psych final

What is the minimum amount of time addicts should receive treatment if they are to achieve a desired outcome?

3 months

Which of the following illustrates the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk.

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish goals. The therapist acknowledges Marlena's feelings, restates what Marlena just said, and clarifies the feelings behind Marlena's statement. Which of the following does this situation illustrate?

Active listening

Which of the following has supported the idea that brain abnormalities are a cause of some psychological disorders?

Advancements in neural imaging technology

Which of the following groups has the highest risk of suicide?

Alcoholics

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.

Anxiety

Which of the following is the key characteristic of borderline personality disorder?

Anxiety about being alone

Which of the following statements about the relationship between stress and performance is true?

As stress levels increase from low to moderate, performance also increases.

Alma has a serious disease in which the airways of her respiratory system become obstructed, leading to great difficulty expelling air from the lungs. Which disease does Alma have?

Asthma

________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders.

Asylums

Which term describes behaviors that deviate from the norm?

Atypical

Which of the following can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes, raise cholesterol levels, and cause drowsiness and dizziness?

Atypical antipsychotics

Audra has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Who of the following has the greatest risk of developing schizophrenia?

Audra's twin sister

Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?

Autism spectrum disorder

Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is false?

Autism spectrum disorder involves feeling overwhelmed and sad for extended periods of time.

Which of the following uses an unpleasant stimulus to eliminate an addictive behavior?

Aversive conditioning

Which of the following would constitute a safety behavior?

Avoiding eye contact

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?

Becoming split off from one's core sense of self

Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

Behavior therapy

How does behavior therapy differ from psychoanalysis?

Behavior therapy uses principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into a client's unconscious.

Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing social anxiety disorder?

Behavioral inhibition

Which of the following defines the concept of perceived control?

Beliefs about the capacity to influence personal outcomes

Which of the following uses electronic equipment to help individuals develop stress-reducing strategies?

Biofeedback

________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary activity facilitates a level of voluntary control over these processes.

Biofeedback

Natalie is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose and spends hours trying to cover the barely noticeable freckles. Natalie recently declared that her nose is deformed, she is ugly, and she wants plastic surgery. Which of the following is a likely diagnosis for Natalie?

Body dysmorphic disorder

Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

Cognitive therapy

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

According to research, which of the following groups experienced the greatest increase in stress levels between 2006 and 2009?

College-educated, employed men

Which of the following is a behavior more often associated with men who have antisocial personality disorder than with women who have antisocial personality disorder?

Committing arson

Which of the following describes suicidal ideation?

Considering death by suicide

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?

Coping

Which term describes a therapist who can develop treatment strategies to address the needs of various populations?

Culturally competent

Which classification system is used by most U.S. mental health professionals?

DSM

Which of the following is the current classification system used by most mental health professionals in the United States?

DSM-5

According to the Holmes and Rahe scale, which life event requires the greatest amount of readjustment?

Death of spouse

Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease?

Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease.

The letters in the abbreviation DSM-5 stand for ________.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Which of the following is a criticism of the DSM-5?

Diagnostic criteria are too loose.

Which level of stress leads to burn out, fatigue, and exhaustion?

Distress

Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States?

Dorothea Dix

A patient diagnosed with a Cluster A personality disorder style most likely exhibits which of the following characteristics?

Eccentric personality

Which of the following is an example of a secondary appraisal of a stressor?

Ed believes he can end an argument with his wife by either apologizing or buying her a gift. He decides apologizing is more effective.

Owen, an adjunct professor in the Department of Fine Arts, applied for a full-time job recently, which he did not get. He tries to put this situation in a positive light, reminding himself that he will have more time to produce artwork if he is not working a full-time job. He also reminds himself that many of his artist friends are unemployed. Which type of coping approach is Owen using?

Emotion focused

What does research show regarding race and ethnic differences in those who receive mental health services?

Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle-class Americans.

Which term refers to a good kind of stress that is associated with positive feelings and optimal health?

Eustress

________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.

Eustress

At which stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to illness?

Exhaustion

According to the APA, which of the following is indicative of a psychological disorder?

Exhibiting functional impairment

According to DSM-5, what is the underlying cause of PTSD?

Extreme trauma

Which of the following is not an example of suicidal ideation?

Fearing death

Which of the following describes depersonalization?

Feeling robotic

Jade hears a noise and turns to find a rattlesnake near her foot. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. Which term describes Jade's reaction?

Fight-or-flight response

Jay was severely injured last year in a building fire that resulted in multiple fatalities. Periodically, Jay will have such vivid memories of the fire that he believes the event is occurring at that moment. Which term best describes what happens to Jay?

Flashback

________ is a state of intense engagement in an activity; it is usually experienced while participating in creative work and leisure endeavors.

Flow

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?

Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

In which of the following anxiety disorders is the person in a continuous state of excessive, pointless worry and apprehension?

Generalized anxiety disorder

Which of the following is the most likely cause of ADHD?

Genetic and neurological factors

Which of the following is an example of flight of ideas?

Gilbert talks loudly and quickly, switching topics rapidly.

According to the APA, which of the following is a characteristic of a psychological disorder?

Having disturbances that cause considerable distress

Which of the following characterizes bipolar disorder?

Having moods that alternate from one extreme to the other

Which of the following factors is a primary contributor to job strain?

Heavy workload

Which of the following is the likely diagnosis of an individual who accumulates excessive amounts of worthless items?

Hoarding disorder

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?

How you think determines how you feel.

Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate the thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using?

Humanistic therapy

Which of the following strives to help people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves?

Humanistic therapy

Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor?

Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.

Which of the following is the preoccupation of an individual with body dysmorphic disorder?

Imagined physical flaws

Which of the following best explains the significant increase in autism diagnoses in the United States?

Improved knowledge of the disorder

Dorothea Dix focused her efforts on which of the following groups?

Indigent insane patients

Which of the following is a benefit of group therapy?

It can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem.

Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder?

It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Which of the following illustrates a flashback?

Jeff was in a motorcycle accident. Now, when he hears loud noises he relives the accident.

Colby is talking with his wife, Shayla, when Shayla starts crying. Colby immediately assumes that Shayla wants a divorce. What kind of cognitive distortion does this situation illustrate?

Jumping to conclusions

Which of the following is a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?

Lack of regard for others' rights and lack of remorse over misdeeds

According to research, which of the following is a long-term issue associated with ADHD?

Less likely to earn a college degree

Which of the following is determined by the diathesis-stress model?

Likelihood of having a psychological disorder

Which of the following has the potential to be diagnosed with peripartum onset depression?

Maggie, a woman who just gave birth to twins

For which of the following tasks is the ICD used more frequently than the DSM?

Making clinical diagnoses

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory?

Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.

Which term refers to the tendency to experience distressed emotional states involving anger, guilt, and fear?

Negative affectivity

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD?

Orbitofrontal cortex

Which of the following illustrates the diathesis-stress model?

Ozzie is genetically predisposed toward depression but did not have depression until his parents died.

________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.

Paranoid

According to research, which of the following is correlated with a reduction in drug usage among teenage substance abusers?

Parental involvement

How does positive affect differ from optimism?

Positive affect involves feeling states, whereas optimism involves expectations.

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders?

Possessing excessive, persistent fear

Which type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail?

Primary

Bret, who recently lost his job, is handling the stress by searching for a new position every day, updating his resume, and eliminating nonessentials from his budget to reduce his monthly expenses. Which type of coping approach is Bret using?

Problem focused

Which term refers to an early minor indicator of psychosis?

Prodromal symptom

A school counselor leads a support group for children whose parents have cancer. During the sessions, the counselor defines cancer, discusses treatments and side effects, and explains how the children can develop coping mechanisms. Which of the following does this situation illustrate?

Psycho-educational treatment

Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

When asked a question, Mario answers very slowly and in a monotone voice. Which term describes Mario's behavior?

Psychomotor retardation

Which of the following illustrates paranoid personality disorder?

Raj is unjustifiably suspicious and mistrustful of his coworkers.

According to research, which of the following reduces the likelihood of PTSD?

Receiving social support

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?

Repetitive thoughts and urges

Which demographic category reported the least amount of stress during 1983, 2006, and 2009?

Retired people

Jack typically wears bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to himself. Which of the following does this illustrate?

Safety behavior

Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. With which of the following disorders is Veena living?

Schizophrenia

Which of the following contributes to tension headaches?

Sleep deprivation

Kara, who was recently diagnosed with cancer, receives phone calls, home visits, meals, and financial help from her friends and family. Which of the following terms describes what Kara's friends and family provide?

Social support

A young man believes that ants are crawling inside his brain. Which symptom of schizophrenia does this describe?

Somatic delusion

Which of the following describes major depressive disorder?

Spending weeks feeling sad, empty, and hopeless

For Burt, who has claustrophobia, a small dark room creates a small amount of fear, a stairwell creates a bit more fear, and an elevator creates the most fear. Burt's therapist induces deep relaxation and asks him to imagine a small dark room. Gradually, they will work up to having Burt imagine being in an elevator. What aspect of exposure therapy is this?

Stimulus hierarchy

What kind of family therapy involves the therapist guiding the therapy session and developing treatment plans for each family member's specific problem?

Strategic

Which of the following involves helping a family address a specific problem in a short time frame?

Strategic family therapy

During the 16th and 17th centuries, cases of mental illness were attributed to which of the following?

Supernatural forces

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?

Systematic desensitization

Emotion-focused coping would likely be a better method than problem-focused coping for dealing with which of the following stressors?

Terminal cancer

Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress?

The immune system is weakened.

Which component of happiness is realized by contributing to the greater good?

The meaningful life

Which of the following is at risk for peripartum onset depression?

The mother of a newborn

What happens during an intake?

The therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs, such as the presenting problem, the client's support system, and insurance status. The therapist informs the client about confidentiality, fees, and what to expect in a therapy session.

What is one reason that more affluent individuals may experience better health?

They tend to believe they can personally control and manage their reaction to life's stressors.

Which of the following is an example of eustress?

Training for a marathon

Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush.

Type A

Which of the following illustrates the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

Tyrique nearly falls from a tree but grabs a branch and focuses on getting down safely.

Which of the following was advocated by Philippe Pinel?

Unchaining mentally ill patients

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be nonjudgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

Unconditional positive regard

Which of the following characterizes derealization?

Unfamiliarity with the surrounding world

Lexi cannot control her impulses to pull out her hair. Her friend Paul suggests that she see a therapist, and Lexi agrees. She gets a referral from her primary care physician for a therapist and begins seeing Dr. Clark four times a month. What kind of treatment does this describe?

Voluntary

A woman diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder would most likely engage in which of the following behaviors?

Washing her hands every 10 minutes during the day

Which of the following specific phobias is a fear of strangers?

Xenophobia

Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization?

You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.

Clifford falsely believes that the police have planted secret cameras in his home to monitor his every movement. Clifford's belief is an example of ________.

a delusion

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing ________.

a dissociative fugue

A stressor is likely to be considered a threat when someone ________.

anticipates that it could lead to harm

Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________.

antidepressants

Today, most people with psychological problems are not hospitalized. Typically, they are only hospitalized if they ________.

are an imminent threat to themselves or others

People with borderline personality disorder often ________.

are impulsive and unpredictable

Research indicates that the symptoms of OCD ________.

are related to hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex

Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.

being outside the home alone

Dr. Anastasia believes that major depressive disorder is caused by an over-secretion of cortisol. His view on the cause of major depressive disorder reflects a ________ perspective.

biological

Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy.

biomedical

Mood stabilizers, such as lithium, are used to treat ________.

bipolar disorder

The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.

can perform miracles

Etiology refers to the ________ of a psychological disorder.

causes

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding."

change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural"

Experts believe that OCD is first acquired through ________.

classical conditioning

In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________.

client says whatever comes to mind at the moment

Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy.

client-centered

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

cognitive

The idea behind ________ is that how you think determines how you feel and act.

cognitive therapy

The primary therapeutic orientation used in couples counseling is ________.

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Studies of British civil servants have found that those in the lowest status jobs are much more likely to develop heart disease than those who have high status jobs. These findings attest to the importance of ________ in dealing with stress.

control over their jobs

Exposure therapy is a ________ technique.

counterconditioning

Aversive conditioning is a ________.

counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior

The sociocultural perspective looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your ________.

culture and background

Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are examples of ________.

daily hassles

The process of closing large asylums and providing for people to stay in the community to be treated locally is known as ________.

deinstitutionalization

During medieval times, a person who behaved abnormally was believed to be ________.

demon possessed

Anti-anxiety agents work by ________.

depressing central nervous system activity

A mental health professional with cultural competence is able to ________.

develop strategies for patients of various ethnicities

Dissociative identity disorder mainly involves ________.

different personalities

One of the primary characteristics of autism spectrum disorder is ________.

difficulty relating to others

Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.

dissociative identity

Antisocial personality disorder is associated with ________.

emotional deficits

Carson enjoys writing mystery novels and has even managed to publish some of his work. When he's writing, Carson becomes extremely focused on his work; in fact, he becomes so absorbed that he often loses track of time, often staying up well past 3 a.m. Carson's experience best illustrates the concept of ________.

flow

Paolo is a writer and when he sits down in front of his computer, he can write for hours, forgetting to eat and ignoring his phone because he is intensely engaged in writing. While he is writing, Paolo is experiencing ________.

flow

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________.

forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart

Clay is in a therapy session. The therapist asks him to relax and say whatever comes to his mind at the moment. This therapist is using ________, which is a technique of ________.

free association; psychoanalysis

Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.

generalized anxiety disorder

According to Rachman, all of the following are learning pathways for phobias except ________.

genetic disposition

A treatment modality in which five to 10 people with the same issue or concern meet together with a trained clinician is known as ________.

group therapy

Suicide rates are ________ among men than among women, and they are ________ during the winter holiday season than during the spring months.

higher; lower

The most lethal dimension of Type A behavior pattern seems to be ________.

hostility

A study of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia found that the adoptees were most likely to develop schizophrenia ________.

if they were raised in a disturbed adoptive home environment

Joey was convicted of domestic violence. As part of his sentence, the judge has ordered that he attend therapy for anger management. This is considered ________ treatment.

involuntary

Taylor is a social worker. He is overworked, his caseload is overwhelming, and he no longer believes that what he does on a day-to-day basis has any real impact or improves anyone's life. Taylor is probably suffering from ________.

job burnout

Patterns of inner experience and behavior are thought to reflect the presence of a psychological disorder if they ________.

lead to significant distress and impairment in one's life

The white blood cells that attack foreign invaders to the body are called ________.

lymphocytes

A 2007 study based on more than 9,000 U.S. residents found that the most prevalent disorder among women was ________.

major depressive disorder

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.

meditation

Dissociative amnesia involves ________.

memory loss following stress

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

According to neurobiological theories, the locus coeruleus may be a contributing factor to ________.

panic disorder

Common symptoms of major depressive disorder include all of the following except ________.

periods of extreme elation and euphoria

According to research, older Korean Americans view depression as a(n) _________.

personal weakness

Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.

phobia

The research of Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe evaluated the connection between life stressors and ________.

physical illness

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

play therapy

Optimism is a tendency toward a(n) ________.

positive outlook and positive expectations

Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________.

process of closing large asylums

Schizophrenia is considered a(n) ________ disorder.

psychotic

John was drug-free for almost six months. Then he started hanging out with his addict friends, and he has now started abusing drugs again. This is an example of ________.

relapse

Repeated drug or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________.

relapse

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.

severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________.

social support

A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________.

stressor

Relative to those with low levels of social support, individuals with high levels of social support ________.

tend to tolerate stress well

Comorbidity is defined as ________.

the co-occurrence of two disorders

Between 2006 and 2009, the greatest increases in stress levels were found to occur among ________

those aged 45-64

What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy?

thoughts affect behavior

The diathesis-stress model presumes that psychopathology results from ________.

vulnerability and adverse experiences