GABA. serotonin. acetylcholine. dopamine. oxytocin.
acetylcholine.
According to Don, individuals who are racist and sexist: -act in discriminatory ways toward minorities and women. - may have strong negative emotions about minorities and women. - may NOT have strong negative emotions about minorities and women. - a and b. -all of the above.
all of the above
According to Dr. Nelson's lecture on war and peace, instigating causes of war (as well as interpersonal aggression) include: Perceived injustice. Perceived threats to security. Perceived incompatibility between goals,values and beliefs. all of the above
all of the above
Cognitive schemas: serve as mental models of the world. contain propositions. contain concepts. all of the above.
all of the above
The Implicit Associations Test (IAT)) measures implicit attitudes. may test for signs of implicit prejudice. is unreliable and minimally predicts discrimination. all of the above.
all of the above
What evidence did Dr. Ryujin use to support his contention that racial/ethnic differences in IQ were due solely to environment? -In almost all cultures, the racial groups in power score higher than oppressed groups. -African-American children who were adopted at birth into middle and upper class families have IQ averages of 110. -While students from farms and ranches traditionally scored 15 points lower than average, the difference disappears as the farm and majority culture became more similar. -all of the above.
all of the above
Which would true about the following double-blind study used to test the effect of Viagra on impotent men? -the subjects don't know if they are on Viagra or a placebo. -the experimenters don't know if the subjects are on Viagra or a placebo. -the subjects wives don't know if their spouses are on Viagra or a placebo. -all of the above
all of the above
Deindividuation is most likely to occur in: anonymous crowds. friendship groups. work groups. when forced to give a public speech.
anonymous crowds
Which of the following would NOT lead to high levels of obedience in the Milgram study? - the experimenter sits close to the "teacher" when giving instructions to shock the "learner". - the "learner" is not visibly present, but in another room where his screams cannot be heard. - another volunteer is the person giving the instructions to increase the shock level. - when there are peers who believe the "learner" should be shocked.
another volunteer is the person giving the instructions to increase the shock level.
The tendency to think that humans have nothing in common with other animals is called: anthropodenial. anthropomorphism. dialectic condemnation. interspecies discrimination.
anthropodenial.
In the Milgram Obedience study, -approximately two-thirds of the subjects obeyed to the fullest extent. -approximately one-third of the subjects obeyed to the fullest extent. -as soon as the victim protested, 90% of the "teachers" refused to administer additional shocks. -while most of the subjects administered some shock, only 10% obeyed to the fullest extent. -the only subjects who administered the most severe shocks were those with personality disorders.
approximately two-thirds of the subjects obeyed to the fullest extent.
If I believe that it is more dangerous to fly than to drive across the country, I am likely being influenced by the: aviation algorithm. availability heuristic. confirmation bias. formal reflective bias.
availability heuristic.
What is the most likely explanation for John's belief that gun violence in schools is a greater risk than cigarette smoking, teenage driving, and chronic exposure to the sun? confirmation bias. mental set. availability heuristic. violence schema. none of the above.
availability heuristic.
The extending fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body and towards other neurons: axon. myelin sheath. neuronal lightning rod. dendrite.
axon
Don stated that, as a scientific method of investigation, introspection - involved the examination of the external causes of behavior. - was too subjective. - was used to study mental life. - a and b. - b and c.
b and c
In Don's first lecture he indicated that Watson's "Behaviorist Manifesto" changed Psychology into the science of ________ in order to become more ________ behavior / applied. the mind / scientific. the mind / more applied behavior / scientific. common sense/ accepted.
behavior / scientific
If a student is in the pre-reflective stage of reflective thought, he is likely to: - realize that judgments should be supported by evidence but in practice only looks at evidence that supports his preexisting thoughts. - rely on his emotional intelligence as compensation. - recognizes that some things cannot be known, but doesn't know how to make a decision. - believe that there is a simple right answer to most problems. - engage in dialectic thinking without understanding why.
believe that there is a simple right answer to most problems.
According to Don's lecture on romance, opposites attract. birds of the feather flock together. both a and b. women are attracted to opposites, men are attracted to women who remind them of their mothers. neither a nor b, there is NO general rule of mate attraction.
birds of the feather flock together
The widget study found that when students believed that a set of instructions were written by a male rather and a female, male students produced more widgets. . female students produced more widgets. both a and b. female students produced fewer widgets. male students produced fewer widgets.
both a and b
Attribution theory is based on the notion that: -it is better to blame someone else than to take responsibility for your actions. -behavior is based solely on environmental events. -causes of behavior can be traced to influences of disposition or the situation.. -"to err is human." -"to forgive is divine."
causes of behavior can be traced to influences of disposition or the situation
Damage to this area would make one look clumsy and uncoordinated: thalamus. cerebellum. white matter. corpus callosum.
cerebellum
According to Dr. Laver, complex muscular coordination is handled by the pons. cerebellum. medulla. ventricles. none of the above.
cerebellum.
In Dr. Nelson's own research with children, - children from rural cultures almost always cooperated. - instinctual aggression makes war inevitable. - children from Mexico City cooperated as frequently as rural Mexican children. - children from cooperative rural cultures would not try to cooperate in a competitive game. - none of the above
children from rural cultures almost always cooperated.
In Dr. Nelson's research on cooperation in a conflict situation in urban societies: -both five and ten year olds cooperated most of the time ("adaptive cooperation") as each child would win four prizes by cooperating. -children got less than one marble regardless of age ("maladaptive competition") even though each child would win four prizes by cooperating. -five year olds cooperated because they were too young to be competitive. -ten year olds cooperated because their cognitive development gave them the ability to understand the benefit of cooperating.
children got less than one marble regardless of age ("maladaptive competition") even though each child would win four prizes by cooperating.
The central nervous system: carries messages to the brain and spinal cord. contains the somatic and autonomic nervous system. consists of the brain and spinal cord. contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
consists of the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system: processes and stores information. contains the spinal cord and autonomic nervous system. does not rely on neurons for communication. consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
frontal lobe
contain areas involved in short-term memory, higher-order thinking, initiative, social judgment, and (in the left lobe, typically) speech production.
parietal lobe
contain areas that receive information on pressure, pain, touch, and temperature, and that are involved in attention and awareness of spatial relationships, right and left.
occipital lobe
contain areas that receive visual information (color, shape)
The role of the somatic nervous system is to: -control the skeletal nervous system associated with voluntary action. -regulate sleepiness. -mobilize the body for action. -deactivate or turn down the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system. -all of the above
control the skeletal nervous system associated with voluntary action.
The split brain experiments relied on severing what bundle of fibers that connects the two hemispheres? corpus callosum. optic chiasma. limbic system. somatosensory path.
corpus callosum
The role of the parasympathetic nervous system is to: -mobilize the body for action. -increase breathing and heart rate. -deactivate or turn down the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system. -pretend to be sympathetic without really meaning it. -activate or turn up the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system.
deactivate or turn down the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system.
You join a group of students protesting the ban on alcohol on campus. You get carried away in the moment and throw a chair through the president's window. What is the most likely reason you acted in a way that was not characteristic of your high moral standards? deindividuation. too much beer before the protest. self-serving bias. groupthink
deindividuation
The ________ receives messages from the other nerve cells, and the ___________transmits messages to other neurons: axon; dendrite. myelin sheath; axon. dendrite; axon. cell body; dendrite.
dendrite; axon.
A woman is attacked on a busy street and, although there are many bystanders, no one calls the police. This bystander apathy can be best explained by the concept of: wimps and coward effect. deindividuation individuation diffusion of responsibility.
diffusion of responsibility
cerebrum
divided into two hemispheres, it is in charge of most sensory, motor, and cognitive processes; from the Latin for "brain.
Which of the following neurotransmitters has been associated with the symptoms of Parkinson's disease? oxytocin. serotonin. norepinephrine. dopamine.
dopamine
The limbic system was traditionally linked to: visual perception. sleeping and dreaming. emotional reactions. South American dance routines.
emotional reactions
Which of the following might counteract the negative aspects of groupthink? -encouraging group members to increase their sense of cohesiveness. -emphasize the importance of reaching unanimity. -encourage the expression of doubt and dissent. -threaten group members with punishment if the group's decision turns out to be wrong.
encourage the expression of doubt and dissent.
The Navajo refer to themselves as "The People" which appears to serve to enhance social identity within their group. This process is called: marginalizing the out-group. symbolic racism. acculturation. ethnocentrism.
ethnocentrism
Based on Sternberg's triarchic theory, which type of intelligence refers to how creative one is and their ability to transfer skills to new situations? experiential intelligence. metacognition. componential intelligence. contextual intelligence.
experiential intelligence.
The ability to transfer skills learned in one situation to a new situation is called: componential. experiential. contextual. metacognition. plagerism
experiential.
The _________ allows psychologists to determine that one variable influenced the other variable (cause and effect). -experiment -correlational study -case study -naturalistic observation.
experiment
The ________ lobe is responsible for willful movement and planning (Dr. Laver) frontal. parietal. occipital. temporal. ante.
frontal
While trying to explain the behavior of the guards who became abusive in the prison experiment, John emphasizes their personality and underestimates the influence of the power of the social influences of the roles the guards were given. This type of attribution is called: fundamental attribution error. illegitimazation of authority effect. situational attributional style. groupthink.
fundamental attribution error
Dr. Rujuin described Howard Gardner's 7-factor theory of intelligence. Which of the following was NOT one of those factors? spatial. g factor/fluid intelligence. intrapersonal. musical. all of the above were factors.
g factor/fluid intelligence.
Entrapment works to cause people to obey by: -getting them to engage in an embarrassing behavior which can be used like blackmail. -using the social convention of being polite to the authority figure. -getting people to increase their commitment to a course of action in order to justify their investment in it. -transforming the activity into a series of routine activities.
getting people to increase their commitment to a course of action in order to justify their investment in it.
In the Milgram Obedience study, Milgram concluded - most uneducated people are gullible. -given the right situation, most people will harm someone if they believe a legitimate authority is taking responsibility for the act. - most people will refuse to harm someone if they believe the person is not responsible for the situation they are in. -most people used the opportunity to act out evil instincts to harm someone when they the found out they would not be personally responsible for any injury. - none of the above
given the right situation, most people will harm someone if they believe a legitimate authority is taking responsibility for the act.
Phineas Gage - invented the PET scan. - had the connection between his frontal lobe and limbic system severed. - had a major part of his temporal lobe destroyed. - demonstrated that severe brain damage led to a passive and cooperative worker. - had the original split brain operation.
had the connection between his frontal lobe and limbic system severed.
Kanzi, the amazing Bonobo, impressed researchers in that: - he was the first chimp to demonstrate dialectic reasoning. - he learned language by the same kind of informal social interaction characteristic of human children. - he could perform long division flawlessly. - he was able to tell his trainer where she could stick a rotten banana when he was frustrated with her stupid experiments.
he learned language by the same kind of informal social interaction characteristic of human children.
Fred suffered brain damage to an area that resulted in the inability to store new information into memory (although he could recall memories stored before his injury). The structure that was damaged is most likely the: thalamus. hippocampus amgydala cerebrum.
hippocampus
Your ability to remember what you have previously learned for this test is due to the action of the ______. hippocampus. amygdala. power of prayer. cerebellum.
hippocampus
Professor Smith predicts that anxiety is related to a threatening situation for children. He introduces a life size Bugs Bunny doll as the threatening situation, and he measures anxiety as a score on a questionnaire. While he was strongly convinced that threatening situations should produce anxiety, he did not find that children were any more anxious in the high threat condition than in the low threat condition life size Donald Duck doll). What is the most obvious criticism of Dr. Smith's study?. a) his hypothesis was wrong b) he did not conform to the principle of falsifiability. c) his operational definitions are suspect. d) he used emotional reasoning.
his operational definitions are sus
The psychometric approach emphasizes: - the strategies people use when they are answering questions on an achievement test. - the strategies people use when they are answering questions on an aptitude test. - beliefs people have about how well they will do and aptitude and achievement tests. - how well people perform on standardized aptitude tests.
how well people perform on standardized aptitude tests.
Which perspective emphasizes striving for acceptance? Behavioral. Humanistic. Psychoanalytic. Cognitive. Social networking.
humanistic
Highly correlated IQ scores for which of the following groups is the most convincing evidence of the important role genes play in intelligence? fraternal twins raised together. fraternal twins raised apart. identical twins raised apart. identical twins raised together.
identical twins raised apart.
Dr. Ryujin indicated that what we think of as intelligence tests were first devised by Binet and Simon to: - identify students in classrooms who could benefit from more help. - begin an eugenics movement of matching intelligent people for mating. - measures head size. - measure deviations of adult thinking that might be related to environmental adaptation.
identify students in classrooms who could benefit from more help.
The Robber's Cave experiment is a good example of which of the following methods of reducing intergroup conflict? contact hypothesis. interdependence in solving a shared problem. change of the (camp) laws to prevent discrimination. benevolent sexism.
interdependence in solving a shared problem
hippocampus
involved in the storage of new information in memory.
The action potential - jumps the synaptic cleft/gap in a small electric shock/arc. - moves more slowly if the myelin sheath covers the neuron. - is the planning function of the cerebrum. - is a brief change in electrical voltage that produces an impulse.
is a brief change in electrical voltage that produces an impulse.
In stereotype threat, -higher test performance occurs because the person is attempting to prove the stereotype wrong. -test performance is enhanced because threat is motivating. -increases performance in majority group to prove the stereotype is true. -is a burden of doubt, due to a negative stereotype which lowers test performance.
is a burden of doubt, due to a negative stereotype which lowers test performance.
On a test where there isn't enough time to answer all of the questions, tackling the easiest sections first would be an example of a student who: should have tackled the more difficult sections first. has low self-esteem. is higher in metacognitive skills. is effectively using psychometrics. all of the above.
is higher in metacognitive skills.
The "g" factor in intelligence: -stands for "genius" intelligence levels. -explains why some people do very well in some tasks and very poorly in others. -refers to the genetic contribution to intelligence. -is the general intellectual ability that underlies specific mental abilities. -is slang for "gee whiz" when insight is obtained.
is the general intellectual ability that underlies specific mental abilities.
"Blaming the victim" is best described as which of the following? situational attribution just world effect apathy. entrapment displacement.
just world effect
Stereotypes: -are always bad. -lead to underestimating differences among members of the other group. -lead to underestimating differences between groups. -are beliefs held by the majority group concerning characteristics of a minority group.
lead to underestimating differences among members of the other group.
Which of the following theoretical perspectives is concerned with how the environment and experience affect behavior? -cognitive perspective. -biological perspective. -learning perspective. -psychoanalytic perspective.
learning perspective
According to Dr. Nelson's lecture on war and peace, groupthink: -wastes time by thoroughly exploring each alternative to war. -led to the CIA's belief that IRAQ had weapons of mass destruction. -gives more weight to the possible risks for each course of action -a+c -none of the above
led to the CIA's belief that IRAQ had weapons of mass destruction.
According to Dr. Nelson, which of the following is characteristic of SAGE? - the first solution is usually the best. - it is important to keep a strong enemy perception so that one feels comfortable in waging war. - looks at the conflict in a new way, a challenge that needs to be problem solved. - military action is never recommended. - emphasize that the leaders are evil/demonic so that we are prepared for the worse case scenario.
looks at the conflict in a new way, a challenge that needs to be problem solved.
John insists he is not depressed when his romantic relationship ended, but he has begun to drink heavily. John would be considered: high in emotional sensitivity. high in metacognition . low in emotional intelligence. low in the g factor.
low in emotional intelligence.
Which of the following is NOT associated with militaristic attitudes? low perspective taking ability. low intelligence and problem solving ability. low empathic caring. all of the above none of the above.
low intelligence and problem solving ability.
A student is routinely overconfident about his comprehension and memory when studying for an exam and is very surprised when he doesn't do well. This is an example of: low emotional intelligence. low metacognitive skills. a weak theory of mind. post decision dissonance.
low metacognitive skills.
In conducting descriptive studies, which of the following is a key issue? -obtaining a very large sample. -obtaining as much information about each individual survey respondent as possible. -making sure the sample is representative of the population of interest. - all of the above. -none of the above.
making sure the sample is representative of the population of interest.
In a relationship, the person who is the most unhappy most likely has a partner who is: feminine. masculine. androgynous. undifferentiated.
masculine
In terms of physical attractiveness, Don indicated that men say that they like women with _______, but in reality they want___________: - Large sized breasts, waist, and hips; large sized breasts, waist, and hips. - medium sized breasts, waist, and hips; skinny women. - tiny butts, broad shoulders, and thin legs; medium sized breasts, waist, and hips. - small sized breasts, waist, and hips; large sized breasts, waist and hips.
medium sized breasts, waist, and hips; skinny women.
Execution by hanging works because the pathways in the ____________ are severed and breathing stops. pons. reticular activating system. hypothalamus. medulla. linquni
medulla
Which of the following is responsible for basic bodily functions like breathing: pons. reticular activating system. automatic breathing device. medulla. frontal lobes.
medulla
brain stem
medulla breathing, body temp, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure pons. dreaming, sleeping, waking, alertness
One way to combine and analyze data from many studies is through: cross-sectional study. meta-analysis. longitudinal study. factor-analysis.
meta-analysis
Which of the following did Dr. Nelson reveal in his discussion of militaristic attitudes? - militaristic people are particularly good at the "S" step in the SAGE problem solving approach. -militaristic people are equally likely to identify with the Republican and Democratic parties. -militaristic people are more interpersonally aggressive. -all of the above. -Dr. Nelson was a commando in the Vietnam War.
militaristic people are more interpersonally aggressive.
Pete doesn't take time to analyze each step of trying to tie his shoelaces. In fact, there are many similar activities (like driving, brushing his teeth, and washing dinner dishes) that he performs during the course of the day. Every once in a while, however, he would do something stupid like turn down his street rather than the street he intended to visit, or put the butter into the dishwasher instead of the refrigerator. This process is called: informal reasoning. intuition. absent minded professor syndrome. mindlessness.
mindlessness.
The Stanford study on the differences between the 100 most successful and least successful "Termites" found which of the following to be the only difference between the two groups? intelligence. motivation. college major. gender.
motivation.
Frontal Lobe
moving thinking initiation
Which of the following is most likely associated with a relaxed state? sympathetic nervous system. very sympathetic nervous system. parasympathetic nervous system. amygdala.
parasympathetic nervous system.
Information about pressure, pain, and touch are received in which of the following? occipital lobe. temporal lobe. motor cortex of the frontal lobe. parietal lobe.
parietal lobe
The ability of blind people to use the occipital lobe to enhance the ability to localize sounds: cosmetic neurology. plasticity. the interpreter effect. impossible - brain structures remain stable throughout life.
plasticity
Concerning the Phineas Gage accident, the iron bar was shot through his _________, which is involved in ___________: parietal lobe; ability to produce speech. occipital lobe; remembering. prefrontal lobe; social judgment and rational thinking. Wernicke's area; language production.
prefrontal lobe; social judgment and rational thinking.
The temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for: hunger, thirst and emotion. processing sensory information. ability to set goals and plan. processing sounds and language comprehension.
processing sounds and language comprehension.
A _________ is a medical doctor who tends to focus on the biological causes of disorders and treats patients with medication. clinical psychologist psychoanalyst. psychiatrist. proctologist.
psychiatrist
Which of the following descriptive terms is not legally regulated? psychoanalyst. clinical psychologist. psychotherapist. psychiatrist.
psychotherapist
Don indicated that in an experiment subjects are ________ assigned to the experimental and control conditions in order to ________ selectively / equal out the two conditions. randomly / equal out the two conditions. selectively / have greater control over the study. randomly / introduce the factor of chance. none of the above.
randomly / equal out the two conditions.
The PET Scan (Positron-Emission Tomography) works by: - picking up the vibrations in the nuclei of atoms making up the organs. - removing a section of brain tissue. - recording biochemical activity in the brain via radioactive glucose. - detecting the electrical activity of neurons.
recording biochemical activity in the brain via radioactive glucose.
A cigarette smoker knows that smoking aggravates her asthma, but continues to smoke because she says it relaxes her and helps her concentrate. This is an example of: hindsight bias. pre-reflective thinking reduction of cognitive dissonance. oppositional processes.
reduction of cognitive dissonance.
If a person reasons dialectically and considers evidence from a variety of resources, she is in the: pre-reflective stage. post-reflective stage. quasi-reflective stage. reflective stage.
reflective stage.
Which of the following would have helped the subjects in both of the above studies disobey? -refusing to allocate the responsibility of one's actions to the authority figure. -routinizing the duties of their roles so that they could step back and see how unethical their behavior had become. -use the social convention of being polite to the authority to give them time to figure out a better rationale for disobeying later. -be clear that others will hold the authority figure responsible for their harmful act.
refusing to allocate the responsibility of one's actions to the authority figure.
cerebellum
regulates movement and balance and is involved in some cognitive tasks.
According to Don, the history of Psychology emphasizes research. ethnic and sexual diversity. emotions cooperation. sex and crazy people.
research
Jermaine takes sole credit for scoring 50 points in a high school basketball game, but blames his teammates because the player he was guarding scored 45 points. Jermaine's explanation of his behavior is called: the LeBron effect. just world hypothesis. self-serving bias. fundamental attribution fallacy
self-serving bias
A correlation study : -permits the identification of cause and effect. -provides in-depth information on individuals. -shows whether two or more variables are related. -all of the above.
shows whether two or more variables are related
pituitary gland
small endocrine gland at the base of the brain that releases many hormones and regulates other endocrine glands.
Which psychological perspective combines elements of behaviorism with research on thoughts, values and intentions: - social-cognitive learning theory. -behaviorists. -psychodynamic perspective. -sociocultural perspective. -none of the above
social-cognitive learning theory
Although it has been learned that the two hemispheres work cooperatively with each other to produce our behavior, the right hemisphere is superior in: logical tasks in problem solving. spatial-visual ability like reading a map. solving math problems. processing language.
spatial-visual ability like reading a map.
According to Dr. Ryujin, what is the fear of confirming a stereotype is called? stereotype effect. obama effect. self inflicted racism. stereotype threat. both a and c.
stereotype threat
Which of the following is likely to lead to your underestimating the personal differences among members of other groups? living among the other group members. stereotypes. critical thinking. validity effect.
stereotypes
In the study comparing the math performance differences between Asian children and American children, which of the following was a critical factor? intelligence. parental education. student values about education. superior facilities.
student values about education.
Mental processes occurring outside of conscious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary are called: subconscious processes. nonconscious processes. mindlessness. unconscious processes. all of the above.
subconscious processes.
Which method provides the largest amount of information on large groups of people? naturalistic observation. comprehensive batteries of tests. surveys. experiments. none of the above.
surveys
Anthropodenial refers to: - the study of cognitive processes in non humans. -the mistaken tendency to think humans have nothing in common with other animals. - the ability of gray parrots to use syntax much like humans do. - the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to non humans.
the mistaken tendency to think humans have nothing in common with other animals.
An advertising company believes that a new can will make Pepsi drinkers think that the Pepsi it contains tastes better than the Pepsi in the old can. In order to test this assumption, one group of taste testers drinks Pepsi from the old can and rates its flavor on a scale from 1 (awful) to 10 (great). Another group of taste testers does the same thing, but drinks Pepsi from the new can. In this study, the experimental condition is: the one containing Pepsi in the new can. the one containing Pepsi in the old can. whichever condition receives the highest flavor rating. whichever condition receives the lowest flavor rating.
the one containing pepsi in the new can
If a result is statistically significant, it means that: this is a very big difference. the difference is really important. the result is probably not due to chance. the experimenter used descriptive statistics to analyze her data.
the result is probably not due to chance
The synapse is best described as: - the part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether it will fire. - a fatty insulation that surrounds the neuron. - the site where the transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs. - a bundle of nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system.
the site where the transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs.
Lateralization refers to: -the activation which arouses higher centers when something demands their attention. - the ability to tell right from left which is necessary for coordinated muscle movements like walking. - the specializations of the two hemispheres. - distribution of information to be learned into the association cortex.
the specializations of the two hemispheres.
In the prison study, -the subject's role (prisoner or guard) transformed students into experiencing emotions and behaviors of real guards and prisoners -the experimenter found that incarceration did not affect subsequent negative behavior. -extreme punishment of a prisoner by one guard led to criticism and rebellion among the students because the social role of "college student" had been violated by the experimenter. -almost every student who played the role of "guard" became abusive.
the subject's role (prisoner or guard) transformed students into experiencing emotions and behaviors of real guards and prisoners
Which would true about the following single-blind study used to test the effect of Viagra on impotent men? -the subjects and the experimenters don't know if the subjects are taking Viagra or a placebo. -the experimenters don't know if the subjects are on Viagra or a placebo. -the subjects don't know if they are in an impotence study or a study on skydiving. -the subjects don't know if they are on Viagra or a placebo.
the subjects dont know if they are on viagra or a placebo
A test was devised to see if how well a person performs on ten video games predicts one's success as a fighter pilot. Although there were uniform procedures for giving the test, established standards for performance, and a consistency of scores from one test to another, the test did not predict who became a successful fighter pilot. However, the government of Slobovia continues to use the test to select for new pilots. What is the most obvious problem here? - the test lacks norms. -the test is not standardized -the test is an unreliable instrument. -the test is not valid. -never fly on Slobovian National Airlines.
the test is not valid.
A video on phantom pain sensations indicates that - once a part of the body is amputated, the corresponding brain area dies. - once the wiring of the brain is set in childhood, it never changes. - the wiring of the brain can change, such that stimulation from one body area can stimulate a nearby brain area. - phantom pains are illusionary, not corresponding to any brain area. - demonic possession is real.
the wiring of the brain can change, such that stimulation from one body area can stimulate a nearby brain area.
When you read studies that state there are differences between men and women (or different ethnicities), what can we conclude about the effects of sex or race? -we cannot infer cause and effect because people cannot be randomly assigned to sex or ethnicity. -we can infer cause and effect because all the conditions are the same except for sex or race. -our stereotypes about women are correct. -white, European guys have an ax to grind. -experiments do not allow cause and effect interpretations.
we cannot infer cause and effect because people cannot be randomly assigned to sex or ethnicity.
Dr. Blatz administers 20 pounds of delicious chocolate to college freshmen to see what the effect of chocolate has on weight gain. Which of the following is the dependent variable? 20 pounds of chocolate. weight acne freshmen
weight
You are standing very close to an attractive person you have just met. She/he is likely to try to get more distance between you and them because: -your breath is reminiscent of old sweat socks. -you have violated a social norm. -the social role dictates that they must not appear too interested. -it is not acceptable to have a conversation before you have been properly introduced.
you have violated a social norm