Psych Exam 2

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning.

classical

Conditioned taste aversion is a real-world example of _____ in action.

classical conditioning

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____; however, they learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

You are a building contractor surveying the progress on a home that is being built. From one angle, it appears that the home is completely framed. However, when you move to the right, you see the gaps. This illustrates the Gestalt principle of _____.

closure

Robert Rescorla's research demonstrated the importance of _____ in classical conditioning.

cognition

Even when seen through sunglasses, grass appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This BEST illustrates:

color constancy

_____ is the process of learning associations.

conditioning

Transduction refers to:

converting sensory information into neural signals.

You read about an accident at a railroad crossing and wonder about the cause. Perhaps the car's driver overestimated the distance of the train because the parallel tracks stimulated the monocular depth cue of _____.

linear perspective

Some birds can detect the ultraviolet radiation reflected from feathers of potential mates. As compared with humans, then, these birds can see _____ wavelengths.

lower

The human retina has three types of color receptors, each of which is especially sensitive to one of the three primary colors. They are:

red, blue, and green

Detection is to interpretation as _____ is to _____.

sensation; perception

Why do our sensory systems adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus?

so that we detect potentially important changes in what's going on

In both classical and operant conditioning the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response is called:

spontaneous recovery.

A(n) _____ is any event or situation that evokes a response.

stimulus

Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions and how they could not be explained by the basic principles of classical conditioning?

Garcia

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by _____ psychologists.

Gestalt

_____ behavior produces events in the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

Operant; respondent

If people stare at an object, why doesn't it disappear?

Their nerve cells are constantly firing.

Respondent behavior is to operant behavior as _____ is to _____.

automatic; deliberate

B. F. Skinner believed that _____ influences shape animal and human behavior.

external

What happened after Watson classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a tame white rat?

generalization occurred; Little Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects

Behavior driven by rewards, rules, and responsibilities is to extrinsic motivation as behavior motivated by enjoyment, satisfaction, or challenge is to _____ motivation.

intrinsic

The process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience is called _____.

learning

Conditioning is the process of:

learning associations

Latent learning is:

learning that is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to perform the behavior.

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, a type of brain cell called a _____ is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation.

mirror neuron

According to B. F. Skinner's operant conditioning principles, which is NOT an effective way to change the behavior of others?

model the behavior

Thomas regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

negative

Bart was struck by a two-by-four to the back of his head. He is having severe difficulties with his vision because the injury he sustained was to his _____ lobe.

occipital

Behavior that produces consequences is called _____ behavior.

operant

The cognitive processes in _____ involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement.

operant conditioning

When Sanjay recognizes line segments and areas of light and dark as his friend's face at an airport gate, he is demonstrating:

perception

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a biological predisposition to learn particular associations.

preparedness

Classical conditioning focuses on _____ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on _____ behavior.

respondent; operant

The thin layer of receptors at the back of the eye is called the:

retina

Multiple _____ send combined messages to a bipolar cell, whereas a single _____ may link directly to a single bipolar cell.

rods; cone

If a visual image is first presented subliminally, the chance of a person later recognizing the same briefly presented image is improved. This BEST illustrates:

that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness.

In psychology, the term conditioning refers to:

the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses

Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is BEST explained by:

the signal detection theory.

n classical conditioning, we learn _____; whereas in operant conditioning, we learn _____.

to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; to associate a response and its consequence

Perceptions can be influenced _____ by expectations, the context, emotions, and motivation.

top-down

Before the tone ever sounded, Pavlov's dogs salivated each time food was presented, exemplifying a(n) _____ response.

unconditioned