Psych Exam 3

Anal

(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Phallic

(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Latency

(6 to puberty) a phase of dormant sexual feelings

Genital

(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests

Neo-Freudians

- accepted many of Freud's ideas - Places more emphasis on the conscious mind and on social motives -(less on sex and aggression)

Contemporary Psychodynamic theorists

- view mental life as primarily unconscious - childhood social experiences --> adult/ personality/ attachment

Oral

0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

fugue

A _____ state is a sudden loss of memory or identity.

classification

A clinician considering how a diagnostic label might be applied most appropriately is asking a question concerning the _____ of a psychological disorder.

a trait.

A consistent tendency to be shy is best described as A consistent tendency to be shy is best described as

medical

A large pharmaceutical company is conducting a clinical trial for a new antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. They are concerned with the efficacy and safety of the new drug. Their perspective is most in line with the _____ model.

schizophrenia.

A reduced level of synchronized neural firing in the frontal lobes has been associated with symptoms of

a psychological disorder.

A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person's thoughts, emotion regulation, or behaviors is most clearly an indication of

third

About one-_____ of American college students report an apparent mental health problem.

self-actualization.

Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by others' opinions illustrate

the id

According to Freud's theory, the behavior of a newborn is controlled by

disruptive mood dysregulation

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), children and adolescents who are persistently irritable and who have frequent outbursts are diagnosed with _____ disorder.

a lack of distress or impairment in everyday functioning

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, which symptom would NOT be required to be diagnosed with insomnia disorder?

sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and in most cases cured.

According to the medical model, psychological disorders are

base-level

After getting lost in a forest, Andrea became so hungry and thirsty that she became preoccupied with finding something to eat and drink. She was most clearly focused on satisfying ________ needs in Maslow's pyramid-shaped hierarchy of needs.

biopsychosocial

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of three interactive environments is most clearly provided by a _____ approach.

the medical model.

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. This BEST illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of:

one combined disorder

Autism and Asperger's syndrome are now considered to be _____ in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).

self-efficacy.

Bethany has a strong sense of competence and effectiveness in her profession. She does not back down from any professional challenge because she believes she can meet any challenge. According to the social-cognitive perspective, Bethany's belief in herself illustrates

alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism.

Bipolar disorder is most likely to be characterized by

displacement.

Bonnie is afraid to express anger at her overbearing and irritating supervisor at work, so she is critical of her children instead. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Bonnie's reaction to her children illustrates

attention-deficit hyperactivity

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of _____ disorder.

antisocial personality

Calvin is extremely manipulative. He can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to their suffering as a result of his actions. Calvin's behavior BEST illustrates _____ disorder.

the collective unconscious

Carl Jung emphasized the importance of ________ in personality functioning.

unconditional positive regard.

Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as

agoraphobia

Connie is overwhelmed with fear whenever she must leave the house. She is especially afraid when she uses the subway or goes grocery shopping. Connie's case illustrates:

rumination

Constant overthinking and fretting about one's problems and their causes is known as ______; it is linked to depression.

the sense of self

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be of pivotal importance to personality.

positive

Disorganized speech, delusions, and inappropriate emotions are characteristics of the ________ symptoms of schizophrenia.

the dopamine

Drugs that block ________ receptors often lessen the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

interfere with normal day-to-day life.

Dysfunctional behaviors are maladaptive, which means that they

is not classified as an illness.

Elsa is a 50-year-old teacher who is openly gay. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Elsa's homosexuality:

major depressive disorder.

For the past four weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is MOST likely that Odessa is suffering from:

reality

Freud emphasized that the ego operates on the ________ principle.

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

over arousing areas of the brain responsible for impulse control and habitual behaviors.

Generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder express themselves biologically by:

fixated

Greg eats excessively. According to Freud, Greg is ________ in the oral stage of development.

biopsychosocial approach.

How the interaction between our biology, our psychology, and our social-cultural environments influences our thoughts, behaviors, and emotions is the focus of the:

reduced; increased

In people with major depressive disorder, interest in activities is ________ and agitation may be ________.

pessimism.

Internal, stable, and global explanations for one's own failures are indicative of

antisocial personality disorder.

Jared is 8. He is beginning to show some unusual, even disturbed behaviors. Based on this information alone, Jared may be starting to show signs of:

She should not tell them she was in a psychiatric hospital. Many people react negatively to those labeled "mentally ill."

Lynette is released after a four-week stay at a psychiatric hospital. She needs to find an apartment near her job because she cannot afford a car. When she talks to potential landlords, how should she describe herself?

an anxiety disorder.

Maladaptive behaviors that reduce worry and fear are most indicative of

Not good; the slow progression of symptom development suggests he will probably never fully recover.

Marcus is a young male recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. His symptoms, however, developed over a long period of time. According to the research available on schizophrenia, what are the chances that he will recover?

bulimia nervosa.

Melissa uses laxatives in an attempt to lose some of the weight she gained from binge eating. Melissa most clearly demonstrates symptoms of

defense mechanisms

Methods used by ego to control our inner id-super ego war tactics that reduce and redirect anxiety by reality distortion - indirect and unconscious

unrealistic optimism.

Most college students perceive themselves as less likely than their average classmate to have a heart attack by age 40. This best illustrates

self-love.

Narcissism refers to excessive

cognitive

Of the perspectives on anxiety disorders discussed in the textbook, the _____ perspective is MOST likely to emphasize hypervigilance toward anxiety-related stimuli.

a breakdown in selective attention.

One of the hallmarks of schizophrenia is disorganized thinking. Theorists suggest that people with such disorganized thinking have:

the label itself may create a self-fulfilling prophecy.

One of the negative outcomes of giving a person a psychiatric diagnosis is that a person may then live up to others' expectations. This means that:

reciprocal determinism.

Our personalities influence the extent to which we expose ourselves to specific environmental influences. This best illustrates

The social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and numbness of feeling experienced by survivors of life-threatening tornados, for example, best illustrates symptoms of

PTSD

a phobia.

People who feel irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation are suffering from:

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Personality disorders are best described as

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Personality is best defined as an individual's

a sickness of the mind.

Philippe Pinel suggested that mental illness was:

conscious and unconscious mental processes.

Psychodynamic theories emphasize that personality involves a dynamic interaction between

compulsion; obsession

Repeatedly checking to see if your stove is turned off is to ________ as repeatedly thinking you might try to set your own house on fire is to ________.

many genes working together.

Research examining genetic contributions to depression suggests that depression is the result of:

a self-actualizing person.

Roberta has a secure sense of her own identity and is strongly motivated to develop her unique talents and interests so as to achieve her full potential. According to Abraham Maslow, Roberta exemplifies

stimulus generalization.

Ruth was walking through the woods during a thunderstorm. A tree struck by lightning from the storm toppled over, narrowly missing Ruth as she fled. The fact that Ruth now has a fear of all trees—not just the one that nearly harmed her—is an example of:

psychotic

Schizophrenia is an example of a(n) _____ disorder.

depression

Self-blaming attributions are most likely to be associated with

self-blame over personal failure.

Seligman attributes the rise in depression in young people to:

anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa

Severely restricted eating and an intense fear of weight gain is to ________ as binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting is to ________.

generalized anxiety

Sigmund Freud described what is now called _____ disorder as free-floating worry.

psychoanalytic approach.

Sigmund Freud proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings. Freud's theory represents the:

factor.

Simone, who is introverted, likes to read, prefers less environmental stimulation and enjoys small intimate parties. According to trait theorists, this cluster of behaviors is called a

neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

The "Big Five" trait dimensions are

2013

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) was published in:

auditory.

The MOST common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia are:

vulnerability-stress

The _____ model argues that an individual's characteristics interact with environmental events to influence the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder.

social-cognitive perspective

The ________ on personality focuses on the many ways our individual traits and thoughts interact with our social world as we move from one situation to another.

predict who is susceptible to a psychological disorder.

The diagnostic labels provided by the DSM-5 help mental health professionals to do all of the following EXCEPT

syphilis

The discovery that the disease _____ invades the brain and distorts the mind fueled interest in discovering the physical causes of other mental disorders.

anxiety, eccentricity, and impulsivity.

The distinctive features used to identify the three clusters of personality disorders are

self-determination.

The humanistic perspective emphasized the value of

social stressors

The medical model, one of the two models currently in use for understanding and treating psychological disorders, uses medical terms. Which of these is NOT a term from the medical model?

norepinephrine

The neurotransmitter _____ is abundant during a manic state and scarce in a depressive state.

6.8

The percentage of Americans who reported suffering from social anxiety disorder in 2015 was:

weak or nonexistent.

The relationship between mental illness and violence is BEST described as:

begin to rebound and become capable of following through with their plans.

The risk of suicide is greatest for those diagnosed with depression when they:

conditioning

The social-cognitive perspective most clearly emphasizes that the development of personality is partially learned through ________ and imitating the behavior of others.

8

The symptoms of antisocial personality disorder begin to appear at a median age of about:

reinforced by anxiety reduction.

Those who emphasize the ways in which people learn disordered behavior have suggested that compulsive behaviors are

obsessive-compulsive; posttraumatic stress disorder

Two disorders that involve anxiety are _____ disorder and _____.

Psychiatric

Until 1973, homosexuality was classified as an illness by the American _____ Association.

the spotlight effect.

When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates

self-serving bias.

When people accept more responsibility for good deeds that for bad ones, they are engaging in

increased autonomic arousal in unnerving situations

Which characteristic is NOT found for those with antisocial personality disorder?

phobic disorder

Which disorder usually develops in childhood or adolescence?

social withdrawal

Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

major depressive disorder and schizophrenia

Which two psychological disorders exist in every known society in the world?

the threat of future loss; past and current stress

While anxiety is a response to ________, depression is often a response to _________.

dopamine

While researchers have discovered that there are an excessive number of receptor sites for _____ in schizophrenia patients' brains, it is not the only neurotransmitter involved in schizophrenia.

a dissociative disorder.

William, an airplane pilot, is unable to remember anything of a bombing raid in which his plane was severely damaged and two crew members were killed. Because he himself suffered no physical injuries, psychologists suspect that William probably suffers from

negative; positive

With respect to schizophrenia, catatonia is to hallucination as _____ symptom is to _____ symptom.

65

Women constitute approximately _____ percent of those suffering from generalized anxiety disorder.

Most; contradicted

_____ Americans believe that increased mental health spending will reduce gun violence. Evidence reviewed in the textbook suggests that this belief is _____.

obsessive-compulsive

_____ disorder is characterized by a person having repetitive thoughts that may lead to repetitive actions.

social anxiety

_____ disorder may result in the avoidance of speaking in public, eating in public, or going to parties.

Bipolar disorder

_____ is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of mania.

Catatonia

_____ is characterized by periods of immobility or excessive, purposeless movement.

Schizophrenia

_____ is the mental disorder that is MOST likely to lead to poverty.

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

collective unconcious

according to Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations

Personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting - frontal lobes - Phineas Gage

psychodynamic perspective

behavior is the dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind - Freud Psychoanalytic Perspective - Neo-Freudian Peerspectives

Ego

conscious executive; balance demands of id, superego and reality - reality principle

Projection

disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Critisms of Freud

not supported by modern research - unconscious as a collection of repressed and unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, memories - difficult to scientifically prove

Regression

psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Denial

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Id

satisfy basic drives - pleasure principle

self-defeating belief.

self-defeating belief. Samantha believes that she will never be good enough for her parents, no matter what she does. This is an example of a

Rationalization

self-justifying explanations for behavior

Displacement

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a less threatening object or person

reaction formation

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

free association

technique in which clients express themselves without censorship of any sort

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations