psych final

Days after breaking his nose in a football game, Ben still perceives a dull pain in his nose. The throbbing ache travels along ________ pain fibers, which are ________.

slow; unmyelinated

Changes in terms of how we understand ourselves, interact with others, and experience and regulate emotions are part of the ________ domain.

socio-emotional

Which of the following characteristics is NOT a basic quality of taste?

spicy

Grant wants to do everything he can to keep his wife healthy during her pregnancy. He frequently gives her folic acid because he knows that this helps development of the ________ during the ________ period.

spine and brain; embryonic

The theories of Sigmund Freud and his followers

state that much of human behavior is determined by the unconscious.

Dr. Stanley would like to find out whether her study guide helps students perform better on exams. She randomly assigns students to one of two groups: Group 1 receives her study guide and Group 2 receives no study guide. Then, after three weeks, the performance of each student is measured on an exam. What is the dependent variable in this study?

students' performance on the exam

Giovanni is having difficulty learning English. He keeps putting verbs at the end of sentences. For example, instead of saying "The dog ate the bone," he says, "The dog the bone ate." Giovanni is having trouble with

syntax

The process of encoding low frequencies of sound is called ________ coding.

temporal

When his sister becomes pregnant, Graham gives her a mini-lesson in prenatal care based on what he learned in his introductory psychology class. He should tell her all of the following EXCEPT that

teratogens work on recessive genes to affect prenatal child development.

Functionalism is the school of thought concerned with

the adaptive purposes of the mind and behavior.

Reversible figures occur because

the correct assignment of figure and ground is ambiguous.

Ernst is jealous that several of his friends are going through puberty but he has not started yet. He eagerly keeps checking for signs that his body is changing. Ernst knows he should eventually experience all of the following EXCEPT

the development of a more rounded jaw.

A researcher investigated how two different flirting styles affected the person being flirted with. The researcher categorized "happiness" in the person being flirted with based on the number of times that person smiled in a 15-minute period. In this research the number of smiles is

the operational definition of happiness.

During sensation and perception, sensory receptors on the skin transduce information and then send this information to

the somatosensory cortex.

Which of the following is the best definition of psychology?

the study of mental activity and behavior based on brain processes

Which of the following is the best description of the mind, according to your textbook?

the sum total of your mental activity

What are the two cues that allow you to determine where a sound is coming from?

the time when the sound arrives in each ear and the intensity of the sound wave

The Shepard's Table illusion is an example of

the way that the brain uses built-in assumptions about the physical world but can be fooled.

Brooke is a developmental psychologist at USA College. Which of the following is Brooke most likely to study?

the ways in which children differ from adults in their thought processes

The subfield of cognitive psychology focuses on

thinking, memory, and attention.

Daniel is learning how to read, and because the box just delivered to his door contains a pizza, he realizes that the unfamiliar word he sees on the box must be pizza. Daniel is using

top-down processing.

If a researcher created two groups by assigning the first 30 people to the experimental group and the last 30 people to the control group, this process would

violate the principle of random assignment.

The reason stroboscopic motion was a topic of research for Gestalt psychologists is because

we perceive individual images flashed quickly on a screen as an organized whole representing motion.

Which would be the worst tip for someone who is experiencing pain after a surgery?

"Focus on the pain and its sensations."

You are confident that your new roommate is a critical thinker after noticing the following bumper sticker on his car:

"Show me the evidence!"

There are several steps involved in a person being able to feel a touch on his or her skin and experience it as pleasurable. Which of the following displays these steps in the correct order?

(1) tactile stimulation, (2) sensation, (3) transduction, (4) perception

In the scientific method, a specific, testable prediction about a theory is called

A theory

Dr. Keshari examined newborn baby Arly for the grasping reflex during his first checkup. What behavior was Dr. Keshari looking for?

Arly automatically curled his fingers when his palm was stroked.

Given what Naomi knows about physical development across the life span, which of the following people does she suspect will be the LEAST healthy at age 70?

Carson, who squints at his computer and listens to loud music on his iPod

The shared beliefs, values, rules, and customs that exist within a group make up a person's

Culture

Dr. Jahrel has designed a study that uses surveys to collect data on students' opinions regarding the use of drugs on campus. What responsibility does Dr. Jahrel have before he starts collecting data?

Dr. Jahrel will need to present his study to the institutional review board for an ethics review before he collects data.

Dr. Woolston is interested in studying teenagers' social lives and the challenges they face. Dr. Woolston should consult with his colleague ________, who would argue that the main difficulty teenagers face is forming a sense of ________.

Erikson; identity

The first psychologists to emphasize the organizing processes underlying perception were the

Gestalt psychologists.

According to ________, we perceive a car as a whole unit rather than perceiving it as a group of distinct entities (such as metal, tires, glass, door handles, hubcaps, and fenders).

Gestalt psychology

If a researcher was denied permission to conduct a study because participants might suffer harm, that decision would have been made by the

Institutional Review Board

Before psychologists can begin a research project, they must receive approval from the

Institutional Review Board.

Four early psychologists suddenly appear in your psychology department. Who would be most discouraged to hear that modern psychology places a lot of emphasis on the study of mental processes?

John Watson

Why do scientists avoid the term fact?

New evidence can change how claims are interpreted.

Regarding smell, which of the following statements is generally the most accurate?

People are better at discriminating among odors than they are at identifying them; women generally outperform men.

Your aunt, who has several bad habits, recently found out she is pregnant. What is the best advice you can give her?

Quit drinking and smoking immediately.

How are the act of riding a roller coaster and the fear experienced while riding the roller coaster related?

Riding a roller coaster is a behavior and the experienced fear is a related mental activity.

According to trichromatic color theory, there is no cone specialized to respond to yellow light. When we see yellow, it is because the light is stimulating the

S cones very little and the L and M cones equally.

Monique was born with an intellectual disability. Which of the following most likely caused this outcome?

She was exposed to mercury in the womb.

Barry states that psychology is the study of mental activity. Candace remarks that psychology is the science of behavior. Which is the correct evaluation of these two statements?

Taken together, the statements are correct.

Which of the following explains how people localize sound?

The brain integrates the different sensory information coming from each of the two ears.

The president of the United States is debating about whether to start a war with country X. If the president is in the postconventional stage of moral reasoning, which of the following reasons would he most likely give for his decision?

We should declare war because our citizens' freedom is at stake.

Michael Scott wants to conduct a study on the day-to-day behaviors of office workers. He wants to film their behaviors for six years and then analyze the contents of the tapes. Describe three ethical issues that Mr. Scott must consider when conducting research with human subjects.

What is informed consent? How does a researcher protect the privacy of participants in the office setting? What type of harm could occur for participants? What steps does the researcher take to protect participants from harm? etc

Immediately after birth, Giada's son Maxwell was able to display the rooting reflex. Which of the following behaviors did Giada observe Maxwell doing?

When the corner of his mouth was stroked, Maxwell turned to search for food.

An extensive study of a single person or a few people is characteristic of

a case study

Elizabeth is going to decorate her newborn's room and wants the baby to be able to see the decorations. Which of the following should she use to decorate?

a wall hanging with a large black-and-white checked fabric

Jason is participating in a psychology experiment in which he is seated in a completely dark room. An initially undetected point of light is gradually made brighter. With each increase, he is asked if he can see the light. In this experiment, Jason's ________ is being measured.

absolute threshold

Simon is learning about the alphabet. He learns the letter O because it is round. If Simon sees the letter C and thinks it is the letter O because it is round, ________ has occurred. If he sees the letter C and thinks it must be a different letter because it is not completely round, ________ has occurred.

assimilation; accommodation

Helen keeps her new baby boy well fed and clean. However, she does not want to spoil him, so she does not hold him or touch him too much. After reading about Harry Harlow's research, Helen now knows that

babies need to be touched and held to develop normally.

Marcia's baby is just starting to eat solid food, and like all babies, he prefers certain tastes. Which of the following mashed foods is the baby most likely to want to eat?

bananas

Why is the first step in critical thinking to ask, "What is the claim I am being asked to accept?"

because before you can evaluate a claim, you have to recognize and identify it

Li-Ting is painting a picture of a vase of flowers placed in front of a book case. She paints the vase and then, right next to it, half of a book. When Bijal looks at the painting, she sees the book as being ________ the vase because of ________.

behind; occlusion

"Friendly skepticism" means

being open to new ideas, while also being careful before accepting them.

Each eye sees more of the world on its own side of the visual field. A combination of the views from the two eyes creates the depth cue of

binocular disparity.

The area where the optic nerve leaves the retina is referred to as the

blind spot.

For color vision, shorter wavelengths appear ________ while longer wavelengths appear ________.

blue; red

Your son is getting bullied at school. You are trying to explain some of the reasons why bullying happens. According to the experts, each of the following is true EXCEPT that

bullies tend to show stronger emotions, which is why they bully other kids.

People see the figure ( ) as an oval rather than two separate curving lines. Which Gestalt principle explains this outcome?

closure

The coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that houses the sensory receptors is called the

cochlea.

The ________ domain relates to how we think, reason, and communicate.

cognitive

The psychologist who would be mostly likely to focus on mental functions, such as problem solving and decision making, would be a

cognitive psychologist.

When trying to explain Piaget's theory of development to his roommate, Martin correctly states that development

consists of a series of qualitatively different stages of cognitive ability.

Eddie's neighbor Marjorie steals a laptop computer from another student in their dorm and makes Eddie promise not to tell on her. After campus police come to the dorm and question him, Eddie decides to tell them that Marjorie stole the laptop, because Eddie knows that Marjorie broke the law. According to Kohlberg, Eddie is exhibiting ________ moral reasoning.

conventional

You are having a difficult time deciding whether to switch career paths. To help cope with this challenge in your professional life, you should seek help from a ________ psychologist.

counseling

Dr. Ebrahim examines how children's friendships change through the elementary and middle school years. Dr. Ebrahim is a(n) ________ psychologist.

developmental

Which of the following do researchers argue is a benefit of the increased conflicts that occur between adolescents and their parents?

empathy

Susannah observes the world around her and measures various aspects of it to gain new knowledge. Susannah is learning about the world by using

empiricism.

he purpose of an institutional review board is to

ensure that proposed research is ethical

Becca is at her regular prenatal checkup. The doctor tells her, "The organs are highly developed and now we mainly want the baby to gain weight." Based on this, Becca's baby is currently in the ________ stage of development.

fetal

When his sister becomes pregnant, Tyrone learns the effect of teratogens, which include all of the following EXCEPT

folic acid.

Juan and Giancarlo are opera singers. Juan is a tenor and Giancarlo is a baritone. Tenors sing with higher-pitched voices than baritones. With respect to this fact, the sound waves corresponding to Giancarlo's voice are lower in ________ than those corresponding to Juan's voice; that is, they are lower in ________.

frequency; hertz

Charles Darwin's observations on how individuals adapt to an environment through natural selection had the strongest influence on which of the following schools of thought?

functualism

The sense of taste is also called

gustation

Tanya looks back on her high school years with fondness because it was the first time she began to find others who dressed and acted like her and who held similar beliefs. Based on this information, Tanya recognizes how her identity was affected by

her clique.

Your brain gathers information about where your body is in space by using receptors located

in your muscles, tendons, and joints.

Andre is writing an introductory psychology essay on Piaget's theory of cognitive development. He should criticize the original theory for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that

infants do not learn about the world through their senses.

When Jodi walks from the sunlight into a dark theater, her ________ cause(s) her ________ to enlarge to let in more light.

iris; pupil

John and Danielle want to get a stimulating mobile for their newborn son's crib. If they want him to see the objects, what should they attach to the strings?

large black-and-white shapes

Thirteen-year-old Sasha has a hard time getting along with her siblings because she often feels emotional and acts irrationally. She knows that she overreacts to their teasing, but she cannot help it. Sasha's feelings are most likely due to activation in her

limbic system.

Gervase is staring at the blades of his ceiling fan. When he turns off the fan, he is surprised that the blades appear to be rotating in the opposite direction. To reassure Gervase that he is not hallucinating, you could tell him about

motion aftereffects.

Nadia knows that a substance's quantity does not change, even when its form does. Based on this, Nadia is most likely ________ years old.

nine

Jane Goodall systematically watched and recorded the behavior of chimpanzees in their natural environment. She was conducting

observational studies.

Leonardo da Vinci identified many monocular depth cues, including ________, in which a near object blocks an object that is farther away.

occlusion

George is looking for a research project. To get started, he could make use of an existing theory because

one of the benefits of theories is that they lead to testable hypotheses.

Informed consent means that

participants must be told about a research study and allowed to choose whether they would like to participate.

Janice is learning about the alphabet and how to read, but she is struggling to make the s and z sounds. Janice is having difficulty with

phonemes

Both behavior and mental activity rely primarily on

processing in the brain.

Consider the letters XPY ZWO LRG. People tend to perceive this pattern as three groups of letters instead of a single group of letters because of the Gestalt principle known as

proximity.

If Mike wants to use the scientific method, he would use all of the following elements EXCEPT

recalling his personal experiences

Eleven-month-old Luis watches as his mother comes in and out of his bedroom while she is putting away laundry. Luis does not get upset when his mother leaves the room since he seems to know that his mother is still in the house, even if he cannot see her. Luis is demonstrating which of the following?

reflexes

Mr. Baidy was talking to his neighbor in the retirement community where they live. While they were discussing plans for the community's annual summer party, Mr. Baidy felt like he was forgetting one of the tasks they needed to complete. Which of the following is the best term that describes Mr. Baidy's forgetfulness?

senior moment