Psych Exam 1: Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 8

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory formation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. (a) biological (B) health (c) clinical (d) social

A

If we say the following: "How can we best explain, predict, control/change, and describe human behavior and mental processes in context?" This reflects which element of reasoning? A. Key question B. Concepts C. Intellectual integrity D. Assumptions

A

In the syllabus you read the following: "there are intelligible and discoverable reasons why humans behave, think, and feel the way they do." This statement refers to which element of reasoning? A. Assumptions B. Interpretations C. Point of view D. Information E. Key Question F. Implications

A

Ms. Li all of a sudden developed the inability to speak. The emergency room physician is certain she suffered a stroke. If true, the stroke most likely occurred in the _____ side of her brain in _____. A. left // Broca's area B. right // Wernicke's area C. left // corpus callosum D. right // the Reticular Formation

A

Scientific knowledge that is grounded in objective, tangible evidence is said to be: A. Empirical B. Subjective C. Flawless D. Reliable

A

Sheldon was involved in an auto accident and now cannot remember anything prior to the accident. The type of amnesia he has is known as: A. retrograde B. misinformation C. anterograde D. None of the above options

A

The Central Nervous System: A. Includes the brain and the spinal cord B. Includes the Peripheral Nervous System C. Can be divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system D. Transmits information by way of sensory and motor nerves

A

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________. (a) the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting (b) how quick and easy these studies are to perform (b) the researcher's capacity to make sure that data is collected as efficiently as possible (d) the ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach

A

The operant conditioning chamber (aka ________ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning. (a) Skinner (b) Watson (c) James (d) Koffka

A

This individual has an MD and takes a biological approach to mental disorders A. Psychiatrist B. Licensed clinical social worker C. Psychotherapist D. Clinical psychologist

A

This type of research involves looking at past records or past data sets. A. Archival B. Longitudinal C. Case study D. Cross-sectional

A

When old information interferes with th recall of new information, the process is known as: A. proactive interference B. memory bias C. chunking D. retroactive interference

A

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? (a) -.90 (b) -.50 (c) +.80 (d) +.25

A

psychoanalytic theory

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

area of the brain that detects danger is highly implicated in our emotional responses to events?

Amygdala

control

Apply research finding to change behavior or circumstances. The use of control in psychological experiments; The method is experimental

Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components. (a) William James (b) Max Wertheimer (c) Carl Rogers (d) Noam Chomsky

B

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure. (a) 1/3 (b) 2/3 (c) 3/4 (d) 4/5

B

Psyche is a Greek word meaning ________. a) essence b) soul c) behavior d) love

B

Scientific knowledge is ________. (a) intuitive (b) empirical (c) permanent (d) subjective

B

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________. (a) archival research (b) case study (c) naturalistic observation (d) survey

B

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on the application of therapeutic skills. (a) PhD (b) PsyD (c) postdoctoral training program (d) dissertation

B

________ are defined as observable realities. (a) behaviors (b) facts (c) opinions (d) theories

B

________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time. (a) archival research (b) longitudinal research (c) naturalistic observation (d) cross-sectional research

B

where is the parietal lobe located?

Behind the frontal lobe in the cerebral cortex

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) ________. (a) psychosexual stage (b) object permanence (c) personality (d) perception

C

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________. a) biology b) chemistry c) philosophy d) physics

C

If you read an article in the Washington Post's health section that specifically refers to the process of potassium and sodium gates, you know the article is talking about: A. the way a vesicle of neurotransmitter substance adheres to the neuron's membrane B. the type of receptor site on the dendrite of a receiving neuron C. an action potential in an axon. D. the reuptake in a synapse

C

In class you heard the story of the Russian newspaper reporter whose memory was tested by Dr. Luria. The reporter was able to recall 75 words in order, frontwards and backwards. What did the reporter use to help his memory? A. A strict vegetarian diet B. A memory enhancing pill C. A mmemonic device D. Aerorbic exercise

C

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________. (a) deception (b) observation (c) attrition (d) generalization

C

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist. (a) associate's (b) bachelor's (c) master's (d) doctoral

C

Seratonin and dopamine are examples of A. Axons B. Endorphins C. Neurotransmitters D. Hormones

C

Shawn has not ridden his bicycle in 25 years. Today, he decided to get exercise and go for a ride on his son's bike. He was surprised that he did not forget how to ride. This type of memory is known as: A. semantic B. explicit C. procedural D. episodic

C

The basic goals of psychology and psychological research are: A. Describe, analyze, interpret, and demonstrate B. Define, understand, tolerate and interpret C. Describe, predict, control/change, and explain D. Define, examine, consider, and tolerate

C

The major limitation of case studies is ________. (a) the superficial nature of the information collected in this approach (b) the lack of control that the researcher has in this approach (c) the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population (d) the absence of inter-rater reliability

C

This part of the brain is implicated in transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory. A. prefrontal cortex B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. cerebellum

C

This type of memory lasts for approximately 309 seconds. A. Long-term B. Sensory C. Short-term D. Self-referent

C

Which of the following is NOT an intellectual standard? A. Logic B. Relevance C. Assumptions D. Clarity E. Precision F. Depth

C

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways to retrieve information from your long-term memory? A. relearning B. recall C. All of the above are ways to retrieve information from long-term memory. D. recognition

C

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments. (a) archival research (b) case study (c) naturalistic observation (d) survey

C

________ is most well-known for proposing his hierarchy of needs. (a) Noam Chomsky (b) Carl Rogers (c) Abraham Maslow (d) Sigmund Freud

C

hippocampus

Compares sensory information with a that the brain already knows // A primary memory structure

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ________. (a) were too limited in scope (b) were too outrageous (c) were too broad (d) were not testable

D

A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. (a) personality (b) clinical (c) social (d) I-O

D

A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form. (a) archive (b) case Study (c) naturalistic observation (d) survey

D

An unanticipated outside factor that affects either the dependent or independent variable is known as a(n): A. Validity check B. Correlation C. Experimenter bias D. Confounding factor

D

Before an individual (subject) can participate in psychological research he or she must: A. have a mental health exam. B. be enrolled in a psychology course at a college or university. C. have a physical exam. D. sign an informed consent form.

D

Dr. Deshevski wants to study the effects of a new drug on memory. She decides to have two groups one that will receive the new drug and one group that will receive a placebo. This type of study is known as: A. a survey study B. an observational study C. a case study D. an experimental study

D

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that: (a) There is no relationship between height and weight. (b) Usually, the taller someone is, the thinner they are. (c) Usually, the shorter someone is, the heavier they are. (d) As height increases, typically weight increases.

D

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology. (a) bachelor of science (b) bachelor of art (c) master's (d) PhD

D

If there is a correlation coefficient of + .85 for the relationship between ice cream sales and murders, we would expect that as ice cream sales ________, murders __________. A. Increase, decrease, B. Decrease, decrease C. Decrease, increase, D. Increase, increase

D

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________. a) observation b) measurement c) test d) proposed explanation

D

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy, and ________ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems. (a) structuralism (b) functionalism (c) Gestalt (d) unconditional positive regard

D

Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable. (a) observable (b) original (c) provable (d) testable

D

The auditory cortex is located in the: A. parietal lobes B. occipital lobes C. frontal lobes D. temporal lobes

D

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as _____ encoding. A. haptic B. acoustic C. visual D. semantic

D

The word psyche comes from the Greek word that means: A. study of B. the brain C. philosophy D. soul

D

This area of the brain responsible for keeping you awake and alert while taking this practice test. A. Corpus Callosum B. Amygdala C. Hippocampus D. Reticular Formation E. Thalamus

D

This branch of psychology focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make individuals unique. A. Developmental B. Social C. Industrial-Organizational D. Personality E. Forensic

D

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________. (a) naturalistic observation (b) survey research (c) longitudinal research (d) archival research

D

Which early school emphasized studying the components of the conscious mind? A. Psychoanalysis B. Behaviorism C. Gestalt D. Structuralism

D

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? (a) PhD (b) PsyD (c) master's degree (d) bachelor's degree

D

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed? a) critical thinking b) use of the scientific method c) critical evaluation of sources of information d) all of the above

D

In class we studied the case of Buddy who committed murder. Professor Valdez says the reason Buddy committed the murder was because of his faulty and irrational thinking. Professor Valez' comment represents which major perspective (school of thought)? A. Functional B. Psychobiological C. Psychoanalytic D. Humanistic E. Cognitive F. Behavioral

E

Which of the following is an hypothesis? A. What causes someone to develop attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? B. Taking paxil (an anti-depressant) will decrease depression in people. C. Reinforcing a child to make his bed each morning by giving him a reward will increase the number of times he will make his bed each week. D. Why did Nicholas become aggressive when someone cut in line ahead of him? E. Both options C and D. F. Both options B and C.

F

explaination

Finding the causes of behavior and mental processes. It tells why it occurred. The research method is experimental

Key question

How can the science of psychology help us describe, predict, control/change, and explain human behavior and mental processes?

temporal lobes

Involved in memory, perception, and emotion // main area responsible for processing auditory information

occipital lobes

Primary visual cortex: sight // cerebral cortex

parietal lobes

Process bodily // Somatosensory cortex // attention and awareness

prediction

Tells how likely a particular behavior/mental process will occur in the future. This us a higher level goal once the "what" and "why" are answered. The research method is correlation

description

Tells what the characteristics of behavior and mental process are. The research method is descriptive

What is Psychology

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes in context

empirical method

a set of rules and techniques for observation

where is the occipital lobe located?

back of brain

where is the temporal lobe located?

bottom of brain

Where are the frontal lobes located?

cerebrum and the front of the brain

goals of psych

describe, explain, predict, control

Phenotype

describes a person's observable characteristics, such as hair color, skin color, height, and build. Thus the overt expression of an individual's genotype (genetic inheritance) in his or her appearance or behavior.

where is the Cerebellum located?

dorsal to pons and medulla

Introspection

examination of one's own thoughts and feelings

where is the prefrontal cortex located?

frontal lobe

procedural memory

implicit memory which stores information about how to do things // how to ride a bike

Confounding factor

is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest

Reticular Formation

is centered in the midbrain, but it actually extends up into the forebrain and down into the hindbrain //Regulaget vigilance and brian arousal Affects sleep, particular dreaming

prefrontal cortex

is responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning

Where is Broca's area located?

left frontal area

empirical knowledge

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

proactive interference

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

frontal lobes

reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language // short term memory // allows you to make plans

genotype

refers to the genetic makeup of an individual based on the genetic material (DNA) inherited from one's parents. An individual's genetic inheritance.

The word psyche comes from the Greek word that means:

soul

Cognitive thought

study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions

where is the amygdala located?

temporal lobe

where is the hippocampus located?

temporal lobe

Which of the following is a hypothesis?

testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct

Behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

amygdala

tying emotional meaning to our memories // regulate emotions, such as fear and aggression

Structuralism

understanding the conscious experience through introspection