Psych Midterm
Even some of our memories and our basic motivations are not always accessible to our conscious minds
Freud's subconscious
Researchers start with an observational field study to identify an effect in the real world, follow up with lab experimentation to verify the effect and isolate the causal mechanisms, return to field research to corroborate their experimental Findings
Full-cycle Psychology
A study that follow the same people over a long period of time (Weeks, months, etc)
Longitudinal Studies
Anxious-resistant
Lorna is a romantic relationship with Nicki. She often worries that Nicki doesn't really want to be with her and that her desire to be close to her is scaring her away. Based on the "Attachment Through the Life Course" reading, which of the following BEST describes Lorna's attachment style in adulthood?
a lack of nurturing results in low IQ and slow emotional development
Romanian orphan study of the 1960's-1990's proves
a voltage-dependent Na+ channel to open
When the cell becomes depolarized and reaches the ToE, this causes
puberty
adolescence is associated with a surge of hormones, due to..
Starting with puberty, ending with transition to adulthood (10-20)
adolescence is defined as
risky behaviors
adolescence is synonymous with
Produce hormones, sit above kidneys, 6-7 years old, DHEA, Responsible for some or earliest puberty changes, sweat/odor
adrenal glands
the hypothalamus
both puberty hormonal processes are regulated by
estrogen
bpa mimics the effects of
sodium
cell membrane not very permeable to ____ at rest
potassium, chloride
cell membrane very permeable to _____ at rest
the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system is made up
a lifelong tendency to overreact to a threat
chronic early exposure to vasopression could create...
influenced by amount of daylight to which you are exposed, work and activity schedule
circadian rhythm
Process of Learning Any skill, knowledge, or behavior that you require from experience
classical conditioning
elicits/emits
classical conditioning ____ a response while operant conditoning ____ a response
involuntary/voluntary
classical conditioning refers to ___ behavior while operant conditioning refers to ____ behavior
Hour governs the beginning and end of activities
clock time
fluid-filled, Snail-shell-like bone structure containging auditory hair cells
cochlea
division of the vestibucochlear nerve
cochlear nerve
-1 to 1
correlation is a number that ranges from...
Largest part of brain, Wrapping around side of brain
cortex
vision processing in primary visual cortex, Some for faces (fusiform face area), Some or body parts (extrastriate body area)
cortical regions
Type of Glucocorticoid, Steroid hormone, Carb metabolism, Stress response
cortisol
stress hormone, primes body to respond to threat/stress
cortisol
1968
creation of the Association of Black Psychologists (ABPsi)
Abilities that develop and accrue through experience/schooling - ( Environment knowledge, Vocabulary, Relationship similarities)
crystalized intelligence
significant sensory information, a stimulus that has a particular significance to the perceiver
cues
force on molecules to move from areas of high concentration to low concentration
diffusion
inside
diffusion pushes Cl- ____ inside because of high concentration outside
outside
diffusion pushes K+ ____ of cell because of high concentrations inside
inside, outside
diffusion pushes Na+ ___ cell because of high concentration ____
costly
disadvantage of longitudinal studies
objects that are further away on the ground are higher up in the field of view, up to the horizon
height in the field of view cues
part of limbic system, Related to formation of new memories / Short term to long term memory / Still developing in early childhood / Takes until 3 or 4 to remember
hippocampus
Individuals have explore options and made identity commitments
identity achievement
Adolescents neither explore nor commit to any identities
identity diffusion
it must be close
if an object is very different between one and the other,
get out of bed when you can't sleep!
if you have insomnia, it's best to _____
you're probably pretty good at others
if you're intelligent in one area/at one skill..
higher social skills and creativity
imaginary friends are correlated with....
one of the ossicles, the hammer
malleus
Financial independence, Marriage, parenthood
markers of the end of adolescence
the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities
phrenology
franz gall
phrenology was founded by
large fundamental change
qualitative changes
timbre, Complexity of a sound wave, (Bright/dull)
quality
Scientific discipline in which similarities among individuals are analyzed based on how biologically related they are
quantitaive genetics
gradual incremental changes
quantitative changes
Assigning participants to receive different conditions of an experiment by chance, Makes groups, on average, similar on all characteristics except where Manipulated, ONLY difference between groups should be independent variable
random assignment
experience poor parental monitoring and supervision, aspects of parenting that become more salient during adolescence
those who experience aggresion and antisocial behavior later in life are theorized to...
avoidant
those with _____ attachment style will spend less time on facebook
unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
three main categories of neurons
body fat (better nutrition, body can change earlier), artificial light (hormones ramped up), clear plastic water bottles (BPA mimics effects of estrogen)
three theories for why puberty happens earlier these days
keep a dream journal by the bed
to become more aware of dreams....
auditory hair cell organization, organization according to frequency responded to
tonotopic organization
motor fuinction malfunction
too little dopamine is associated with
schizophrenia
too much dopamine is associated with
Released from presynaptic terminal button, travel across the synaptic gap, activate ion channels on postsynaptic spine by binding to receptor sites
what do synaptic vesicles do
pctorial, linear perspective, height in field of view, familiar size, shadows
what cues allow us to detect 3 dimensions
Taking in information from other neurons/cells (skin, ears, eyes, etc)
what do dendrites do
Place at which axon of one neuron comes in close contact to the dendrite of another neuron
synapse
Package together groups of chemicals (neurotransmitters)
synaptic vesicles
developing a dislike for a taste/odor after getting sick from it
taste aversion conditioning
physical exercise, learning new things
techniques to "deter" aging
secure, anxious-resistant, avoidant
the attachment patterns
at greater risk for long-term antisocial behavior that extends to adulthood
those who begin aggresion and antisocial behavior early are...
Hormones can influence behavior, Behavior can sometimes influence hormone concentrations
what does it mean that hormones/behavior are bidirectional
breath, heart beat, food response, rest, sleep, no conscious awareness\
what does the cerebellum do
separates the cell from surrounding extracellular fluid
what does the neural cell membrane do
forms synapses with spines (protrusions) on the dendrites of other neurons
what does the terminal button do
males
who is more susceptible to pathological behavior following a lack of early love
ethan thorndike, bf skinner
who is responsible for instrumental/operant conditioning
ethan thorndike
who is responsible for the law of effect
Graded events that maky take seconds, minutes, hours to occur, Mediate long term processes (Growth, Development, Reproduction, Metabolism)
why are Hormonal messages are analog
interests of academic psychologists
APA represents...
adenosine triphosphate, cell energy
ATP
The participant's mood rating on a 10-point scale after the experiment.
If a nutritionist conducted a study examining the effects of sodium on mood, which of the following would be the DEPENDENT variable?
computer reaction time test that measures a person's automatic associations with concepts
Implicit associations Test (IAT)
behavior getting closer and closer to the behavior you want
Successive approximation
We respond strongly to multimodal stimuli than to the sum of each single modality together
Superadditive effect of multisensory integration
Questionnaires, Lower cost. Typically for correlational research
Surveys
a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
Synapse
Subscribing to a regular bedtime routine.
Tamir hasn't slept well in months. According to the "ABCs of ZZZZs" which of the following would be the BEST thing for him to try?
Sweet Salty Sour Bitter Umami (savory)
Tastants contained in foods
Taste buds are small divots around "buds" on tongue
Taste Receptor cells
feminization
a lack of exposure to androgens early in life which leads to ____ of the brain
People who retain memory ability, Brain gets smaller at a slower rate
superagers
Suite of responses in body that regulate arousal (Dilated pupils, Heart beating faster, Blood and sugar to muscles), Nervous system reactions that upregulate arousal When we're under stress
sympathetic nervous system
out of the spinal cord, in the rest of the body (not brain and spinal cord)
the peripheral nervous system is located
decision-making, Planing, Inhibition, Social interaction, Understanding others, self-awareness
the prefrontal cortex is involved in
3-4 months/decade
the puberty age has decreased at a rate of ____ since the 19th ce
-70 mV
the resting membrane potential is charged at approximately
Research on animals and how they might try to escape puzzle boxes, Cats
thorndike
dopamine
use of drugs (heroine, cocaine) desensitizes neurons to
neuropeptide
vasopressin
protein/peptide hormones, Increases water reabsorption in kidney and affects learning/memory
vasopressin
love
vasopressin is neccessary for ....
Named after James Flynn, When waves of people are asked to take older tests, they outperform the original sample from years ago on which the test was normed
"Flynn Effect"
influenced by current value of associated goal
"Goal directed" behavior
Charles Spearman proposed idea that intelligence was one thing, a general factor. Observed that people who perform well in one intellectual area (verbal ability) perform in another (reasoning)
"g"
1832 - 1920 promoted idea that psychology could be an experimental field, 1875 - university of liepzig, 1879 - ESTABLISHES SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY WITH LAB EXPERIENCE, trains students to offer self-reports, INTROSPECTION, goal to ID elements of consciousness Mental Chronometry - reaction time 1883 - First Psych Lab in US
1832 - 1920 promoted idea that psychology could be an experimental field, 1875 - university of liepzig, 1879 - ESTABLISHES SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY WITH LAB EXPERIENCE, trains students to offer self-reports after listening to a ticking clock, INTROSPECTION, goal to ID elements of consciousness Mental Chronometry - reaction time 1883 - First Psych Lab in US
reproductive, surivavl
2 large classes of evolutionary adaptations
how much do we nature/nurture, are there qualitatively distinct stages
2 main q's at the heart of each cognitive development theory
intrasexual competition, intersexual selection
2 processess of sexual selection theory
rods and cones
2 types of eyeball cells
Monozygotic (single zygote), dizygotic (two eggs, two sperm)
2 types of twins
Strata i, ii, iii
3 levels of Carroll's intelligence
dendrites, soma, axon
3 main parts of a neuron
attention, retention, initiation, motivation
4 aspects of social learning theory
1. systematic observation 2. observation leading to testable hypotheses 3. science is democratic 4. science is cumulative
4 elements of science
frontal (front) , occipital (back) parietal (top of head) , temporal (near ears)
4 lobes of the cortex
1. Informed Consent 2. Confidentiality 3. Privacy 4. Benefits (participants should be aware of risks involved) 5. Deception (if deception necessary, participant must be de briefed)
5 elements of psychology code of ethics
Age of Identity Explorations, age of instability, self-focused age, age of feeling in-between, age of possibilities
5 features of emerging adulthood
Past Negative - aversion orientation towards past, Past Positive - nostalgia, Present Hedonistic - party today!, Present Fatalistic - helpless attitudeFuture - planning for the future, Future transcendental - recognizing the future is beyond death
6 temporal frames (Zimbardo and Boyd)
aggressive
Androgens promote more ____ behavior
People living in remote, rural areas.
A New York City-based researcher recruits participants for her study by advertising on the subway. Her results are probably LEAST generalizable to:
testing predictions/hypotheses
A key aspect of psychological research is:
People who are less aggressive eat more pickles than do people who are more aggressive.
A researcher discovers a NEGATIVE correlation between the number of pickles eaten and aggression. Which of the following can she conclude?
A decreased sensitivity to strong light.
A scientist injects lab mice with a chemical that targets and destroys bipolar neurons. Based on the "Neurons" reading, which of the following symptoms would the mice MOST likely exhibit after being injected?
a channel that opens, allowing ions to enter or exit the cell, depending upon when the cell reaches a particular membrane potential
A voltage-dependent ion channel
those in education, industry, consulting, clinical work
AAAP serves...
WWII
APA and AAAP merged after
Sandra, who has a high IQ and lives in an affluent apartment building with a gym and organic grocery store allowing for healthy habits.
According to In the Expert's Chair with Dr. Elliot Tucker-Drob, which of the following is an accurate illustration of the impact of lQ on later health?
Mijka, who knows the meaning of many obscure words.
According to the "Intelligence" reading and lecture, which of the following individuals LEAST exhibits a high level of fluid intelligence?
It duplicates all their happy genes so they have extra pairs.
According to the "Leaving your Lamarck" podcast and the Expert's Chair with Dr. Champagne, which of the following is the LEAST accurate description of the effect of mother's licking on their pups?
Tapping a key as soon as you see an approaching stimulus enter your field of peripheral vision.
According to the "Sensation & Perception" reading, which of the following is the BEST example of signal detection?
A rapid, brief electrical current that pulses down the length of an axon to transmit a nerve impulse Either have signal or don't
Action Potential
100 mV
Action potential change in voltage
dreams are totally random, brain firing randomly
Activation Synthesis Model
easiest opportunity to observe how genes/environment work together, Genes not coming from environment/parentsr
Adoption Study
Who knows you better than you? You actually know how you feel, Versatile(Psychological states, beliefs, IQ, knowledge, etc.)
Advantages of the self report
primary somatosensory cortex
After Mechanoreceptors, touch signals sent through thalamus to
Alarmingly low levels of testosterone.
After a skateboarding accident, an MRI reveals Monish has damage to his hypothalamus. According to "The Brain and Nervous System," which of the following symptoms is he MOST likely to display following this brain injury?
Which traits his genes code for, which can then be used to predict his behaviors
After seeing this week's Psychology in the News segment, Matthias wants to have his genetic information analyzed. According to Psychology in the News, which of the following will he MOST likely learn from his saliva test?
It will likely have a positive impact on her performance both in her current class and next semester physics class as well.
Agatha is taking a physics class and her professor has decided to utilize repeated testing. Based on the Learning Lecture's Psychology in the News, which of the following best describes how this will likely affect Agatha's performance?
loss of ability to perceive visual stimuli, due to damage to cortical regions
Agnosia
GABA
Alcohol mimics the effects of
1857-1911, Developed modern intelligence tests, Goal was to develop a test that would identify schoolchildren in need of educational Support
Alfred Binet
Created individual test items with partner Theodore Simon to test intellectual capacity, First IQ test (intelligence quotient), Binet-Simon test, Divide child's mental age by chronological age to create overall quotient
Alfred Binet
Having her teammate reward her with a high five every time she makes a shot.
Aliza is using observational learning to improve her basketball jump shot. According to the Conditioning and Learning reading, which of the following is NOT an important part of this learning?
A mother scolds her 3-year-old for knocking his plate off the table.
All of the following activities are associated with the production of the neuropeptide oxytocin EXCEPT:
redesigned cockpit controls of aircraft to make them less confusing and easier to respond to
Alphonse chapanis
ECG, blood pressure, "sweat response" machine
Ambulatory Assessment
part of limbic system - FEAR response (ptsd, anxiety disorder)
Amygdala
hormone receptors
Any hormone can influence only cells that have specific
1917
Applied Psychologists organized to create standards for education, training, licensure
something that's approximately the behavior you want
Approximation
enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens
Aromatase
Low levels of sympathetic nervous system activity, indicating a low level of stress while he gave his answers.
Arthur took a lie detector test and it was determined that he was telling the truth. Based on What's Cooking in the Lab?, what was MOST likely to have been observed?
In one condition, students were NOT multitasking.
As a result of the in-class experiment, we were able to conclude that multitasking has a negative effect on attention. Which of the following study design elements contributed MOST to this causal determination?
John Bowlby, Notices that child explores/plays from secure base (Around mother)
Attachment System
The process of shining a spotlight on one thing so that we can make sense of it, enter into abstract thought, use info
Attention
Someone saying her name across the room
Aubrey is engaged in a conversation at a party. According to What's Cooking in the Lab on the cocktail party effect, which of the following is MOST likely to catch her attention and make her turn around?
An example of error management theory People overestimate how close objects are when sound is moving toward them)
Auditory looming bias
Long extension coming out of body, Connects to next neuron (or other cell, muscle cell, etc.), Can be some of the longest cells in the human body, Brain to spine down leg to toes
Axon
Flicka, a 13-year-old who has registered for the studio art, computer science, and volleyball electives so she can explore multiple hobbies.
Based on the "Adolescent Development" reading, which of the following examples of identity development BEST describes the MORATORIUM status?
Being able to symbolically represent the family, house, and pets in a handmade drawing.
Based on the "Cognitive Development in Childhood" Reading, which of the following BEST exemplifies the preoperational reasoning Piagetian stage?
Elliot, a father who agrees to let his teenage son go out on a weeknight as long as he is back by 11 PM.
Based on the "Developing Parent" reading, which of the following individuals BEST exemplifies the interdependent stage of parenthood?
Claudia, who identifies herself as a very spiritual being; her goals are designed with her soul's eternal well-being in mind.
Based on the "Time and Culture" reading, which is the best example of "Future Transcendental" temporal orientation?
Olga, who is mobile and has fallen off a swing multiple times.
Based on the Psychology in the News segment on fear maturation, which baby would have the STRONGEST fear response to being on the edge of a cliff?
Malone, who didn't steal a bike because he had no use for it.
Based on the Psychology in the News segment on moral development, who is 5-year-old Saskia likely to judge as MOST moral?
Trina, a 14-year-old girl who is good at following directions.
Based on what you learned about conscientiousness during What's Cooking in the Lab?, who would find it MOST difficult to inhibit their impulses and think before they act?
unconditioned + unconditioned
Before Conditioning there's a(n) ____ stimulus that elicits a(n) _____ response
Scientific study of the interaction between hormones and behavior
Behavioral Endocrinology
Science of how genes and environments work together to influence behavior
Behavioral Genetics
Early 20th Century, John B. Watson (1878-1958), & B. F. Skinner (1904-1990), Rejected any reference to mind and viewed overt and observable behavior as the proper subject matter of psychology, Hoped that laws of learning could be derived that could predict/control behavior, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Classical conditioning Supported idea that learning & behavior controlled by events in the environment and could be explained without reference to mind or consciousness, Dominated American Psych for decades
Behaviorism
Studying external behavior and trying to look at objective parts
Behaviorism
all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning. Thus, behavior is simply a response to environmental stimuli.
Behaviorist Psychology is the theory that....
more trustworthy
Bigger sample =
At the age of 25, Blake is the most conscientious that he will ever be.
Blake is 25 years old, and realizes that he is more responsible and goal-oriented than he was when he was 20. Which of the following is LEAST likely true?
animal learns to associate one CS with US - Bell paired with presentation of foodSecond stimulus (light) added alongside Bell w/ fod, Animal already learned bell association, doesn't learn light -> food, Bell BLOCKS light
Blocking
The first time you eat or hear a band, When we build up to perception from individual pieces
Bottom-Up Processing
1949, Launched doctoral training in psych, Produced Scientist-Practitioner model of training
Boulder Conference on Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology
1867-1927 Student of Wundt's, Brought brand of experimental psych to America STRUCTURALISM - Interested in the contents of the mind Studied Adult Minds (Excluded mental deficiencies, children, animals)
Bradford Titchener
model of selective attnetion, Donald Broadbent, People select info on basis of physical features (sensory channel, pitch, color or font of visual message), Certain info doesn't make it past the filter, into analysis/short term memory
Broadbent's Filter Model
left side of brain, related to speech
Broca's Area
Type of Estrogen ("female" hormone), Steroid Hormone, Uterine and female tissue development, Sexual motivation and performance
Estradiol
not really, because Reliability is the first step
Can something be valid without being reliable?
Qualitative Design - Intensive examination of specific individuals in specific contexts, FREUD!, Hopefully what is learned from one individual can help others
Case Studies
He has experienced trauma and is able to dissociate easily.
Cedric made an appointment with a hypnotist to treat his chronic pain. Which of the following BEST explains why he was able to find relief from hypnosis?
target cells
Cells that have receptors for a hormone are called
Made up of the brain and spinal cord, Portion of nervous system encased in bone (brain protected by skull, spinal cord by spinal column), Sends electrical signals through neurons
Central Nervous System
Back of brain, Movement and posture, Coordinates unconscious awareness
Cerebellum
Cerebral Cortex, "Newest" and most advanced portion of the brain, Cerebral hemispheres in charge of properties we are aware of (Speaking, Planning)
Cerebrum
Spatial attention
Chad is on a hunting trip. He first scans the field in front of him, and then he looks up to the sky. According to the "Attention" reading, which of the following aspects of attention is Chad MOST reliant on as he searches for his prey?
reward / punishment
Children really sensitive to _____ , less so to _____
Homogametic mammals (XX), Heterogametic (XY)
Chromosomal Sex
Her limited cognitive resources were devoted to a memory task.
Clarissa is studying for her midterm at a coffee shop. As she quizzes herself on her notes, she fails to notice a clown walk right in front of her. Based on the "Failure of Awareness" reading, which of the following BEST explains why she didn't see the clown?
Learning an association between a stimulus and another stimulus
Classical conditioning
6/7-11/12, Children can think logically but cannot engage in systematic scientific reasoning
Concrete Operational Reasoning Stage
decrease impact of drug on body, body more sensitive to pain
Conditioned Compensatory Responses
Color/fine detail in bright light, Highest concentration in fovea (central region of focus)
Cones
Things that could undermine ability to draw causal inference (Placebo effect, Participant demand, experimenter expectations)
Confounds
a statistic that measures how strongly associated are 2 things, If one thing goes up, does the other go up?
Correlation
r
Correlation coefficient
causation
Correlation does not equal
No intervention of behavior, Identify patterns of relationships, Usually cannot infer what causes what, ONLY 2 VARIABLES AT A TIME
Correlational Designs
Researchers measure variables as they naturally occur and compute the degree to which the two go together\
Correlational study
Seeing when and how he switches topics.
Cory spends 10 minutes journaling whatever comes to mind. Based on what you learned in lecture about free association, what from his writing would be MOST enlightening?
1930's
Creation of the AAAP (American Association for Applied Psychology)
preganancy, hormones often involved in mediating maternal behavior
Estrogens/progesterone concentrations elevated during
Personality is completely determined by experiences.
Dr. Patterson studies MONOZYGOTIC twins who were separated at birth and finds that they score exactly the same on a personality test. According to the "Nature-Nurture Question" reading, which of the following conclusions is the LEAST likely?
method for measuring electrical activity in brain
EEG
Negative reinforcement
Damon wants his sister to pick up after herself. He tells her he will stop teasing her once she starts being neater. What strategy is Damon using?
Conditioned stimulus
Dan eats Cheese Nips in bed every night before going to sleep. Yesterday, he ate Cheese Nips with his sandwich at work and found himself unusually sleepy afterward. In this example, what are Cheese Nips NOW?
Participants report retrospectively on a previous reconstructed day
Day Reconstruction Method (DRM)
Tree-like projections out of neuron, Antenni, aggregated in cell body
Dendrites
Humans have associated rats with infectious diseases.
Deniz, like many people, is afraid of rats that scurry on city streets. Based on the What's Cooking in the Lab segment about evolutionary learning, why is this?
Process by which peers reinforce problem behavior by laughing/showing other signs of approval that then increase the likelihood of future problem behavior
Deviant Peer Contagion
Participants complete a questionnaire about thoughts, feelings, behavior of the day at the end of the day
Diary method
Two different messages to different ears
Dichotic listening
Genetic factors that make individuals more/less responsive to environmental experiences
Differential Susceptibility model
Smallest difference needed in order to differentiate two stimuli
Differential threshold (difference threshold) or just noticeable difference (JND)
High temporal/spatial resolution, Infrared light to the brain, Light properties change as they pass through oxygenated blood and through active neurons
Diffuse Optical Imaging (DOI)
Poor Spatial Resolution (Not accurate with regards to specific location)
Disadvantage of EEG
Bias (You are delusional! About yourself) Requires us to use possibly limited cognitive ability, Social desirability factor
Disadvantages of self report
stimulus controlling operant response, "Sets occasion" for operant response
Discriminative Stimulus
the pattern of variation
Distribution of a variable
Domhnall is likely to migrate to many different states throughout his life.
Domhnall has scored in the top percentile of his class on an intelligence test. According to Psychology in the News on migration and intelligence, which of the following is MOST likely true of Domhnall (compared to those who did less well on the test)?
Don's hoarding behaviors
Don and Betty are expecting their first child together. Based on the parental investment theory, what would Betty LEAST likely perceive as a threat to her evolutionary goals?
Neither participant nor experimenter knows which condition participant is in (CONFOUND)
Double-blind procedure
Participants typically have the best insight into their private behavior.
Dr. Fortaleza is conducting a study on personal hygiene and plans to ask participants to give self-reports of their bathing habits. Which of the following is an advantage to using self-reports?
Students are randomly assigned to one activity or the other.
Dr. Gonsalves is studying whether the use of coping strategies reduces test anxiety. After listening to music OR running on the track, students are asked to report their anxiety an hour before each of their exams. Dr. Gonsalves can be MOST confident that activity type impacts anxiety if:
Informed Consent
Dr. Gosling is collecting surveys from people in a park. He is careful to let the participants know that the surveys are part of a research project and that they are free to not do the surveys if they don't want to. According to the "Why Science" reading, this step reflects a concern with:
Quasi-experimental, because relationship status cannot be randomly assigned.
Dr. Padir is interested in relationship status and self-esteem. She recruits individuals who are either single or in long-term, committed relationships, and asks them to rate their self-esteem. This research design is an example of:
Reliable, because his tool gave him the same measurement every day.
Dr. Zykaunas has developed a special tool for measuring BMI. He is sure it is working, because he measures his own BMI every day and gets the same number. When he goes to the nutritionist, however, he realizes his tool is off by 5 points. Dr. Zykaunas's tool is:
Decartes, Idea that the mind and the soul (spiritual) separate from the body (natural world)
Dualism
Electroencephalography, Measures britain activity instead of blood flow, Electrodes on scalp
EEG
for studying electrical acitivty in brain, electrodes placed on skull
EEG
.1 to 40 mV
EPSPs and IPSPs change in voltage from
the degree to which an effect has been obtained under conditions typical for what happens in everyday life
Ecological Validity
Methodologies that repeatedly sample participants' real-world experiences, behavior, and physiology in real time
Ecological momentary assessment
optic nerve
Electrical signal sent through layer of cells in retina, travelling down
Small recorder used to capture snippets of ambient sounds
Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR)
idea that all knowledge comes from experience
Empiricism
How genes/environment interact
Epigenetics
1800's, German scientist, conducts several experiments meant to investigate how people perceive the world via their own bodies, Placed 2 dots far apart on skin of a volunteer, Far apart? Easily distinguish between the two, Closer? Harder to distinguish "Just Noticeable Differences" depend where on the body you are (Back less sensitive than face)
Ernst Weber
researched releationship between mental/material PSYCHOPHYSICS: methods for measuring relationship between physical stimuli and perception, BASIS for psychology
Ernst Weber & Gustav Fechner
EMT predicts that whenever uncertain situations present us with a safer versus more dangerous decision, we will psychologically adapt to prefer choices that minimize the cost of errors
Error Management Theory (EMT)
1907-1996 1957- publishes "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual", Proves no psychological differences between straight and gay men, De-pathologized homosexuality, Led to decision by APA to remove homosexuality from DSM in 1973
Evelyn Hooker
Scheduling determined by the flow of the activity, begin/end when participants "feel" time is right, social, Move by consensual feeling, Less punctual
Event Time
How have selection pressures shaped our DNA? (Conditions in environment (that may no longer be present) have shaped the psychology we have today)
Evolutionary psychology
A depolarizing current that causes membrane potential to become more positive and closer to the threshold of excitation, Strength dependant on EPSP
Excitatory Postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)
Deciding where to devote mental/physical resources, Do all of one thing, then do all of another
Executive attention
Participants report momentary thoughts, feelings, behaviors at different points in time over the course of a day
Experience-sampling method
Researchers make changes to one variable and watch for changes in the other, Allow for CAUSAL INFERENCES
Experimental studies
When researcher's expectations influence outcome of a study (CONFOUND)
Experimenter Expectations
degree to which a study ensures that potential findings apply to settings and samples other than the ones being studied
External Validity
people associate cues with panic or other emotional trauma
Fear Conditioning
nation after WWII
Federal government urged AAAP and APA to work together to meet mental health needs of ...
People who are aware that their thoughts or behavior are being influenced by an undue, outside source, can correct their attitude against the bias
Flexible Correction model
11/12-death, Reasoning power of educated adults, Tends not to occur without exposure to formal education
Formal Operational Reasoning stage
1895-1954, first African American to earn PhD in Psychology, mentored by G. Stanley Hall
Francis Cecil Sumner
Pioneered psychological measurement, Measured various physical characteristics but also psychological attributes, Believed intelligence was inheritable, Tracked cambridge students' family trees, Established intelligence as a variable that could be measured
Francis Galton
cousin of darwin's, tested people's ability to distinguish between colors, invented self-report questionnaire, coined term nature-nurture
Francis Galton
1886-1969 Explored idea of constructive mind, recognizing that people use past experiences to construct frameworks in which to understand new experiences
Frederic C. Bartlett
Blood flow, Measures changes in levels of naturally occurring oxygen in blood, Brain becomes more active, requires more oxygen
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
theory that mental states are constituted solely by their functional role, which means, their causal relations with other mental states, sensory inputs and behavioral outputs
Functionalism
focuses attention on the utility and purpose of behavior that has been modified over years of human existence
Functionalist Psychology is the theory that....
1844-1924, FIRST PSYCH LAB IN AMERICA 1883 @ Johns Hopkins, FIRST PSYCH JOURNAL IN AMERICA 1887 American Journal of Psychology, 1892 - founded APA, 1909 - HOSTED FREUD at Clark University, only time Freud visited America, Interested in process of adaptation and human development, influenced by evolutionary theory, used surveys and questionnaires to study children
G. Stanley Hall
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
Genes better able to encourage reproduction have an advantage over competing genes
Gene Selection Theory
1920-2012, Working memory research, The Magic Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information, Number of bits of information the average human can hold in working memory is 7 +/- 2
George Miller
Gamma waves during REM sleep
Georgina wants to experience lucid dreaming. Based on Psychology in the News, she should sign up for a study that activates:
Her executive system made visual information a priority, thereby allowing her to ignore distracting noises.
Gerta is babysitting two 5-year-old brothers. As they play loudly with their Legos, Gerta remains absorbed in watching her favorite TV show. Based on the "Think You're Multitasking?" reading, what BEST explains why Gerta was able to tune out the boys' noise?
Began in Germany by Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), Kurt Koffka (1886-1941), Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967), Kurt Lewin (1890-1947), Studying the whole of any experience richer than studying individual aspects of the experience because Mind processes information simultaneously, not sequentially, Explored Learning and Thinking Developed further in america after jewish psychologists freed Nazi Germany, Precursor to rise of COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY in America
Gestalt Psychology
organisms perceive entire patterns or configurations, not merely individual components.[8] The view is sometimes summarized using the adage, "the whole is more than the sum of its parts."
Gestalt Psychology is the theory that....
non-neural brain cells
Glia Cells
excitatory neurotransmitter, our brains GO molecule
Glutamate
Harry Harlow placed young monkeys in cages that contained 2 surrogate "mothers" , One wire mother with food, One soft, caring cloth mother, Strong emotional bond that infants form with primary caregivers is rooted in something more than whether the caregiver provides food, "Contact comfort"
Harlow's research on contact comfort
1874-1947 Early 20th Century - examined assumption that women were overemotional
Helen Thompson Woolley
1866-1957 Introduced Binet's test to the US
Henry Goddard
Varying from 0 to 1Single measure of genetics' influence of a trait, Measures how strongly differences are related to genes
Heritability Coefficient
1821- 1894 measured speed of the neural impulse, explored physiology of hearing and vision, SENSES CAN DECEIVE US! NOT A MIRROR OF THE EXTERNAL WORLD, proved that mind could be measured using methods of science, there is a psychological reality and a physical reality
Herman von Helmholtz
1930's began studying action potential (large axon in squid), nobel prize in medicine 1963
Hodgkin and Huxley
Adolescents who are similar to one another choose to spend time together and influence each others' behavior
Homophily
Organic chemical messengers produced and released by specialized glands called endocrine glands into blood, where they travel to act on target structures some distance from origin
Hormones
Influence systems so that specific stimuli are more likely to elicit certain responses, Hormones change probability that a particular behavior will be emitted in the appropriate situation
Hormones do not cause behavioral changes, but they...
Functionalist
How did emotions and expressions of emotions help your ancestors survive? According to the "History of Psychology" reading, this question best reflects a/an _________ perspective.
Attentional system makes use of extra areas of the brain (long term memory, working memory), Use short term/long term memory to help attentional systems out, Top-down systems/resources for attention!, Switching turbo on for situations when we need it
How do you make yourself pay attention in high-stress situations?
40+
How many psych labs in the US in 1900?
1863-1916 Harvard, Employee selection, eyewitness testimony, psychotherapy
Hugo Munsterberg
30 miles
Human eye capable of detecting candlelight from ____ away in the dark
Hvitserk's prefrontal cortex is still undergoing development.
Hvitserk is 17 and is obsessed with extreme sports that routinely put his life in danger. Based on "The Mysterious Workings of the Adolescent Brain," which of the following is the MOST likely explanation?
manipulated by the researcher
Independent variable
muscles involved in movement of neck, eyes, etc
Info sent from vestibular system through vestibular nerve To
Somebody else reporting on an individual
Informant report
A hyperpolarizing current that causes the membrane potential to become more negative and further away from the threshold of excitation, How much depends on strength of IPSP
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)
Learning an association between a behavior and its effect/outcome
Instrumental conditioning
degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences
Internal Validity
Russian Physiologist, Interested in digestion - how does saliva work with stomach, etc, Dog study, How do dogs produce saliva? Dogs would salivate when Pavlov appeared without food present , Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)
Ivan Pavlov
1860-1944, PhD with Wundt, Assessment of individual differences, Influenced by Galton, Believed mental abilities (intelligence) inherited and could be measured, Believed smarter people should reproduce (Eugenics), developed Columbia psych dept, functionalist
James McKeen Cattell
Her depth perception will be impaired.
Janine is trying to navigate a maze with one eye open and one shut. Which of the following BEST describes how using one eye will affect her?
Coined word biology, 1800's, What a person does in lifetime could be directly passed to kids (Blacksmith swinging hammer all day, Passes strong arm on to children)
Jean-Baptite Lamarck
1915-2016 1950's - studies on cognitive aspects of sensation and perception
Jerome Bruner
that classical conditioning is not responsible for mother-child attachment, warmth & nurturing is necessary for development
John Harlow's Rhesus monkey experiment proved..
promoted empiricism (idea that all knowledge comes from experience), emphasized role of the human observer and the primacy of the senses in defining how the mind comes to acquire knowledge, taught until 1800's
John Locke and Thomas Reid..
Cocaine is a dopamine agonist that, over time, decreases the brain's responsiveness to rewards.
Jolene, a cocaine addict, reports a loss of interest in pleasurable activities such as having sex or enjoying meals. According to the Expert's Chair with Dr. Dominguez, this is MOST likely because:
A pre-registered study that yielded the same results with a bigger sample size.
June reads an interesting study on parapsychology but is skeptical of its findings. Which of the following replication studies would INCREASE her confidence in the original study's results?
Growth mindset
Keith is learning a new programming language and has been struggling with his code. However, he knows that as long as he keeps working hard at it, it will get easier over time. Based on the expert's chair segment with Dr. Yeager, this is an example of:
model of selective attention, Response selection model, Deutsch and Deutsch, All information in unattended ear processed on basis of meaning, not just selected/highly pertinent info, Only info relevant for task response gets into conscious awareness
Late Selection Models
If some action brings about a positive outcome, it will be more likely to be repeated
Law of effect
When a behavior has a positive (satisfying) effect or consequence, likely to be repeated in the future, When a behavior has a negative (painful/annoying) consequence, less likely to be repeated
Law of effect
1886-1939 Found that menstruation did not impact cognitive or motor abilities
Leta S. Hollingworth
Emphasizes how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture influence children's development
Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory of cognitive development
1877-1956 Standardized Binet's test at Stanford
Lewis Terman
Ability of eyes to adjust to light, Rods/Cones bleached at once (blinded by light), almost instantly
Light Adaptation
1867-1956, PhD with Wundt, Returned to UPenn & Opened WORLD'S FIRST Psych Clinic 1896, Founded clinical/school psychology
Lightner Witmer
1878-1972, Industrial psychology, Engineering psychology, Designed kitchen appliances (Pop-up trashcan, Refrigerator door shelving)
Lillian Gilbreth
Highly specialized neural structure, emotion regulation, Forebrain and hindbrain regions (Amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus, insula cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex) (Hunger, sleep-wake cycle, sexual desire, fear and aggression, memory)
Limbic System
studying online behavior - Word frequency count, extracts grammatical/psychological info
Linguistic Analyses
the self-focused age
Lupita just got a well-paying job and is living on her own for the first time. She spends her weekends shopping, taking pilates classes, and networking. Based on the "Emerging Adulthood" reading, which feature of emerging adulthood does this BEST exemplify?
Studied psychology of race, Demonstrated ways in which school segregation negatively impacted self-esteem of African American children, Influenced 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling!
Mamie Phipps Clark & Kenneth Clark
Foreclosure, Identity diffusion, moratorium, identity achievement
Marcia's Four Identity Stati
1871-1939 First Doctoral Student of Titchener, First woman to earn PhD in Psych in America in 1894, 2nd Woman elected president of APA in 1921
Margaret Floy Washburn
Roughly 1/sqrt(sample size)
Margin of error
An increase in worry about her personal safety.
Margot is injected with a shot of cortisol. Based on lecture and the "Hormones and Behavior" reading, which of the following behaviors is she MOST likely to exhibit?
1863-1930, Student of William James' at Harvard, Harvard REFUSED to grant diploma because woman, first woamn elected president of APA in 1905
Mary Whiton Calkins
Allow for conversion of one kind of energy into form brain can understand
Mechanoreceptors
Like experimental research, No random assignment or variable manipulation, Cannot reasonably draw same conclusions you can as with experimental design
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Dreaming necessary to consolidate our memories - Filtering out unimportant stuff
Memory Consolidation Model
the study of reaction time in perceptual-motor tasks
Mental Chronometry
Testing varying intensities of a sense (louder beep test), Effort to determine point/threshold at which person begins to sense stimulus
Method of limits test
He experienced spontaneous recovery.
Mikhail was afraid of spiders. He gradually exposed himself to pictures of spiders, followed by videos of spiders, until he was no longer fearful of spiders. Last week, however, Mikhail saw a spider in his shower and his fears returned! Which of the following BEST explains Mikhail's recent reaction to spiders?
a state of higher consciousness that includes an awareness of the thoughts passing through one's head
Mindfulness
Minh's attention will be constantly switching from one task to the other.
Minh is driving and simultaneously texting his friend to let him know that he's running late. According to our expert in the chair, Dr. Markman, which of the following is TRUE?
One activity at a time. Linear sequence
Monochronic Time (M-Time)
Recall what she ate for lunch earlier.
Morgan suffered a blow to the head that damaged her hippocampus. Which of the following would she find MOST difficult to do?
One sense has potential to influence how we perceive info from another
Multimodal Perception
model of selective attention, Stage at which selection occurs can change depending on task Johnston and Heinz, Some conditions, we can select what to attend to at a very early stage, Late selection possible, requires more effort, We have flexibility to change how we deploy our attention
Multimode Mode
brain & spinal cord cells
NEURONS
rising or depolarizing phase of action potential
Na+ that rushes inside the cell is responsible for
Qualitative design -Study of stories and personal accounts of people, groups, or cultures, Examine people's personal testimonies, Study what is said and how it's said
Narrative Analysis
Funding made available that allowed APA, Vet Admin, PHS to work together to develop training programs that would produce research into the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of psychiatric disorders.
National Mental Health Act of 1946
take away something aversive in response to unwanted behavior
Negative Reinforcement
As one variable goes up, the other goes down
Negative correlation
The interface between the endocrine system and nervous system
Neuroendocrinology
Organization for economic cooperation and development
OECD
industrialized countries
OECD countries are the
learning by watching
Observational Learning
His tertiary, science-based education allowed him to use logic on abstractions.
On an IQ test, Jiraf successfully answers questions that require him to use logic when manipulating abstract symbols. Based on James Flynn's TED talk, what BEST explains why Jiraf is able to complete this task?
cancel each other out
One small EPSP and one small IPSP,
"Operates"the environment, Voluntary action
Operant Behavior
Choice, Response always requires choosing one behavior over others
Operant Conditioning Involves _____
Taking a concept, turning into a number - X as measured by Y, Speed as measured by Number of Seconds to get from A to B
Operational Definition
color vision theory that Cones send info to retinal ganglion cells, Respond to pairs of colors (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white), Cells compute difference between 2 colors
Opponent-process theory
20% of all sleep, dreaming
REM sleep
Idea that men and women have a minimum amount of effort person must make to pass genes on to someone
Parental investment theory
Participants try to behave in a way they think the experimenter wants them to behave (CONFOUND)
Participant demand
Qualitative design - Researcher embeds themself into group to study dynamics (Usually no knowledge of being studied)
Participant observation
1880's / studied dead friend's brain who had lost power of speech
Paul Broca
Toad guy, claims to have bred quickly to mate in water, pads on hands
Paul Kammerer
will have different shaped heads/brains (lumps)
People with different abilities - because abilities are rooted in the brain ...
Process of making sense of the world
Perception
Complex network of nerves that travel to every part of the body / Carries signals necessary for body to survive / Some voluntary actions / Some involuntary
Peripheral Nervous System
Muscles of missing limb clenching
Phantom Limb Pain
frequency of a sound wave
Pitch
Several activities at once, Strong involvement with people
Polychronic (P-Time)
both variables go up together
Positive correlation
Records metabolic activity in brain by detecting amount of radioactive substances, Injected into blood stream, Allows us to see how much an individual uses a particular part of the brain while at rest, not performing a task
Positron Emission Topography (PET)
idea that an organism's evolutionary history can make it easy to learn a particular association
Preparedness
Readily activating certain concepts and associations from one's memory (Activation of certain thoughts/feelings that make them easier to think and act upon)
Priming
Less likely to benefit from additional cues from other modalities if the initial unimodal stimulus is strong enough
Principle of inverse effectiveness
1925-1997, Studied language and memory "Flashbulb memory" Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Roger Brown
Investing in a brain training app membership and engaging in daily practice.
Priyanka wants to improve her cognitive functioning. Based on the "Brain Training" reading, which of the following will LEAST likely improve her cognitive abilities?
type of progestin
Progesteron
protein/peptide hormone, Reproduction, water balance, parental care
Prolactin
inability to recognize faces
Prosopagnosia
Manipulation and intrusion into adolescents' emotional and cognitive world through invalidating adolescents' feelings and pressuring them to think in particular ways
Psychological Control
social action and change, Challenge assumptions, stereotypes, stigma
Psychologists - agents of ...
the branch of psychology that deals with the relationships between physical stimuli and mental phenomena.
Psychophysics
used to reduce a behavior
Punishment
Paticipant observation, case studies, narrative analysis
Qualitative designs
effectiveness of a reinforcer at strengthening operant response depends on amount of reinforcement for all alternative behaviors
Quantitative Law of Effect
Increased attention span
Rajita stays up for three days straight, relying on energy drinks to keep herself awake during midterms. According to the Expert in the Chair, Dr. Schnyer, which of the following symptoms is she LEAST likely to experience?
Gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected, Number every member or population, randomly select numbers
Random Sample
an outcome that increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring
Reinforcement
animals will perform a behavior depending on how much they currently want—or "value"—its consequence
Reinforcer Devaluation Effect
how much a measurement will give you a consistent answer time and time again
Reliability
After extinction, if CS is tested in a new context, CR can return. Extinction may just inhibit rather than erase learned behavior
Renewal Effect
Responsible for our ability to see in dim light, Highest concentration in periphery
Rods
1911, concluded discrete individual neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system (Based on drawings he did did on Golgi-stained tissue by Camillo Golgi), examined full anatomical structure of individual neurons for first time determined distinguishable processing units, not continuous structures
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
This is a great university and I know you're smart enough to be here.
Sasha is a first-generation college student and is struggling with his coursework. Based on "How to Motivate Students," which of the following statements from a professor would be the LEAST motivational to keep working at his classes?
She highlighted all of the relevant sections in her textbook, and re-read the information 5 times.
Satine did not do well on her exam. Which of the following study strategies did she MOST likely use?
systematic observation in order to acquire knowledge
Science
others being able to reproduce findings
Scientific claims gain credibility by
Some information attended to, while other information is intentionally blocked out, Ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information
Selective attention
easiest type of psychological measure, Asking people
Self-reporting
Our receptors stop responding to unchanged stimulus
Sensory Adaptation
Ovum (X Chromosome) fertilized by sperm bearing either Y or X chromosome
Sex Determination
Individual asked to repeat audio as it's presented
Shadowing
rewarding intermediary steps - "Jonah, take a bath" Stop playing with toys, Go upstairs, Turn on water, Take off clothes, Sit in bathtub
Shaping
A specialized large magnet
Shreya is designing an fMRI experiment to study memory. Which of the following will she need for the experiment
the method used to measure absolute thresholds, Present stimuli of varying intensities to research participants in order to determine level at which he/she can reliably detect stimulation in a given sense
Signal Detection
Sigurd will try to follow his mother out the door.
Sigurd is distressed when his mother leaves him with his nanny. If his attachment is secure, how is this MOST likely going to affect him?
we conclude that the study provides evidence for Something
Small p-value means
Albert Bandura - Individuals can learn novel responses via observation of key others' behavior
Social Learning Theory
1936
Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI)
Transduces physical stimuli into electrical potentials that can be processed by the brain
Somatosensation
Physical stimulus for audition
Sound Waves
Refers specifically to how we focus on one part of our environment and how we move attention to others
Spatial attention
falling asleep (theta waves)
Stage 1 of sleep (NREM 1/N1)
light sleep, sleep spindles, high intensity brain waves, associated with processing memories, 55% of all sleep
Stage 2 - NREM 2/N2
20-25% of all sleep, delta waves
Stage 3 - NREM 3/N3
developed by Binet for Stanford
Stanford-Binet test
Idea that mental access to a particular stereotype can have real-world impact on a member of stereotyped group, If you are told that you will do worse on math exam because of who you are (woman), you will do worse
Stereotype Threat
when operant behavior is controlled by a stimulus that precedes it
Stimulus control
Lab task for studying infant-parent attachment, 12 month old infants and parents are brought to lab, over period of 20 minutes, systematically separated from and reunited with one another
Strange Situation
theory that implies that elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a broader system.
Structuralism
it is possible to break down mental processes into the most basic components
Structuralist Psychology is the theory that....
She will spend about two hours around midnight each night in a conscious but meditative state.
Taylor volunteers for a study in which she lives in the wilderness for three months, only experiencing natural light. Based on the "How to Sleep" TED Talk, which of the following is MOST likely to happen to her sleep schedule?
how we regard our past, present, and future
Temporal Orientation
Parents evaluate entire experience, prepare for child's departure
The Departure Stage of parental development
The important role that observing behavior plays in psychological science.
The main purpose of the Candid Camera video of students' reactions to attractive teachers was to show:
sexual differentiation
The process of becoming male or female is called
membrane potential neuron must reach to initiate an action potential, Typically around -50 mV
Threshold of excitation
protein/peptide hormone Increases Oxidation rates in tissues and affects neural development
Thyroxine
When stimuli we've experienced in our past influences how we process new stimuli
Top-Down Processing
State of consciousness characterized by the experience of "out of body" possession, less voluntary control over behaviors and actions
Trance States
process by which specialized cells in body convert physical energy (lightwaves, sound waves, touch/pressure) into electrical signals that can be sent from one neuron to another
Transduction
model of selective attention, Anne Treisman, We do monitor unattended information to some degree on basis of meaning, Selection starts at physical/perceptual level, unattended info not blocked completely , weakened/attenuated
Treisman's Attenuation Model
color vision Theory that cones prefer green, red, blue, Doesn't explain afterimages (19th century)
Trichromatic Theory
second X chromosome missing/damaged
Turner Syndrome
one large EPSP
Two small EPSPs at the same time result in
Intrasexual competition
Tyler C. auditions to be on a TV show where a group of men compete to get romantic attention from a single woman. Based on the "Evolutionary Theories in Psychology" reading, what is this situation MOST similar to?
1973 - Proposed scholar-practitioner model, Psy.D. Degree, Emphasizes clinical training/practice
Vail Conference on Professional Training in Psychology
how much a measurement measures what we're interested in and not something else
Validity
Reinforcement of others in a social model that affects our own behavior
Vicarious Reinforcement
An example of error management theory (People will overestimate the distance when looking down from a height)
Visual Descent Illusion
Psychology of advertising and marketing
Walter D. Scott & Harry Hollingworth
mice
We share 88% of DNA with
bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed
Weber's Law
David Wechsler sought to create superior measure of intelligence, Critical of Binet's reliance on verbal ability, Test tapped wide range of intellectual abilities, Remember, compute, understand language, reason well, process info quickly
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
ocular motor cue, brain's awareness of hiow much muscles in eye are having to make les thick/thin
accomodation
positively charg4ed at +40mV
When Na+ rushes inside of the cell, the inside of the cell becomes _____
closed
When at resting potential, ion channels are
1904
When did Tichener organize the Society of Experimental psychology?
1960's
When did psychologists turn to cognitive psychology
enzymatic pathways, gene activation, protein synthesis
When hormone interacts with target cells, Lead to activation of ___ or turns on/off ____ that regulates ____
Na+ rushes inside of the cell
When ion channels opened, because of diffusion and electrostatic pressure forces
1988
When was the American Psychological Society founded?
we stop paying attention to it
When we experience a sensory stimulus that doesn't change over time....
One of Roxanne's neurons just "fired," suggesting a sufficient amount of GABA was taken in by this neuron.
Which of the following examples is the LEAST accurate in describing the effects of different neurotransmitters?
Choosing a new recipe to make and buying ingredients for it.
Which of the following experiences is NOT an example of top-down processing?
Sadness as measured by feeling blue.
Which of the following is NOT an example of an operational definition of sadness?
Elevated blood pressure in doctors' offices but not elsewhere
White Coat Hypertension
1842-1910, Principles of Psychology (1890) - Proposed that consciousness is ongoing and continuous, Cannot be isolated/reduced to elements, Consciousness helped us adapt to our environment, Choice making/personal responsibility
William James
match groups (compare like with like)
Without random assignment, you need to
Transduction
Zora is developing prosthetic eyes for her robot. These "eyes" convert light waves to electrical signals, which get sent to a computer. What function are these eyes performing?
oxytocin
_____ has restorative, healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties
inhibition
a better developed frontal lobe makes us better at
our genetics greatly influence our makeup, despite our developmental environment
a twin study can prove that
Minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
absoluite threshold
process of associating the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
acquisition
signal carried down axon to another neuron
action potential
transient electrial current conducted down the axon, all or nothing response that occurs when there is a change in the charge or potential of the cell from its resting membrane potential (-70 mV) in a more positive direction, which is a depolarization
action potential
saltatory conduction
action potential jumping from node of ranvier to node of ranvier is called
increases the likelihood that you have survived and reproduced so that your genes have passed onto next generations
adaptive
lower cost
advantage of surveys
Perhaps less bias
advantages of the informant report
72 hrs
after ____ hrs without sleep, we start to freak out
conditioned + conditioned
after conditioning, a(n) ____ stimulus elicits a(n) _____ response
cochlear nerve
after the cochlea, sound sent down
thalamus
after the cochlear nerve, sound is sent to the
thalamus
after the optic nerve, electrical signal passes through
primary visual cortex
after the thalamus, the electrical signal passes through the
feature of emerging adulthood, Not adolescent, not adult, Late twenties, early thirties, finally adult
age of feeling in-between
feature of emerging adulthood, People explore various possibilities in love and work as they work towards making enduring choices, Develop more definite identity, Understanding of who they are, What capabilities and limitations are, Beliefs/values, How they fit into society
age of identity explorations
feature of emerging adulthood, Unstable lives, Moves from one residence to another
age of instability
feature of emerging adulthood, Many different futures remain possible, Little about direction has been decided for certain, High hopes and great expectations
age of possiblities
Glutamate
alcohol can disrupt
glutamate
alcohol's disruption of _____ results in memory loss
nucleotides in a certain order
all of dna is made up of
8-13 hz
alpha sleep frequency
edge of sleep, visualization and meditation
alpha sleep is
intensity of a sound wave (Loudness)
amplitude
inability to feel pleasure
anhedonia
negatively charged ions
anions
loss of smell
anosmia
self-affirmation before threat occurs
antidote to stereotype threat
Incredibly distraught when caregiver leaves, Can't be comforted when caregiver returns, Less good social and emotional functioning later in life
anxious attachment style
empathy
apart from the ability to dissociate, ____ makes people susceptible to hypnosis
monocular
are familiar size cues monocular or binocular
monocular
are height in the field of view cues monocular or binocular
no
are infants afraid of heights
monocular
are linear persepective cues monocular or binocular
monocular
are pictorial cues monocular or binocular
monocular
are shadow cues monocular or binocular
no! a finite number
are there infinite neurotransmitters?
meaningful
are we more likely to attend to meaningful or trivial information
complex
are we more likely to notice simple or complex
objects in motion
are we more likely to notice still or moving objects
a sense of safety
at the heart of the benefits of love is...
.3-.4%
at what BAC do we risk death
10 years old
at what age are boys the most neurotic
13-14
at what age are we the worst at conscientiousness
15 years old
at what age are women the most neurotic
~3
at what age does distinction between reality/fantasy appear?
3 to 8
at what age(s) do kids come to figure out which things are real and which aren't
all stages!
at what stage of sleep do we dream
a motivational system designed by natural selection to regulate proximity to an attachment figure - Like a thermostat, consistently monitors proximity to attachment figure
attachment behavioral system
1940's by John Bowlby
attachment theory
social learning theory - pay attention to what we're observing
attention
in cochlea, Arranged on basilar membrane according to frequency they respond to (Tonotopic oorganization)
auditory hair cells
automatic systems, like heart beating, breathing
autonomic nervous system
Child would be nonchalant if caregiver leaves, Play may be affected, Caregiver returns, might ignore, Less good social and emotional functioning later in life
avoidant attachment style
sensing the world and perceiving the world around you
awareness
Main source of output of the neuron, Process that extends far away from the soma and carries an important signal
axon
bottom (spinal cord) up, inside out
basic structure of the brain
sex
because drug use causes dopamine release, it's similar to
neutral
before conditioning there's a(n) ______ stimulus that elicits no conditioned response
Behavior could be explained in terms of environmental factors
behaviorism
13-40 hz
beta sleep frequency
wakefulness
beta sleep is
cues that require 2 eyes
binocular cues
Two eyes have different locations, image focused on each retina slightly different angle, Provides us with our perception of 3D space (binocular vision)
binocular disparity
one axon, one dendrite
bipolar neuron structure
Perception of light in the retina of the eye, Help acquire and pass SENSORY INFORMATION to various centers of the brain
bipolar neurons
kids who observed violent behavior acted more violently with doll
bobo doll experiment
the 20s
brain (frontal lobe) continues to develop until
2 percent
brain is about what percent of our weight
opposites/opponents
brain processes colors in
Most basic structure of brain, Located at top of spine, bottom of brain, "Oldest" part of brain - lizard brain, "Life support" functions (Breathing, Digestion, Heartbeat)
brain stem
norepinepherin
caffeine stimultes ___
serotonin system
caffeine suppresses ____
NO
can we multitask?
probability
can we use our genes to predict personality/behavior?
postiviely charged ions
cations
corpus callosum
cerebral hemispheres connected by.a thick bundle of axons called
cortex, limbic system
cerebrum
high, outside
chloride in ______ concentrations _____ cell
Shift from concrete to more abstract and complex thinking, Improvements in attention, memory, processing speed, metacognition (ability to think about thinking and therefore make better use of strategies like mnemonic devices), c hanges in brain's dopaminergic system contribute to, Increases in sensation-seeking and reward motivation, Brain's cognitive control centers in prefrontal cortex develop, increasing adolescent's self-regulation and future orientation, More risk taking during middle adolescence, Driving, smoking, drinking, No impulse control
cognitive changes during adolescence
development of thinking across the lifespan
cognitive development
black/white, yellow/blue, red/green
color opposites
decreasing (earlier)
compared to history, the age that men and women go through puberty is
in the center of the retina
cones are only located
Associated with inhibiting impulses Thinking before you act
conscientiousness
10 to 14
conscientiousness is at its worst in children ages
frontal lobe
conscientiousness is attributed to the
late teens
conscientiousness levels rise rapidly in children in their
what we feel like in the moment, what we are deciding to do
consciousness
a dimmer switch that can be turned up and turned down
consciousness can be thought of as
brain is opposite sided (left stuff on right side)
contralateral
ocular motor cue, brain's awareness of how much the eyeballs are converging
convergence
EPSP summation depolarizes membrane, if threshold of excitation is reached, action potential initiated, action potential travels down axon away from soma, until terminal button, action potential initiates release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic terminal button into synaptic gap, EPSPs and IPSPs caused by neurotransmitters in dendritic spines of next cell, neurotransmitters bind with ionotrtopic receptos in lock-and-key fashion, ion channels open, allowing some ions to enter/exit the cell, cycle continues
cycle of neuron communication
The ability for eyes to adjust to low levels of light, 10 minutes, Rods become bleached in normal light conditions, require time to recover, Red light does not cause rod bleaching
dark adaptation
Examine the mental processes that produce thinking at any one time and the transition to processes that lead to growth in that thinking
david klahr's information processing theory
deep sleep
delta sleep is
Processes that extend outward from the soma (cell body) of a neuron and typically branch several times, receive information from thousands of other neurons, are the main source of input of the neuron
dendrites
observed/measured by the researcher
dependent variable
periods during which children reasoned similarly about many superficially different problems, occuring in a fixed order
developmental stages
Poor Temporal Resolution (Cannot tell us exactly when brain activity occurred, takes several seconds for blood to arrive at a portion of the brain working on the task
disadvantages of PETs and fMRIs
Results might not be in touch with reality, however, because of lab setting, Do results even apply to everyday life/Can we generalize results to the real world
disadvantages of lab experiments
Maybe more costly, Less access to internal experience
disadvantages of the informant report
Separation of one's awareness from everything besides what one is centrally focused on
disocciation
yes
do boys go through puberty later than girls
no
do children need to develop attachment to a MATERNAL figure?
no, they are probabilistic, not deterministic
do early attachment styles shape our adult attachment styles?
yes
do placebo effects influence the brain shape in addition to imagination?
cones
do rods or cones provide info about color
neural
do we have more voluntary control over neural or hormone signals
no
do we stop growing brain cells when we reach adulthood?
no
does alcohol kill brain cells?
no
does brain training make you smarter?
yes
does frequent testing help learning
no, hypnsosis makes people more suggestable and ready to say whatever comes to mind
does hypnosis aid if uncovering forgotten memories?
not much
does subliminal messaging affect our purchasing
reward neurotransmitter, feeling good is associated with the production of dopamine
dopamine
vision "where" pathway
dorsal pathway
neutral and unconditioned
during conditioning, there's an repeated assocation between ____ stimulus and ____ stimulus
tenfold
during puberty, testosterone levels increase...
estradiol
during puberty, women's ovaries produce
prolactin
during the hypothetical 2 hour meditative sleep hour, there;'s a surge of
masculinization
early steroid hormone treatment causes relatively irreversible and permanation ___of rodent behavior
sleepy, relaxed, slurred speech,
effects of GABA
outside, outside
electroastatic pressure pushes Cl- ____ cell because - charge is attracted to + charge ____ cell
inside, inside
electroastatic pressure pushes K+ ____ cell because + charge is attracted to - charge ____ cell
force on two ions w/ similar charge to repel and force of two ions with opposite charge to attract
electrostatic pressure
inside, inside
electrostatic pressure pushes Na+ ____ cell because + charge attracted to - charge ____ cell
Research demonstrating limits/unreliability of eyewitness testimony/memory
elizabeth loftus
hormones
endocrine glands release
changes that occur due to environment, not genes
epigenetics
cues to suggest that something is fantastical rather than real
evidence (in terms of development)
wrinklier, to increase surface area of the brain
evolution has caused the surface of the brain to get ...
babies born too early, Compared to other species, human brains bigger relative to body than any other species. More adaptive learners
evolutionary psychology theory of development
flashcards, diagramming, quizzing yourself
examples of active learning strategies
increase chance that subsequent neuron will have action potential
excitatory neurotransmitters...
extinction
exposure therapy helps to cause _____ of a conditioned response
a conditioned response getting weaker over time
extinction
magnet measuring blood flow (iron in blood), measures which parts of brain are active
fMRI
We are familiar with the size of something, so we can tell how far something is if the size is standardized compared to another
familiar size cues
both taste and smell
flavor is produced by
Manipulate abstract information in mind
fluid intelligence
Individual commits to identity without exploring options
foreclosure
.5 - 3.0 hz
frequency of delta sleep
20 Hz - 20kHz
frequency of sound waves humans can detect
"Royal road to the unconscious", Psychological problems result from people being unaware of/repressing some dark, dangerous drives, Threatening, so we repress, We get glimpse through dream analysis
freud's model of dreaming
Behavioral motor plans, Speech, language, creative problem solving, planning, organization, Primary Motor Cortex (Strip running along side of brain, Voluntary movements)
frontal lobe
most awake, heightened perception
gamma sleep is
nodes of ranvier
gaps in myelin sheaths are called
adaptive
gene Mutations that are ____ have been passed on
A series/sequence/section of nucleotides that together code for something that the cell wants to make (a protein, for example)
genes
Belief that a person is who they are because of their biology (Incorrect - we know from a lot of research that just because something has a genetic influence doesn't mean that it necessarily is immutable)
genetic essentialism
all of the instructions that cells need to carry out functions of daily life
genome contains
At larger risk for anxiety and depression
girls who experience puberty early
memory
glutamate is necessary for
Sex determined by ovaries/testes
gonadal sex
Gonads, testosterone, Bigger, muscles, hair, 10 fold more testosterone, WOMEN HAvE TOO! For sexual problems, doubling over course of adolescence, Estrogens, Woman's ovaries produce estradiol, MEN HAVE TOO!
gonadarche
belief that ability can improve with practice (intelligence is mutable)
growth mindset
the belief that improvement is possible
growth mindset
Chemical messengers (like neurotransmitters), Travelling throughout entire body (not just neurons) / Variety of effects
hormones
5 nm thick
how big is the synaptic gap (synaptic cleft)
give a stressed response to every question
how do you trick a lie detector
Learned knowledge, School, vocabulary, Keep getting better until ages 65/70
how does crystalized intelligence change over the lifetime
Children get better and better with age, Peak late adolescence, early adulthood, 20 years old, Declining fluid intelligence until old age
how does fluid intelligence change over the lifetimem
Specialized cells within our sense organs (eyes, skin, ears, etc)
how does the brain know what's going on
1 mm-2 meters
how far do hormones travel
20-30 nanometers
how far do neurotransmitters travel
scatterplot
how is a correlational study displayed
8 seconds
how long is the american attention span
three
how many colors are the cones sensitive to
6.75-8 hrs
how many hours of sleep is optimal
100 billion
how many neurons in the human brain
23 pairs
how many pairs of chromosomes in genome
5 perecent
how much do brains shrink every decade after 40
20 ft
human ear Can hear a ticking of watch in quiet environment ____ away
Mental State characterized by reduced peripheral awareness and increased focus on a singular stimulus, Results in an enhanced susceptibility to suggestion
hypnosis
dissociate
hypnosis works better on those who can ____
part of limbic system, Regulator for hormones in body, Sends signals to rest of body saying "up regulate cortisol/testosterone", Partly responsible for switching between para/sympathetic nervous system, Gateway between body and brain
hypothalamus
revealing, because things are linked/associated in your mind in some way, points to EMOTIONAL content involved
in free association, switching from topic to topic is
Influence odds for survival and reproduction in organism they are in OR Influence the organism to help other organisms who also likely contain those genes ("Genetic relatives", "Inclusive fitness")
in what 2 ways can genes boost own replicative success
when you are blind to something because you're paying attention to something else
inattentional blindness
one of the ossicles, the anvil
incus
vasopressin
infants of traumatized/stressed parents may be chronically exposed to
resource availability, ethics
influences on experiment style
decrease chance that subsequent neuron will have action potential
inhibitory neurotransmitters...
social learning theory - learner must be able to execute learned behavior
initiation
Occurs when a behavior (as opposed to a stimulus) is associated with the occurrence of a significant event
instrumental/operant conditioning
An individual's cognitive Ability to acquire, process, recall, and apply information
intelligence
ability to profit from experience - Can you learn from your environment? Ability to navigate a complex environment - Think abstractly
intelligence
process sensory input from our environment into meaningful representations, plan appropriate response, connect to motor neurons to execute behavioral plans
interneurons
Members of oppostie sex are attracted to certain qualities in mates, Humans have mutual choice, Men and women have equal say in choosing mates
intersexual selection
choice in which future outcome is altered
intertemporal choice
When members of one sex compete against each other, Winner gets to mate with a member of opposite sex, Whatever qualities lead to success in intrasexual competition are then passed on with greater frequency due to association with mating success
intrasexual competition
of course not
is cramming effective?
yes
is it okay to wake up sleep walkers/talkers
no
is there one gene for anything psychological?
classical conditioning of emotion, american scientist, infants as subjects for conditioning, taught infants to fear rat by presenting a fear-inducing stimulus alongside
john watson
Planning (how long is the study? how many people?), Examining Data (what is relevant/appropriate/valid? any patterns?), Inferring the Data (what does the data tell us), Drawing Conclusions (is it possible to?)
key components to a statistical investigation
Our experiences come to influence children and children's children - Epigenetics might influence how you are (Grandmother's experience)
lamarckian inheritance
left
language is located on which side of brain
Responses learned by trial and error strung together in a sequence only looks clever
learned behavior
protein/peptide hormone
leptin
remove part of brain, see what happes - electrical probe in head
lesion studies
typically .05, We often compare p-value to some cut-off value, If p-value smaller than cut-off, we reject hypothesis that only random chance is at play
level of significance
pupil
light enters the eye through the
Center/core of brain, Level up from lizard (Dog's brain), Basic memory, Response to feeling/aggression, Regulated body temperature
limbic system
We can only attend to or be consciously aware of a small amount of information at any given time
limited capacity
Idea that we know from our experience in the world that parallel lines get closer together as they go off into the distance, like Edges of a road, We don't perceive a road getting further away as a flat triangle
liner persepective cues
Middle of prefrontal cortex, More active in adolescents when they make social decisions, Decreases during period of adolescence
medial prefrontal cortex
hormone associated with drowsiness/sleep
melatonin
distributing throughout the brain through many neurons after forming
memories are resistant to being lost by
franz mesmer, Go around country trying to show technique of getting to people to fall into hypnosis, Magnets passing over people, attracting animal spirits, Induce trance-like state, Finds hands work like magnets & Concludes that he is a magnet (Animal Magnetism)
mesmerism
thinking about thinking
metacognition
dopamine
meth blocks re-uptake of ____ in the brain, creating euphoria/alertness
Laboratory experiment
method of choice for psych science
glial cell types
microglia & astrocytes
genome
middle of cell is the
State in which adolescents actively exploring options but have not yet made commitments
moratorium
active
most effective learning strategies
pyramidal (triangular/pyramidal shape of soma)
most prominent multipolar structure
social learning theory - to engage in observational learning
motivation
allow us to initiate movement and behavior
motor neurons
Communicate sensory and motor information in the brain, Firing causes muscles to contract
multipolar neurons
one axon, many dendrites
multipolar structure
Axon covered in an insulating substance
myelin sheath
Body's communication network that consists of all nerve cells
nervous system
Makes decision, Am I going to fire? Based on information I'm taking in, If yes...Sends signal down Axon
neuron cell body
to transmit information to other cells/neurons, to muscle cells, as quickly and efficiently as possible
neuron purpose
Tendency to feel anxious/stressed by things
neuroticism
Fluid/chemical
neurotransmitter
excitatory or inhibitory
neurotransmitters can be broadly classified as...
incapable of eliciting a response without learning
neutral
Our body's way of sending us a signal that something is wrong/needs attention
nociception
Particular tests have been administered to large number of people - 1 test can be compared to whole population - percentiles
norming
new, unfamiliar
novel information
Located in the soma, Contains genetic info, Directs protein synthesis, Supplies energy & resources neuron needs to function
nucleus
recognizing something exists even if we can't see it
object permanence
Back of cerebral cortex, Visual area of brain
occipital lobe
convergence and accomodation
ocular motor cues
where odorants bind with olfactory receptors
olfactory epithelium
type of glial cell
oligodedroglia
occipital lobe
one reason for blindness is damage to the
endorphin
opiates/narcotics cause ____ production in the brain
are often wrong
optical illusions prove that our perceptions...
3 smallest bones in body, malleus, incus, stapes
ossicles
switch on/off
our environment might serve to ______ genes
Protein/Peptide hormones, Stimulates milk letdown and uterine contractions during birth, Promotes social bonding
oxytocin
neuropeptide
oxytocin
Central role in reproduction by helping to expel the big-brained baby from the uterus, ejecting milk and sealing a selective and lasting bond between mother and child
oxytocin's role in childbirth
probabilty value, Tells you how often a random process would give a result at least as extreme as what was found in the actual study, assuming there was no other than random chance at play
p-value
Down regulating arousal Getting ready for sleep, Digesting food, Not dealing with immediate threat
parasympathetic nervous system
the image-making stage, the nurturing stage, the authority stage, the interpretive stage, the interdependent staqge, the departure stage
parental development stages
Upper back of cerebral cortex, Touch and taste
parietal lobe
the process of making sense of the physical stimuli
perception
Awareness of compounds within words, crucial skill in learning to read, good indicator of reading ability later in life
phonemic awareness
high, inside
potassium in ___ concentrations _____ cell
sensorimotor, preoperational reasoning, concrete operational reasoning, formal operational reasoning
piaget's 4 stages
Theory that development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages
piaget's stage theory
represented in a picture, when things overlap, the object in front is closer
pictorial cues
external part of ear that you can see, funnels sound waves
pinna
located on spine, neuron receiving signal
postsynaptic membrane/dendritic spine
chance that a conditioned stimulus won't lead to the expected outcome, necessary for classical conditioning
prediction error
adolescence
prefrontal cortex changes the most during
Children can represent objects through drawing and language but cannot solve logical reasoning problems
preoperational reasoning
neuron sending the signal
presynaptic terminal button
frontal lobe
primary motor cortex is located in the
somatotopic map
primary somatosensory cortex organized in
Where information about light orientation and movement come together
primary visual cortex
used to investigate the pattern of results that would occur in the long run in random chance were the only factor
probability model
ion channels
proteins that span the membrane form ____
Body's changes that get you from childlike state (unable to reproduce) to ability to reproduce
puberty
tiny opening behind cornea, regulates the amount of light entering eye by contracting or dilating
pupil
allow particular ions to pass between intra/extracellular fluid
purpose of ion channels
Digest debris of dead neurons, Carry nutritional support from blood vessels to neurons, Help regulate ionic composition of extracellular fluid
purpose of microglia & astrocytes
Allows signal and communication of one neuron to travel rapidly to another neuron
purpose of myelin sheath
forms myelin sheaths, Wrap dendritic processes around axons of neurons many times to form Sheath
purpose of oligodendroglia
oxytocin
released in response to acutely stressful situations, hormonal "insurance" against overwhelming stress
Baseline electrical charge inside the cell compared with outside the cell, Based on collective drive of force on several ions
resting membrane potential
vasopression
social isolation increases expression of the gene for _______ peptide
social learning theory - to lean, one must be able to retain the behavior he/she is observing in memory
retention
thin layer of cells in back of the eye
retina
neurotransmitter taken back into prsynaptic terminal button
reuptake
social time
rules of _____ is the silent language
oxytocin
social isolation reduces expression of the gene for the _____ receptor
"healthiest"
secure attachment style
feature of emerging adulthood, Establish a more independent lifestyle than they had, Develop knowledge, skills, and self-understanding needed for adult life
self-focused age
physical process during which our sensory organs respond to external stimuli
sensation
birth-2yrs, Children represent enduring reality of objectsm, Children's thinking largely realized through perceptions of world and physical interactions with it
sensorimotor stage
help us receive information about the world around us
sensory neurons
glutamate
sex excitement increases the production of which neurotransmitter
charles darwin, we evolve for mating advantage
sexual selection theory
Proposes that humans have evolved a list of different mating strategies, Short-term, Long-term, vary depending on culture, social context, etc (better safe than sorry)
sexual strategies theory
used to light sources coming from above
shadows cues
theory that Different odorants binding to different receptors based on shape
shape theory of olfaction
stress management (coping)
social engagement helps with ______
high, outside
sodium in ___ concentration ____ cell
uses neuron's energy (ATP) to pump 3 Na+ ions out of cell in exchange for bringing 2 K+ ions inside
sodium-potassium pump
cell body
soma
conscious control, like hand waving
somatic nervous system
secure
someone with a secure attachment style is more likely to end up with someone with a _____ attachment style
primary auditory cortex
sound input travels from the thalamus to the
when corpus callosum severed so two halves of brain cannot easily communicate with one another
split brain
sudden reemergence of a fear response
spontaneous recovery
one of the ossicles, the stirrup
stapes
developed by mary ainsworth, measures child attachment, If securely attached, distressed if caregiver leaves, Easily comforted by caregiver when caregiver returns
strange situation task
HONDA CIVIC Inductive reasoning, Verbal comprehension, Visual memory, Sound localization, Word fluency, Reaction time
strata i
SEDANS Fluid intelligence, Crystalized, Visual/auditory perception, Broad retrieval, Processing speed
strata ii
CAR General intelligence factor "g"
strata iii
Underside of cerebral cortex, Where sounds and smells are processed
temporal lobe
ability to tell where specifically brain activity occurs
temporal resolution
End of axon
terminal button
provided in certain european governments, Assist young people in finding jobs, Provide unemployment Housing support
tertiary education
conservation problems (Glass of water poured into taller, thinner glass, child might say there is more water)
test of preoperational reasoning stage
Object permanence task
test of sensorimotor stage
Type of androgen ("male" hormone), Steroid Hormone, Sperm production/male secondary sexual characteristics, Sexual motivation and behavior
testosterone
hormone, goes up when in situations of competition, Risk taking
testosterone
pathological behavior
the absence of developmental love can lead to...
2-5 years old, How much authority should I exert?, How strict should i be?
the authority stage of parental development
amplify the sound waves before entering the cochlea
the eardrum (tympanic membrane) and ossicles serve to
50/50
the genetic/epigenetic dichotomy is about
Stage during pregnancy when parents begin to plan for changes and consider what it means to be a parent, Evaluate relationships with own parents
the image-making stage of parental development
Teenagers, Redefine authority, Parents still limit complete autonomy
the interdependent stage of parental development
Children entering preschool/kindergarten, Parents interpret children's experiences as children are increasingly exposed to the world outside the family, Parents answer questions
the interpretive stage of parental development
Birth of baby, develop attachment relationship, adapt romantic relationships and relationships to other children and parents, Reconcile expectations of baby with actual baby, Reshape idea about identity, Most demanding responsibilities
the nurturing stage of parental development
frontal lobe
the part of the brain associated with conscientiousness is the
performance
the way an individual thinks about their own performance is predictive of
4-7 hz
theta sleep frequency
deep mediation and dreaming
theta sleep is
internal over external
traditionally ____ validity is prioritized over ____ validity
eardrum, Thin, stretched membrane that vibrates against 3 smallest bones in body
tympanic membrane
sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons
types of brain cells
G, C, T, A
types of nucleotides
learning isn't necessary, just happens
unconditioned refers to
one neurite (axon), no dendrites
unipolar neuron structure
Structured in such a way ideal for relaying information forward, Involved in transmission of PHYSIOLOGICAL INFO from BODY'S PERIPHERY (Communicating body temperature through spinal cord up to brain)
unipolar neurons
oxytocin
vasopressin or oxytocin: Immobility without fear, Relaxed states that permit birth, lactation, consensual sexual behavior, May make it easier for a woman to be less anxious around newborn
vasopressin
vasopressin or oxytocin: Physical and emotional mobilization, Vigilance and behaviors needed for guarding a partner, Self-defense, Protects against physiologically "shutting down" in face of danger
vision's What pathway, area of specialized regions for visual recognition
ventral pathway
Tells bodies where we are in space Sea sickness/motion sickness/drunk spins
vestibular sense
Three semicircular canals, Fluid-filled bone structures containing cells that respond to changes in head orientation in space
vestibular system
information is taken from the world, processed, etc.
vision a good model for how...
abstractly, hypothetically
we are better now at thinking _____ than we were many years ago
baker's yeast
we are least genetically similar to
baker's yeast
we share 18-20% of our dna with
0
weakeast possible correlation
sympathetic and parasympathetic
what are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system
Input systems (sensory systems), Integrators (central nervous system), Output systems (muscles)
what are the 3 interacting hormone components
he beacme more impulsive, emotional, and disorganized, worse at planning due to injury to the frontal lobe
what happened to phineas gage after his injury
cognitive decline, difficutly with emotional regulation
what happens when you dont get enough sleep consistently
40 hz
what hz stimulation is more likely to cause us to lucid dream
Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride(Cl-), Anions (A-)?
what is intracellular/extracellular fluid of neurons composed of
lipid bilayer of fat molecules
what is neural cell membrane made up of
the brain
what is the biggest part of the central nervous system
Time when separating from caregivers, Beginning to be interested in/involved in reproducing/finding a mate, Need to be detaching from parents, trying new activities, competing with others
what is the purpose of adolescence?
vestibular sense
what is the sixth sense
the color/word reading test
what is the stroop test
self-regulation, when you take control of what you're doing it gives you agency!
what makes something an effective learning strategy?
the frontal lobe
what part of the brain is tested by the stroop test
1 percent
what percent of our dna accounts for our humanity
20 percent
what percent of our oxygen/calories is consumed by the brain
salivating
what was pavlov's conditioned response
bell
what was pavlov's neutral/conditioned stimulus
salivating
what was pavlov's unconditioned response`
dog food
what was pavlov's unconditioned stimulus
after 40
when do brains start to shrink
11-12 years old
when does puberty begin for boys
10-11 years old
when does puberty begin for girls
ages 18-29
when is emerging adulthood
have temptation but ignore it
when it comes to donut theft, adults believe it's more moral to
not have temptation whatsoever (heart purity)
when it comes to donut theft, children believe it's more moral to
1892
when was the APA established?
you get worse at both
when you try to do more than one things at the same time...
back of eye (retina)
where are rods and cones located
where neurons leave the eye (blindspot)
where are there no rods and cones
the temporal lobe
where is the primary auditory cortex
smell and taste
which are the chemical senses
frontal lobes
which area of the brain helps us pay attention to our own performance
frontal lobes
which area of the brain helps us switch tasks
testosterone
which hormone is responsible for reward response
multipolar
which is the most common type of neuron
vagus nerve
which nerve transmits signals of love
sympathetic (arousal)
which nervous system is measured by a polygraph
vasopressin
which neuropeptide may be increased in the face of threat for males without early developmental love
hormones
which operate over a greater distance and over a much greater temporal range hormones/neurotransmitters
cerebellum
which part of the brain is our "lizard" brain
lower parts (lizard brain), brain stem
which parts of the brain are the most common with other species
men
which sex has better fluid reasoning, math and science, perceptual tasks that involve moving objects, tasks that require transformations in working memory such as mental rotations of physical spaces
women
which sex has better motor skill, acquired knowledge, reading comprehension, decoding non-verbal expression, higher school grades
All or none events, Rapid onset/offset, Take place in milliseconds, Regulates immediate food intake, directs body movement
why are neural messages digital
Predicts real world things, & is index of family background
why do we care about intelligence?
restorative, cell growth, immune function highly at work, muscles resting
why do we sleep?
Use train in travel plans as long as tracks exist, Neural messages can travel only to destinations along existing nerve tracts
why is Communication in nervous system analogous to traveling on a train
Can drive anywhere, roads or not, More roads than train tracks (Circulatory system - Any cell receiving blood is potentially able to receive a hormonal message)
why is Hormonal communication like traveling in a car
something to compare manipulated group to
why is a control group important
A controlled setting is different than a real world setting
why is it difficult to achieve internal/external validity at the same time
because primarily responsible for processing new sensory information and sending to peripheral nervous system for action
why is it the central nervous system
If differences in Dependent variable, due to manipulation, Eliminates possibility of other variables affecting experiment
why is random assignment important
Predictive for performance in less skilled labor, predictive of high levels of achievement
why might we use intelligence tests to select workers?
"off time"
with puberty, boys are sensitive to being
2x a night
without any artificial light at all, we would sleep...