Psych exam 3 (MONDAY)

T or F: In consolidation, memory is moving from the hippocampus into more permanent storage sites directly in the cortex.

True

T or F: In consolidation, the hippocampus can be thought of as a recipe: the more that memory is accessed, the less you need to refer back to it

True

T or F: Neuronal networks are used for encoding categories of semantic information.

True

T or F: On average, we lose memories from before the ages of 3-4

True

We can increase our short-term memory systems by ______________ information, or making it personally meaningful to us.

"chunking"

T or F: Explicit memory is a type of cognitive learning because it cannot be explained by simple stimulus's and responses in the environment

False, LATENT LEARNING

T or F: The hippocampus is important for emotional memories, because it promotes the encoding of contextual details.

False, the AMYGDALA is important

What is Tolman's theory of latent learning?

learning that does not show behavioral change until sometime in the future

What is our working memory?

maintenance and manipulation of short-term memory

_________________ memory says that your external environment can help with retrieval, whereas ___________________ memory says that your internal state can help with retrieval.

context-dependent, state-dependent

The ___________ effect, or remembering the words at the beginning of a list, is due to ____________ memory. The __________ effect, or remembering words at the end of a list, is due to ______________ memory.

privacy, long-term, recency, short-term

What is sensory memory?

A memory for everything in our environment that lasts for 1 second or less

What are the 5 steps of shaping?

1. Reinforce small steps 2. Provide immediate reinforcement 3. Provide small reinforcers 4. Reinforce best approximation available 5. Reinforce earlier approximations if necessary

What are the 4 causes of childhood amnesia (lack of memory before the ages of 3-4)?

1. children lack language + sense of self 2. children lack schemes (background knowledge) 3. repression of sexual awakening 4. hypocampo-neural genesis (creation of neurons in hippocampus)

The central executive manipulates info via... (4 ways)

1. controlled updating 2. task switching 3. stimulus selection 4. response inhibition

What is an engram?

A physical change in the brain that forms the basis of a memory

Anterograde vs retrograde amnesia

Anterograde: inability to remember things AFTER an injury (ex. 50 first dates) Retrograde: inability to remember things BEFORE an injury

What is our spotlight of attention?

Attention can't focus on a large area, only a small spotlight area

What is Skinner's theory of radical behaviorism?

Behavior is caused solely by the environment, never by thoughts or feelings

Classical vs Operant Conditioning

Classical: stimulus and response Operant: pairs behaviors and response (positive/negative)

Context-dependent vs state-dependent memory

Context: ENVIRONMENT (ex. if you study in a silent room you'll want to take your test in a silent room) State: EMOTION/PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE (ex. if you are drunk while studying, you will remember more information next time you're drunk than sober)

Encoding vs storage vs retrieval

Encoding: transforming info into memory Storage: maintaining memories over time Retrieval: bringing memories to mind

What is superstitious behavior?

Engaging in odd behaviors because those behaviors have been accidentally reinforced (ex. never washing your "lucky jersey" because you don't want your team to lose)

Episodic memory vs semantic memory

Episodic: REMEMBERING events that happened Semantic: KNOWING what happened (general world knowldege)

Explicit vs Implicit memory

Explicit: can be verbalized ("conscious" memory) Implicit: can NOT be verbalized

Extinction (of conditioning) is __________________________.

Extinction (of conditioning) is a gradual reduction of a learned response

Fixed/variable ratio vs fixed/variable interval

Fixed = fixed/set Variable = "average" Ratio = number of responses Interval = number of time periods

Free recall vs cued recall

Free: no support, depends on your own memory (ex. essay question) Cued: some support (ex. multiple choice question)

Habituation vs sensitization

Habituation: a DECREASE in response following repeated exposure to a NON-THREATENING stimulus Sensitization: an INCREASE in reactivity to a stimulus following exposure to an INTENSE event/stimulus

Give an example of a high, moderate, and low effective studying technique

High: practice testing Moderate: self-explanation Low: highlighting/underliningAt

What is unrehearsed info?

How info is long in short-term memory

What is unattended info?

How info is lost in sensory memory

What is attention ("spotlight")?

How information is converted from sensory to a short-term memory

What is transience (aka time)?

How information is lost from-long term memory

Reinforcement can take place in 2 ways: intervals which take place over ___________ and ratios which take place over ____________.

Intervals = time Ratios = trials

In operant conditioning, ______________ take place over time and ________________ take place over trials.

Intervals, ratios

Name and describe the 5 theories of emotion

James-Lange: we are aware of our emotions and response Cannon-Bard: our body's response WHILE we experience a stimuli Schacter-Singer: general arousal (could be a few emotions) Zajonc/LeDoux: our instant reaction Lazarus: appraisal of a situation ("is it dangerous or not"?)

Long term potentation vs reconsolidation

LTP: strengthening neuron connections making it easier to remember Reconsolidation: each time you relive a memory your brain re-consolidates it and makes it vulnerable to modification

You're trying to teach your cousin how to do long division. You've explained it many times and have shown him examples, but he still says he doesn't get it. However, later that day, his mom offers him a trip to the ice cream store if he can solve a long division problem correctly and he does it. What explains this?

Latent learning

__________________, _________________, and _______________ are the three main types of cognitive learning.

Latent-learning, insight, observation

What is J.B. Watson's theory of learning? What type of conditioning does it enforce?

Learning = stimulus + observable, behavioral responses Enforces classical conditioning (stimuli)

Positive reinforcement/punishment vs negative reinforcement/punishment

Positive = ADD Negative = REMOVE Reinforcement = increase behavior Punishment = decrease behavior

You yell at your sister to get out of your room. What type of conditioning is this?

Positive punishment

_______________ and _______________ are the most effective study techniques.

Practice testing, distributed practice

An example of this term is: knowing how to drive or ride a bike

Procedural memory

What is retrieval?

Pulling info out of long-term memory and into working memory to operate on it

What is source memory?

Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

What are exposure therapies?

Repeatedly exposing phobic individuals to anxiety-provoking stimuli in a safe setting to extinguish the conditioned fear response

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Repetition of information; keeps info in short-term memory

What is the law of effect?

Rewarded behaviors tend to be repeated, while those that aren't rewarded are less likely to be repeated

What holds 7 digits or so for more than a few seconds but less than a few minutes?

Short term memory

Spontaneous recovery vs resurgence

Spontaneous recovery: reappearance of target behavior following it's extinction Resurgence: reappearance during extinction of previously effective behavior

What are the 2 factors of autobiographical memory?

Time and place

What is encoding?

Transforming information into a long-term memory

Give examples of the US, UR, CS, and CR in the dog/bell/salivation experiment

US: food UR: salivation CS: bell CR: salivation

What is an example of failure of retrieval?

Walking into a room and forgetting why you're there

What are source monitoring errors?

We remember information but are mistaken about the specific episode that is the source of that memory

According to the forgetting curve, most transience occurs a. within the first hour b. within the first day c. within the first week d. within the first month

a. within the first day

In operant conditioning, this increases the likelihood of a behavior a. Reinforcer b. Punisher c. Positive d. Negative

a. Reinforcer

Following a pause in a conditined stimulus being presented without an unconditioned stimulus, the organism will show a tendency for a learned behavior to recover from extinction, known as: a. Spontaneous Recovery b. Resurgence c. Acquisition d. Extinction

a. Spontaneous Recovery

Cells that fire together wire together best explains which process? a. long-term potentation b. neuronal networks c. consolidation d. engram

a. long-term potentation

In this type of learning, repeatedly presenting a stimulus causes an increased response. a. sensitization b. habituation c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning

a. sensitization

In classical conditioning, this always produces a reflexive response. There is no learning required. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response

a. unconditioned stimulus

In this theory of emotion, physiological arousal and psychological emotions occur simultaneously a. James-Lange b. Cannon-Bard c. Shacter-Singer d. Jared-Branch

b. Cannon-Bard

In this type of learning, the organism is learning to associate a behavior with a significant event. a. Classical conditioning b. Operant conditioning c. Habituation d. Sensitization

b. Operant conditioning

Learning in which a stimulus is associated with an event a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. habituation d. sensitization

b. classical conditioning

An example of this is spanking a child in order to make him swear less a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Positive punishment d. Negative punishment

c. Positive punishment

In classical conditioned, the neutral stimulus becomes this after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response

c. conditioned stimulus

Which of the following did the Little Albert experiments NOT demonstrate? a. complex reactions could be conditioned b. humans could be conditioned c. exposure therapies are effective in curing phobias d. emotions could be conditioned

c. exposure therapies are effective in curing phobias

This is the most addictive type of learning because it's unpredictable: behavior is reinforced after an average number of responses. a. variable interval b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. fixed ratio

c. variable ratio

In operant conditioning, this is the removal of a stimulus a. Reinforcer b. Punisher c. Positive d. Negative

d. Negative

The ___________ and the ______________ both maintain information in working memory, whereas the ____________ actively manipulates information.

phonological, visiospatial sketchpad, central executive

In operant conditioning, _______________ rewards a behavior after an AVERAGE number of responses, whereas ______________ rewards a behavior after a SET number of responses.

variable, fixed