PSYCH FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2

50. Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________.

Automatic

39. What is comorbidity?

Co-occurrence of two disorders

16. Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Denial

44. A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script.

Event

Cannon-Bard theory

Maintains that emotional experience occurs simultaneous to and independent of physiological arousal.

1. Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________

Negative Reinforcement

12. Self-efficacy is ________.

Our level of confidence in our own abilities

25. When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________.

Person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

17. What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

33. Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.

Phobia

Atkinson-Shiffrin (A-s) model of memory

Sensory Memory = Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, & tastes. Short-term Memory (STM) (Working Memory) = Temporary storage system processes incoming sensory memory. Long-term Memory (LTM) = Continuous storage of information. Has no limits

40. Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________.

Sexist

5. Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

Shaping

18. Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

26. What is a social role?

Socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

28. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hostile aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain.

The word "hostile" should be changed to the word "instrumental."

41. From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

Thinking

Motivation

To engage in a given behavior can come from internal and/or external factors.

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs

model that shows the relationship among multiple motives that range from lower-level physiological needs to the very high level of self-actualization.

Baddeley and Hitch

suggest there is more of a feedback loop between short-term memory and long-term memory

Memory

A system or process that stores what we learn for future use

The hypothalamus & Structures of the limbic system

Are important in sexual behavior and motivation.

James-Lange theory

Asserts that emotions arise as a function of physiological arousal.

27. A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.

Attitude

48. Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

Availability Heuristic

6. Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

Baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

21. Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following is an example of a situation that might influence behavior?

Being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting

Limbic System

Brain's emotional circuit, which includes the amygdala and the hippocampus.

Strong emotional experiences

Can trigger the release of neurotransmitters, as well as hormones, which strengthen memory, so that memory for an emotional event is usually stronger than memory for a non-emotional event.

38. Etiology is another word for ________.

Causes

36. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding."

Change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural"

29. Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.

Cognitive Dissonance

42. ________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

Concepts

31. A psychological disorder is a ________.

Condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

8. Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

Conditioned Response

47. Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

Confirmation

Lazarus (1991)

Developed the cognitive-mediational theory that asserts our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus. This appraisal mediates between the stimulus and the emotional response, and it is immediate and often unconscious

32. The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.

Diathesis-Stress

Three Basic Functions

Encoding = Involves the input of information into the memory system. Storing = Retention of the encoded information. Retrieving Information = Getting the information out of memory and back into awareness

14. A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

External; internal

15. The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

Five FActor Model

45. Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

Functional Fixedness

22. Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.

Fundamental attribution error

Bandura

Postulated that our sense of self-efficacy motivates behaviors, and there are a number of theories that focus on a variety of social motives.

4. In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Punishment

20. After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Regression

43. A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

Schema

23. Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.

Self-Serving Bias

49. Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

Spatial

30. Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.

Stereotypes

10. If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

Stimulus Discrimation

Emotions

Subjective experiences that consist of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal

Schachter-Singer two factor theory

Suggests that physiological arousal receives cognitive labels as a function of the relevant context and that these two factors together result in an emotional experience

9. Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

Taste Aversion

11. ________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

Trait

51. Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

3. In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

Neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

7. Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

Observation

46. An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.

One piece of information versus all of the information

34. Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.

Organizing the books

35. Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?

Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

Engram

Group of neurons that serve as the "physical representation of memory"

Proactive Interference

Happens when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information.

Mnemonic devices, rehearsal, self-referencing, and adequate sleep

Help you to study more effectively.

Amygdala

Helps determine what memories to store, and it plays a part in determining where the memories are stored based on whether we have a strong or weak emotional response to the event.

19. Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

Id

2. If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

Increases

13. A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

Inferiority

24. Which of the following best defines the Asch effect?

Influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment

37. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The stress model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress."

Insert the word "diathesis-" before the first appearance of the word "stress"

Our memory

Is flexible & prone to many errors

Cerebellum's job

Is to process procedural memories

Hippocampus

Is where new memories are encoded