Psych exam 3

Which of the following statements is true about human intelligence? A) Highly intelligent people on average have more brain volume than less intelligent people. B) People with lower level of brain activity tend to have higher intelligence quotient (IQ) levels. C) The prefrontal cortex is least involved when an individual performs various intelligence quotient (IQ) tasks. D) Neural connectivity has no influence on human intelligence.

A) Highly intelligent people on average have more brain volume than less intelligent people.

How does the prenatal environment affect the growth of the brain and IQ of a child? A) Increase in the stress level in pregnant women affects the growth of the baby's brain and cognitive development. B) If the child had a shorter birth length and low birth weight, the child's IQ in his or her developmental age will be more. C) Alcohol, drugs, and viral infections in a pregnant woman does not affect her child's overall intelligence. D) The interaction between environment and biological forces doe

A) Increase in the stress level in pregnant women affects the growth of the baby's brain and cognitive development.

Which of the following statements about language development in humans is TRUE? A) Infants begin to discriminate phonetic sounds outside of their native language when they are 12 months old. B) Language production occurs in Broca's area of the brain. C) Babies hear fewer phonetic sounds than children or adults hear. D) Language comprehension is mostly associated with the amygdala.

A) Infants begin to discriminate phonetic sounds outside of their native language when they are 12 months old.

For most people in most environments, the reaction range for IQ is about 25 points. This means that... A) a given person may end up scoring anywhere in a 25-point range on an IQ test, depending on the kind of environment in which he or she is raised. B) genes are the only determinant of behavior, while the role of the environment is negligible. C) depending on his or her environment, the person has a one in four chance of being either mentally retarded or a savant. D) the biological characterist

A) a given person may end up scoring anywhere in a 25-point range on an IQ test, depending on the kind of environment in which he or she is raised.

Rodney loses his glasses. He searches for them everywhere, but he cannot find them. Later, when he glances into a mirror as he walks by, he realizes that he had been wearing his glasses all along. Rodney's forgetfulness can be termed A) absent-mindedness. B) anterograde amnesia. C) retrograde amnesia. D) repression.

A. Absent-mindedness

Not attending lecture after taking an exam is an example of a A) fixed-interval (Fl) schedule. B) variable-interval (VI) schedule. C) fixed-ratio (FR) schedule. D) variable-ratio (VR) schedule.

A. Fixed-interval (fl) schedule

People who can recall in considerable detail personal events from almost any day of their adolescent and adult life are said to have A) highly superior autobiographical memory. B) rumination-prone recall abilities. C) Huntington's disease. D) savant syndrome.

A. Highly superior autobiographical memory

Veronica is at a supermarket and wants to buy some yogurt. She goes directly to the aisle where the supermarket keeps its dairy products because she believes that she is more likely to find yogurt there. She ignores all the other aisles in the supermarket. This is an example of A) the availability heuristic. B) the observer-expectancy effect. C) clustering bias. D) the decoy effect.

A. The availability heuristic

Newborn Kayla smiles when she sees her father smile. This is most likely a result of which of the following physiological processes? A) the firing of mirror neurons B) the presence of reinforcement C) the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system D) the activation of conditioned stimulus

A. The firing of mirror neurons

The participants in a study on memory are given a long list of household products to memorize within an hour. At the end of the hour, one group of participants is asked to recall the products immediately, and most of them can recall up to 90 percent of the items on the list. The other group of participants is asked to recall the list after two days, and most of them can only recall around 50 percent of the items on the list. In the context of forgetting and memory loss, the results of this study

A. The forgetting curve

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

A. continuous

In the context of the connection between language and thought, compared to monolingual people, bilingual people A) have more neural volume in the frontal lobe regions involved with executive function. B) have poor cognitive processing ability. C) are less responsive to a wide range of sounds. D) confuse the two languages they speak.

A. have more neural volume in the frontal lobe regions involved with executive function.

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? A. interpersonal B. intrapersonal C. linguistic D. naturalist

A. interpersonal

In the context of learning second-language acquisition, which of the following statements is true of bilingual speakers? A) Bilingual speakers have brain regions that are less plastic and less connected than single-language speakers. B) Bilingual speakers exhibit differences in brain activation depending on when they learned their second language. C) Bilingual 6- to 9-month-old infants discriminate similar sounds, while single-language infants of the same age do not. D) Bilingual speakers have a

B) Bilingual speakers exhibit differences in brain activation depending on when they learned their second language.

Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ____________if it stops the hitting. A) positive reinforcement B) positive punishment C) negative reinforcement D) negative punishment

D. Negative punishment

Fred usually believes in making heuristic decisions. Based on this statement, which of the following statements is most likely to be true? A) He reasons out each step in a decision-making process systematically. B) He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision. C) He avoids the use of mental shortcuts while making a decision. D) He analyzes facts, generates and organizes ideas, defends opinions, makes comparisons, and draws inferences.

B) He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision.

Which of the following people would most likely be considered a prodigy? A) Carter, who is gifted but has major difficulties with spelling B) Jamie, who has average intelligence, but is extremely gifted in music C) Sarah, who is above average in all areas of intelligence tests D) Marvin, who has an IQ of 50, but failed in mathematics

B) Jamie, who has average intelligence, but is extremely gifted in music

Which of the following facts is true about the interconnectedness of nature and nurture in intelligence? A) Fratemal twins reared apart are more similar in their levels intelligence than identical twins reared together, B) The more genetically related people are, the more similar they are in 1Q, even if reared apart C) Compared to adopted children, orphans tend to have higher TQs. D) Adopted children's overall intelligence is less similar to that of their biological parents than to that of their

B) The more genetically related people are, the more similar they are in 1Q, even if reared apart

What is the optimal learning time for language acquisitions? A) 5-9 years B) 0-12 years C) 3-7 years D) 6-12 years

B. 0-12 years

Jeanne believes that right-handed people are better at playing tennis than left-handed people. When she engages in an argument with her friend, she ignores any evidence that supports the fact that left-handed people are equally good at playing tennis. Jeanne only gathers evidence about her beliefs and tries only to support her perspective. This is an example of A) hindsight bias. B) confirmation bias. C) omission bias. D) restraint bias.

B. Confirmation bias

While working on his post-doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles and carefully analyzes and evaluates the conclusions based on the facts and evidence at hand. He then makes sound judgments based on his own research and previous researches, both of which are validated through repeated experiments. Which of the following is Simon doing? A) nonrational reasoning B) critical thinking C) availability heuristics D) intuitive mapping

B. Critical thinking

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? A. Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. B. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. C. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. D. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

B. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

John's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Mark meets his sales quota this month. Mark's boss is using A. negative punishment B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. positive reinforcement

B. Negative reinforcement

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table.Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use? A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

B. Partial

Hideo suffers major trauma to his head when his car is hit by a speeding 18-wheeler. As a result of his injury, he loses certain memories. He cannot remember the crash itself or the preceding few months of his life, but he can recall memories from before. Hideo's condition is known as A) memory repression. B) retrograde amnesia. C) posttraumatic stress disorder. D) anterograde amnesia.

B. Retrograde amnesia

According to psychologists, which of the following statements is most likely true of Marta, who is fluent in Spanish and English? A) She performs better on cognitive tasks than those who speak only one language, but is most likely not to do so later in life. B) She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language. C) She is most likely to develop dementia more than four years earlier than do elderly speakers of only one language. D) She i

B. She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language.

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent A. conditioned response B. stimulus discrimination C. stimulus generalization D. unconditioned response

B. Stimulus discrimination

Which of the following statements is true of children who are bilingual speakers? A) They have brain regions that are less connected than children who are monolingual speakers. B) They intuitively understand which language to use when speaking to different people. C) They have a low density of neurons in the language centers of their brain. D) They are less skilled in theory of mind tasks than are monolingual children and adults.

B. They intuitively understand which language to use when speaking to different people.

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

B. fixed ratio

Matthew has been playing the clarinet for many years, and he can play musical scales without giving much thought to the finger positions involved in the process. Matthew's mastery of the clarinet is most likely a result of A) the associative potential of mirror neuron systems (MNS) in his brain. B) strong synaptic connections that have been built during years of practice and playing the instrument. C) years of classical conditioning leading to a permanent increase in GABA (gamma-aminobutyric aci

B. strong synaptic connections that have been built during years of practice and playing the instrument.

John is 15 years old. Based on his parents' intelligence quotients (Qs), John's reaction range for IQ is from 60 to 80. John took an IQ test last week and his IQ score was 65. Which of the following statements is true about the scenario? A) John has savant syndrome. B) John's brain does not have the corpus callosum part. C) John is likely to have been raised in an impoverished environment. D) John's IQ is directly determined by his genes.

C) John is likely to have been raised in an impoverished environment.

People displaying which of the following personality traits are more likely to start smoking and less likely to quit successfully? A) conscientiousness B) agreeableness C) extraversion D) intuitiveness

C) extraversion

Which of the following statements is true in the context of learning a non-native language? A) Adults learn to speak a second language more quickly than do children. B) Individuals who learn to speak a second language earlier than age 12 will probably speak it with an accent. C) Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents. D) The language acquisition for children and adults depends to a large extent on the length of time they are exposed to it

C. Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.

Vivian likes to talk to those who second her opinions. When someone contradicts her, she retorts that they are novices and have no expertise in that field of knowledge. Which of the following phenomena best describes Vivian's behavior? A) self-serving bias B) causal inference C) confirmation bias D) irrational exception

C. Confirmation bias

Maggie puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Maggie cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of _____________ because Maggie never paid attention to the picture in the first place. A. effortful processing B. effortless processing C. encoding failure D. enigmatic processing

C. Encoding failure

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? A. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June B. Jeremy checking You Tube every morning before work C. Jane and her friends playing poker D. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year

C. Jane and her friends playing poker

Kan excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies intelligence. A. bodily kinesthetic B. Interpersonal C. Logical-mathematical D. spatial

C. Logical-mathematical

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies intelligence. A. Linguistic B. logical-mathematical C. Musical D. spatial

C. Musical

Giving extra credit points for turning in homework on time increases the likelihood that students will submit their assignments on time. This is an example of A) backward conditioning. B) stimulus discrimination. C) positive reinforcement. D) observational conditioning.

C. Positive reinforcement

Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"a form of peer acceptance—as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ________________ for their smoking behavior. A) unconditioned stimulus B) discriminating stimulus C) reinforcer D) converter

C. Reinforcer

Liam goes to a music store. Not knowing which DVDs to buy, he ends up buying DVDs of movies, trailers he has often seen on television. Which of the following indicates the judgment Liam uses when buying the DVDs? A) the representative heuristic B) visual imagery C) the availability heuristic D) mental representation

C. The availability heuristic

A couple broke up several years ago and no longer had any romantic feelings toward one another. However, last week the couple ran into each other at a concert and the romantic feelings started to reappear. This is an example of A. Extinction B. Stimulus generalization C. Stimulus discrimination D. Spontaneous recovery

D. Spontaneous recovery

Which of the following statements is true with regard to second-language learning and the brain? A) People who learn a second language early in life acquire a muddled way of language processing. B) There is little connection between the neural density and the age at which the person learns the second language. C) The neural density enhances if one learns the second language earlier in childhood and adolescence. D) Bilingual speakers have lesser density of neurons in the language centers of the b

C. The neural density enhances if one learns the second language earlier in childhood and adolescence.

Which of the following holds true with regard to creative people? A) A creative person will typically display protracted attention spans. B) A creative person will typically display steadfastness of thought and action. C) A creative person will typically display randomness in thought. D) A creative person will typically display flexibility in thinking.

D) A creative person will typically display flexibility in thinking.

Rudolph tells his mother that his friend John wears glasses and reads many math and science books. He asks his mother if John is more likely to be a science student or a museum guide. His mother says that John is more likely to be a museum guide. John tells his mother that she is incorrect because she failed to take in the base-rates differences in arriving at the decision. This is an example of A) hindsight bias. B) the bandwagon effect. C) the illusory truth effect. D) the representativeness h

D) the representativeness heuristic.

Andy's father moved to the United States 12 years ago. When he moved to the United States from Italy with his mother eight years ago, Andy was six and his sister was thirteen. Who among the following is likely to have the least strength of accent while learning the non-native language (English)? A) His sister because adolescence is a better time to learn and be proficient in a second language without an accent. B) His father because the length of time has a bearing on the strength of one's accen

D. Andy because childhood is a better time to speak a second language without an accent.

The development of a phobia (a strong, automatic fear response) is most likely the result of what type of learning? A) operant conditioning B) observational learning C) modeling D) classical conditioning

D. Classical conditioning

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of A. imitation B. modeling C. stimulus discrimination D. stimulus generalization

D. Stimulus generalization

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of _______________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. A. effortless processing B. encoding C. an engram D. relearning

D. relearning

Which of the following is most likely to be essential for moving an experience from short-term to long-term memory? A) connecting an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus B) having experiences repeated over a short period of time C) converting a change in response into habituation D) connecting a conditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus

b. Having experiences repeated over a short period of time

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on _______________ a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. A. encoding B. recognition C. storage D. the Stroop effect

b. recognition

Which of the following facts regarding reinforcement was noted by Albert Bandura? A) Negative reinforcement is more effective in shaping behavior than positive reinforcement. B) Positive reinforcement can be effective only after an unconditioned stimulus is associated with a conditioned stimulus. C) Punishment is more effective in shaping behavior than negative reinforcement. D) Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.

d. Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch.