Psych Final

The stage of the development of schizophrenia marked by deterioration of functioning and the display of some mild symptoms is called the:

prodromal phase

Someone who views the chief causes of abnormal functioning as psychological is said to have a _____ perspective.

psychogenic

A medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other mood disorders. This drug would be classified as:

psychotropic

People with alexithymia are NOT able to

put descriptive labels on what they are feeling

Most brain serotonin is released from locations at the base of the brain called the:

raphe nuclei

What is the average length of time for the treatment of major depressive disorder using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

2 to 4 weeks

A client has been experiencing uncontrolled anxiety. His symptoms include edginess, sleep changes, fatigue, and significant distress. To meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, these symptoms must be present for _____ months or longer.

6

If a researcher did a study of anxiety and used cats for subjects instead of people, she would likely be doing a(n) _____ study.

Analogue

Which type of medication has been used to help reduce binges and vomiting in persons with bulimia nervosa?

Antidepressants

_____ is characterized by difficulty establishing social ties, discomfort in social situations, and fear of being embarrassed or appearing foolish.

Avoidant personality disorder

Which explanation of depression has connected mood to the rewards in a person's life?

Behaviorism

Which theory of conditioning has been used to help explain the origins of sexual masochism?

Classical conditioning

"Drug dependence may develop because one finds drug use rewarding when it reduces tension." A person with which view of substance abuse would MOST likely agree with this statement?

Cognitive-behavioral

Which statement about hallucinations is FALSE?

Hallucinations have historically been a sign of a psychological disorder

The individual considered to be the founder of the modern study of psychopathology is

Johann Weyer

_____ and brain-circuit dysfunction seem to play a role in suicide separate from depression.

Low serotonin

_____ is credited with developing the learned helplessness theory of depression.

Martin Seligman

Which of the following is referred to as the "Dracula hormone"?

Melatonin

According to Hilde Bruch, which is an example of ineffective parenting that could make children prone to eating disorders?

Parents feed anxious children and comfort tired ones

For the past 9 months, Joan has been taking a conventional antipsychotic drug to treat symptoms associated with her diagnosis of schizophrenia. Although she has fewer auditory hallucinations, Joan now experiences muscle tremors and rigidity to the point where she can no longer dress herself. It is likely that she is experiencing:

Parkinsonian symptoms

A correlation coefficient is symbolized by the letter:

R

How effective is psychotherapy alone as a treatment for bipolar disorder?

Rarely effective

Which contemporary psychodynamic approach holds that therapists are key figures in the lives of patients—figures whose reactions and beliefs should be included in the therapy?

Relational psychoanalytic therapy

Antidepressant drugs that target only one neurotransmitter are called:

SSRIs

Most second-generation antidepressants are:

SSRIs

Which has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders?

Self-hypnosis

Which type of prevention seeks to provide effective treatment as soon as it is needed so that moderate or severe disorders do not become long-term problems?

Tertiary prevention

The belief that the concept of mental illness is actually invalid was advocated by:

Thomas Szasz

A patient with schizophrenia who is mute, statue-like, and fails to participate in the hospital routine is MOST likely experiencing:

Type II schizophrenia

A revolution in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions occurred with the publication of the landmark book Human Sexual Inadequacy, which was written by:

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

Structural abnormalities noted in people with bipolar depression include

a smaller-than-normal hippocampus

The so-called new wave of cognitive therapy differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes:

accepting problematic thoughts

A(n) _____ inventory asks about one's level of anxiety, depression, or anger.

affective

An _____ suicide is when a person commits suicide to defend his or her family or country.

altruistic

A visual image that is retained so vividly that one can continue to scan it for more information is called:

an eidetic image

The traditional psychophysiological disorder most commonly associated with intense feelings of anger and the presence of bacteria is:

an ulcer

The drug treatment that is MOST effective in treating panic disorders is a(n):

antidepressant drug

Antipsychotic drugs were discovered accidentally when researchers were trying to develop:

antihistamines

The cluster of "dramatic" personality disorders includes:

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic

The "high" produced by using narcotics is due to the drug:

attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins

If a physician wanted to relieve a patient's anxiety with a treatment that carries a lesser risk of drowsiness, overdose, and slowed breathing, the physician should prescribe:

benzodiazepines

Participants who have just completed a very-low-calorie weight-loss program would be MOST at risk for:

bingeing

The category of major depressive disorder in which the person experiences excessive activity or immobility is:

catatonic

Frederick has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He remains standing for hours and resists efforts to be moved. Frederick is likely experiencing:

catatonic posturing

Studies show that children with autism spectrum disorder are more likely than other children to have abnormalities in which section of the brain?

cerebellum

Therapists who advise clients to resist following orders from their hallucinatory voices are using a technique from the cognitive-behavioral approach that involves:

challenging ideas about the power of hallucinations

An individual diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder reports having a great deal of difficulty figuring out how others feel and as a child had difficulty developing adequate language skills. These findings would make the MOST sense to a theorist with which background?

cognitive-behavioral

People with somatic symptom disorders use their symptoms to express emotions they cannot easily express otherwise. This statement reflects the:

cognitive-behavioral view

Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called:

confounds

The group of hormones that are referred to as "stress hormones" are:

corticosteroids

Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been found to be most helpful in alleviating the symptoms of depression when administered:

daily for 4 to 6 weeks

Commonly accepted features of abnormality include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and:

danger.

Although token economies can change delusional behavior, _____ may not change.

delusional thinking

Imagine that a statistically significant result is found in a well-designed experimental research project without any confounding variables. The MOST appropriate conclusion would be that

differences in the dependent variable are likely due to the independent variable

Among biological treatments, _____ appears to be most effective for reducing depression.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Studies that reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population are known as _____ studies.

epidemiological

The theorists who place the MOST significance on the relationship between the therapist and the client are _____ therapists.

existential

People with anorexia nervosa are motivated primarily by

fear

Someone who is experiencing doubling is:

feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her

The collective reactions generated by the sympathetic nervous system pathway and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway are termed the:

fight-or-flight response

During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her spouse and to tell her "spouse" why she is angry. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist.

gestalt

Luke constantly strives to be the center of attention, yet the ideas he so eloquently expresses are usually shallow and changeable. If he were diagnosed with a personality disorder, it MOST likely would be:

histrionic

"Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation for anxiety disorders would MOST likely be offered by a:

humanistic theorist

The part of the brain MOST closely associated with the control of eating and body weight is the:

hypothalamus

The specific details and background of a client's problem are called _____ data, whereas established information about the nature and treatment of a particular illness is called _____ data.

idiographic; nomothetic

Muscle contraction headaches typically produce pain:

in the front or back of the head or in the back of the neck

The number of new cases of a disorder in a population that emerge in a particular time interval is called the

incidence

For an antidepressant to be effective against obsessive-compulsive disorder, it must:

increase serotonin activity

Studies have shown that lithium use _____ the size of the hippocampus and _____ the amount of gray matter in patients with bipolar disorder.

increases; increases

Which is NOT mentioned as being a useful form of psychotherapy for people suffering from schizophrenia?

insight therapy

Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were:

instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards

Conversion disorders most often begin between

late childhood and young adulthood

According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is:

latent content

Intentionally feigning illness to achieve some external gain is described as

malingering

One of the dangers of a diagnosis of conversion disorder is that the patient:

may have a genuine medical problem

The club drug that damages nerve endings but is NOT considered hallucinogenic is:

meth

Individuals who take _____ must avoid foods containing tyramine

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

According to the family stress model, parents of those diagnosed with schizophrenia display all the following EXCEPT:

more empathy

If the onset of tardive dyskinesia is detected early:

most people recover from it when antipsychotic medication is discontinued

Alexis has dissociative identity disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi, either. This is called a:

mutually amnesic relationship

Individuals with schizophrenia sometimes make up words that have meaning only for themselves. These words are called:

neologisms

A general understanding of the underlying nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal behavior is called

nomothetic

Clinical researchers are usually concerned with a(n) _____ understanding of abnormality, while practitioners focus on a(n) _____ understanding.

nomothetic; idiographic

The cluster of anxious personality disorders includes avoidant, dependent, and _____ personality disorders.

obsessive-compulsive

Because of similarities in presentation, people with illness anxiety disorder often receive the same kinds of treatments used to address symptoms of:

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Unipolar depression is depression that

occurs without periods of mania

Juanita has dissociative identity disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities is aware of the others. This would be called a:

one-way amnesic relationship

People with _____ have repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies in response to objects or situations that society deems inappropriate, and they may behave inappropriately as well.

paraphilias

Research shows that people recovering from severe symptoms of schizophrenia who receive _____ often function better and relapse less often than those who receive _____.

partial hospitalization; extended hospitalization

The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT:

past traumatic experiences

Memory problems that do not interfere with daily living are referred to as:

peculiarities of memory

An initial negative consequence of the somatogenic perspective on abnormality was that

people interpreted this perspective to mean that mental illness was always passed on to offspring.

Delusions of _____ are the most common type of delusions in schizophrenia.

persecution

The most common metabolic disorder to cause intellectual disability is:

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Dyspareunia in women usually has a _____ cause.

physical

The LEAST common predictor of suicide is:

physical illness

The ____ theoretical perspective suggests that suicide is caused by the loss of loved ones and self-directed aggression.

psychodynamic

Cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that the physical symptoms of hysterical disorders bring _____ to sufferers

rewards

An individual with a diagnosis of an odd personality disorder is MOST likely to have a parent or sibling who has:

schizophrenia

People with _____ personality disorder display a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

schizotypal

Humanists and existentialists both believe that psychological dysfunction results from:

self-deception

MAO inhibitors result in increases in the levels of:

serotonin and norepinephrine

The neurotransmitters associated with unipolar depression are:

serotonin and norepinephrine

Depression has been linked to low activity of the neurotransmitters _____ and _____.

serotonin; norepinephrine

The psychodynamic method that has been shown to significantly reduce the levels of anxiety, worry, and social difficulty of patients with generalized anxiety disorder is:

short-term psychodynamic therapy

"Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It's difficult to get a good job unless you're a computer genius." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder.

sociocultural

Some theorists believe that improper transport of _____ may cause neurons to fire too easily, resulting in mania.

sodium ions

Regarding emotions, the pattern common in bulimia from pre-binge, through binge, to post-binge is BEST described in sequence as

tension, powerlessness, shame

When a researcher unintentionally transmits his or her expectations about the outcome of the research to a research subject, it is termed

the Rosenthal effect.

Having a negative view of one's experiences, self, and the future is what Beck referred to as:

the cognitive triad

The main difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder is:

the duration of symptoms

The age group MOST likely to commit suicide in the United States is:

the elderly

To be classified as a major depressive episode, depression must last for at least:

two weeks

To receive a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:

two years

Sociocultural explanations of schizophrenia have the most difficulty in explaining:

what causes schizophrenia

Women are approximately _____ as likely as men to develop stress disorders.

twice

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of unipolar depression may include

reinforcing nondepressed behavior

The drug methylphenidate is classified as a(n):

stimulant