psych exam 2

myelin

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons

Research into fathering indicates that

African-American fathers spend more time caring for their children than White fathers do.

phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

Ramona visited the zoo at the weekend. She is telling her grandfather about the visit. She says 'Then we saw the big hairy one!'. Ramona does not understand that her grandfather does not know what she means because he was not at the zoo with her. Ramona is showing a feature of preoperational thinking called

Egocentrism

LASS (language acquisition support system)

This refers to the child's interaction with the adults around them and how this interaction supports language development.

Theorists like Gardner and Sternberg argue that traditional intelligence tests do not measure the true nature of intelligence. They are therefore questioning the __________ of these tests.

Validity

Neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

accomodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information-- forming new schema

Jin is a 3-year-old girl. She bit a lemon once and did not like the taste. Now when her Mom tries to give her some yellow pepper, she won't eat it. Piaget would say that Jin is afraid that the pepper will be bitter like the lemon because of

assimilation

Secondary emotions require

awareness of self and awareness of others

Hannah is now 12-years-old. As she is getting older, she is given more responsibility at home. Since she needs less supervision, her parents have more time now to engage in their hobbies. The changes in Hannah's family as Hannah has gotten older, are an example of the principle of

circularity

The development of reading ability is an example of

cognitive development

cross-sectional/cohorrt studies

comparison of people of different ages

Luis understands that his cat is both a cat and a mammal. Based on his ability to reason this way, Luis appears to be in Piaget's stage of

concrete operrations

Lifespan development involves the study of

continuity and change throughout the lifespan

To explain how children's thinking changed with age, Piaget compared the thinking of different children of different ages. This kind of study is called a

cross-sectional study

states of arousal

degrees of sleep and wakefulness

Theo has saved $50. He sees a game he would really like to buy but he decides to wait and save more money so that he can buy a games console. Theo is demonstrating

effortful control

The second stage of prenatal development is the

embryonic stage

The process by which we store information in our memory is called

encoding

exosystem

environmental settings that a person does not directly experience but that can affect the person indirectly

Malala is a 7-year-old girl who is always playing with a ball. Her parents decide that it would be a good idea to sign her up for softball. As it turns out, Malala really likes softball and enjoys playing. This is an example of gene-environment interaction known as

evocative

Ibrahim is able to solve a jigsaw puzzle he has never seen before. The ability to solve the jigsaw is an example of Ibrahim's

fluid intelligence

__________ refers to the social category of what being a certain sex means.

gender

Alan believes that boys should be strong and that they should not cry. Alan's beliefs about gender are part of his

gender schema

Bashir is 3-years old and is a very active young boy. He likes to run around. At Bashir's daycare, the caregivers want him to sit still and play quietly. In terms of temperament, Bashir's daycare setting seems to lack

goodness-of-fit

longitudinal studies

group of people is recruited and followed over time

Father presence during the birth of their baby

has psychological and physical benefits for father, mother, and baby.

Raj conducts a study in a school. He gets the permission of the school principal to talk with the children. Raj's study is unethical if

he doesn't get consent from the parents and children

Harry Harlow's research with baby Rhesus monkeys who were separated from their mothers suggested that

human and primate babies require social contact as well as physical care.

macrosystem

incorporates values of your society and economic standing

__________ is a kind of discipline where the adult explains to the child the consequences of their behavior.

induction

Maryam is 9-years-old. She works very hard at her reading at school, because she wants to be able to read as well as the other children. Erikson would say that Maryam works hard at learning the culturally important skill of reading because of her sense of

industry

Haziq is a Malaysian immigrant to the U.S.A. He is 10-years-old. Haziq feels that his teachers expect him to do poorly at school because he is an immigrant. Erikson would suggest that, because of the attitude of his teachers, Haziq is at risk of developing

inferiority

Jamir is 18-months-old. In the strange situation experiment, he is unsure and clingy in the playroom when his mother is in the room. Jamir becomes upset when his mother leaves the room. When his mother returns, Jamir is still unsure. He is not easily comforted. He clings to his mother, while at the same time being angry with her. Jamir is showing signs of

insecure ambivalent/resistant attachment

Mesosystem

interactions between microsystems (i.e.) parents and girlfriends/boyfrriends

Niko experienced secure attachment as an infant. Now, as a 12-year-old, she expects that other people are trustworthy and that they will respect her. Niko's expectations about her relationships are part of her

internal working model

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Over-regularization of language in early childhood

is a sign of cognitive development.

Research indicates that when parents talk through problems with their children

it leads to positive outcomes across cultures

Which of the following is a benefit of myelination?

it speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses down the axon.

The part of the brain related to emotions is called the _________ system.

limbic

To understand how attitude to school change over time, Dr. Yu recruits a group of high school freshmen and measures their attitude to school every year until they graduate. This kind of study is called a

longitudinal study

embryonic stage

major organs are formed

Carrie is eight-months-old. Her parents are unreliable. Sometimes they respond to her and sometimes they do not. Erikson would suggest that Carrie will develop

mistrrust

Seven-month-old Demarcus is trying to grab his mother's phone, so she puts it in her pocket. Demarcus stops looking for the phone. Piaget would say that this is because Demarcus lacks an understanding of

object permanence

One of the disadvantages of longitudinal studies is that

participants tend to drop out

Which of the following is an example of a fine motor skill?

peeling off a sticker

Julia is an 11 year-old girl. She is considered cool by her classmates. They like to be with her. However, she can also be mean and can spread rumors about others. Julie's appears to be high in

perceived popularity

prenatal development

period of development from conception until birth

gross motor skills

physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping

The fact that the development of the brain can be affected by the quality of parent-child relationships is an example of

plasticity in development

Issac does what he is told by his teacher because he wants to avoid being punished. According to Kohlberg's stages, Issac is at the level of

pre-conventional morality

In Vygotsky's theory the difference between what a child can do on their own and what they can do with help is called the Zone of ________ Development.

proximal

When asked why people engage in risky behavior, Dr. Wang says 'It is because of their unconscious fear of death'. Dr. Wang is most likely a

psychoanalytic theorist

Elijah is 10-years-old. His class mates do not like him. They tend not to want to play with him or spend time with him. Elijah's peer status appears to be

rejected

Conrad's Dad does not pay very much attention to what Conrad does. He shows very little interest in Conrad's welfare and he basically lets Conrad do whatever he wants. Using Baumrind's categories, Conrad appears to be a(n)

rejecting-neglecting parent

cross-sequential studies

researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time

Colleen is 12-months-old. Colleen and her Dad, Eric, are really in tune with each other. When Colleen is upset her Dad responds. Colleen is likely to experience ___________ attachment because her relationship with her Dad shows __________.

secure; interactional synchrony

Attachments are long-lasting emotional bonds from which children derive a sense of ___________.

security

Our belief in our ability to do things is called

self-efficacy

A time during which an aspect of development can best develop and during which it is most susceptible to environmental influences is called a _____________ period.

sensitive

___________ is the biological distinction between the sexes.

sex

operant conditioning

situation triggers a behavior which is followed by a consequence

Which type of play is most associated with the development of theory of mind?

sociodramatic play

The way in which self-esteem develops throughout the lifespan is an example of

socioemotional development

As a preoperational thinker, Jaycee can draw a picture of her dog to show her teacher what the dog looks like. In creating the drawing, Jaycee is demonstrating her

symbolic function

Research indicates that when their parents divorce children

tend to adjust in the long term

germinal stage

the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception

synaptogenesis

the process of the formation of connections between neurons

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development is called

the sensorimotor stage

The level of prosocial behavior shown by children is most strongly associated with

their level of empathy

Niko doesn't believe in the tooth fairy, but he knows that his cousin Ari does. Niko's understanding comes from the development of

theory of mind

social cognitive theory

theory where learning relies on learning from others

What do Klinefelter's syndrome and Down's syndrome have in common?

they are both caused by genetic mutation

What do the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky have in common?

they both describe how children build knowledge through internalization

Theories are useful in the study of human development because

they can be used to make predictions about behavior

Children's development of a self-referential sense of self is indicated by their ability to

think about and reflect on themselves

When later researchers tested Piaget's ideas about thinking in childhood they found that Piaget

underestimated the abilities of preoperational children.

One of the reasons why children need to learn how to manage peer relationships is because peer relationships are

voluntary