psych mid term

What was the most controversial conclusion made by Arthur Jensen with regard to Level 1 and Level II intelligence?

African Americans, as a group, had the lowest amount of Level II intelligence.

Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool - an intelligence test, of sorts - that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have difficulty in school?

Alfred Binet

Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species?

Carl Jung

What was the name of the test developed by Adrian Dove to illustrate culture bias in intelligence tests at the time?

Chitlin's Test

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.

The American Psychological Association

When considering the wavelength of a radio wave - like the kind you hear when listening to music as you drive along - you would be correct to think that the size is this wave is about as long as

a building

Clive Wearing developed _____ amnesia after running a high fever due to encephalitis.

anterograde

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics.

artifical

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) ?

kicking and punching while sleeping

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content.

latent

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of

personality

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and

random sampling; random group assignment

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory.

recogntion

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.

developmental

Which of the following is not a part sympathetic activation during the fight or flight response?

digestion functions become more active

Pavlov Conditioning

dogs

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine; norepinephrine

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.

evolutionary psychologists

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory.

explicit

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception;sensation

Recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) has found that the capacity of working memory is how many units of information?

4 plus or minus 1

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Francis Cecil Sumner

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

Which school of thinking in psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of

Gestalt psychology

What was the overall result of Lashley's research that sought out the engram of human memory?

He found no evidence that an engram actual exists.

Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Humanism

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

Tolman

Latent learning

Watson

Little Albert

Which famous female psychologist completed all of the requirements for a doctorate in psychology but was denied that degree because of her sex?

Mary Whiton Calkins

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Müller-Lyer

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert STernberg

What should be changed to make the following statement true? Jean Piaget is famous for his theories regarding changes in emotional ability that occur as we move from infancy to adulthood.

The word "emotional" should be changed to the word "cognitive."

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?

Who studied the brain using the Montreal Procedure?

Wilder Penfield

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig?

Wilhelm Wundt

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

acoustic

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

acquisition and extinction

Who founded individual psychology?

adler

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Bandura

bob doll

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

broca's area

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

_______ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

Jung believed dreams helped us tap into the _____._ unconscious

collective

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

Ravon is deaf. He was born without the ability to hear, and has never experienced an auditory stimulus. When people write using "sound" type words like "loud," "soft," and "quiet," he sometimes has difficulty understanding what they are trying to convey. Ravon has ________ deafness.

congenital

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?

congenital analgesia

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.

conscientiousness

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

Binet's intelligence test showed ______ bias.

culture

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

What is the confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation

forensic

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

Mescaline is considered a(n) ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher;louder

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don't actively think about while you're riding. You just sort of "do it" without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory.

implicit

Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it. This research protocol demonstrates which concept?

inattentional blindness

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell.

increase

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

indirect

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

inter-rater reliability

One example of ________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.

lateralization

thorndike

law of effect

In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens; fovea

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

Frank has mastered the ability to know when he is dreaming, take charge of it, and wake himself up. This is called

lucid dreaming

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(n) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

The effect Dr. Elizabeth Loftus identified as contributing to false memory syndrome is _____

misinformation effect

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.

musical

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

narcolepsy

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

narcolepsy

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

nociception

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.

only the right visual field

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you won't forget it. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

relearning

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.

reliabilty

The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.

replication crisis

Dr. Elizabeth Loftus studies the phenomena of _____ memories.

repressed

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS.

rescorla

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Nikki was walking around a department store shopping one day, and did not realize that the shirt she was wearing looked just like the shirts worn by employees. When a stranger asked, "do you work here," she thought it was funny. The other customers' assumption that Nikki was a store employee demonstrates the Gestalt principle of _______.

similarity

Which of the following senses is not first routed through the thalamus?

smell

Crack is regarded as more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smoakble; so it reaches the brain more quickly.

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

stimulus genealization

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe.

temporal

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental process that underlie behavior

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies?

top-down

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________.

webers law