Psych Questions : Chapter 13
D
Carlos and his work associates form a close, friendly group, and they usually work well together. However, they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called A) generational identity. B) self-serving bias. C) fundamental attribution error. D) groupthink.
C
Dave is a Red Sox fan. He intensely dislikes the Yankees. He celebrates with glee every time the Red Sox win and when the Yankees lose. This is an example of A) prejudice. B) adaptive conservatism. C) in-group bias. D) discrimination.
D
Two important lessons from research on prejudice and discrimination is that _______________ increases prejudice and ____________ helps to decrease prejudice. A) separation; competition B) competition; increased contact C) increased contact; separation D) competition; cooperation
C
"Jeremy, can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday," your friend Ben asks. Not thinking that this is a big deal, you agree to do this favour for Ben. "Oh, that's great! Thanks so much. And by the way, I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 a.m. so I'll have to be at the airport by 6:30 a.m. Pick me up at 6:00. See you then," Ben adds. You are still likely to do the favour for Ben because you have just been a victim of the _____________ technique. A) foot-in-the-door B) door-in-the-face C) low-ball D) bait-and-switch
B
"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird. It's a plane. It's Superman!" If you looked up, would you be conforming? A) Yes. You would be looking up because you were told to do so. B) No. Conformity requires that you base your behaviour on what other people are doing, not being told to do so. C) Yes. Conformity means doing what you are told or else. D) No. Looking up only means you are curious.
B
"Mommy, mommy, mommy," your young son asks frantically. "Can we please buy a new PlayStation®3 console with all of the games and the wireless controllers so that we don't have to sit near the television?" "No," you reply, "we can't afford to buy all of that!" Seemingly unperturbed by your reject, your son comes back with "Then can we just buy one new game for our PlayStation®2?" "Okay, I guess so," you answer, not realizing that your son has taken a social psychology class and has just used the _____________ technique to get what he wanted. A) foot-in-the-door B) door-in-the-face C) low-ball D) bait-and-switch
D
A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The loan officer's belief is an example of _____. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of _____. A) discrimination; prejudice B) stereotyping; attribution C) attribution; stereotyping D) prejudice; discrimination
A
A belief A) is a conclusion regarding factual evidence. B) includes an emotional component. C) is an attitude. D) includes a behavioural component.
C
A belief about the characteristics of members of a group that are applied generally to most members of the group is known as a(n) A) cognitive miser. B) prejudice. C) stereotype. D) illusionary correlation.
B
A local car insurance company advertises its products with television commercials. During those spots, there are flashy lights, attractive dancers wearing skin-tight outfits, and local celebrities talking about how they have that company's insurance. The advertisement does not, however, mention any of the features or costs associated with the product. This company is attempting to earn customers through which path of processing? A) Central route B) Peripheral route C) Afferent route D) Efferent route
B
A person asks you if you would volunteer to counsel delinquent youths at a detention centre for two years. When you refuse, she asks you if you could supervise the youths during a trip to the zoo. She is using the ______ technique. A) foot-in-the-door B) door-in-the-face C) low-ball D) bait-and-switch
C
A social group of people viewed as competitors, enemies, or different and unworthy of respect is a(n) A) threat-group. B) pariah. C) out-group. D) in-group.
B
A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Milgram's research. He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles. Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate? A) "Obedience and Aggression Are Inborn" B) "Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority" C) "Training in Ethics Can Overcome the Pull of Obedience" D) "Make a Small Request First and the World Can Be Yours"
D
A state of tension that occurs when a person's attitudes do not match the person's actions is called A) implicit egotism. B) maladaptive gullibility. C) self-monitoring. D) cognitive dissonance.
B
A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? A) The bystander effect B) Social loafing C) Pluralistic ignorance D)Diffusion of responsibility
B
A trait that assesses the extent to which people's behaviours reflect their true feelings and attitudes is called A) an accessible characteristic. B) self-monitoring. C) a belief. D) predictive
A
According to Asch and others, all of the following are social factors that influence conformity EXCEPT A) status of the group. B) unanimity of the group. C) difference in the wrong answer. D) size of the majority.
A
According to research by Frans de Waal, _______________ are models for prosocial behaviour and _______________ are models for antisocial behaviour in humans. A) bonobos; chimpanzees B) chimpanzees; gorillas C) gorillas; bonobos D) chimpanzees; bonobos
D
According to research, humans have a biological need for interpersonal interactions. This is called the A) need for friends theory. B) need for intimacy theory. C) need for interpersonal interactions theory. D) need to belong theory.
D
After a group of gang members learned that their friend had died in a seemingly random accident, several of the friends started blaming a rival gang for the death. Even though there was no evidence whatsoever that the death had been intentional, the more the friends talked the more passionate they became in their belief that an act of revenge was necessary. What concept from social psychology may contribute to an act of violent revenge in this case? A) Deindividuation B) Conformity C) Social influence D) Groupthink
D
All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT A) the belief that the group can do no wrong. B) the belief that the group is invulnerable. C) the belief that those who oppose the group have no worthwhile opinions. D) openness to differing opinions.
D
All of the following conclusions were reached based on the Milgram study EXCEPT A) morally advanced subjects are more willing to defy the experimenter. B) people with high levels of authoritarianism are more likely to comply with the experimenter's demands. C) there were no differences between males and females. D) Americans were more likely to obey the experimenter's commands than nonAmericans.
C
All of the following statements about deindividuation are true EXCEPT A) Deindividuation makes us more likely to conform to whatever norms are present in the situation. B) Deindividuation makes people more likely to engage in helping behaviour when others are helping out. C) Deindividuation typically makes us behave badly. D) Deindividuation makes us perform more like a member of a group.
B
Amanda, Sarah, Jonas, and William have been assigned a group project. Amanda ends up doing most of the work while the others get the same grade as she. This is an example of A) the bystander effect. B) social loafing. C) pluralistic ignorance. D) diffusion of responsibility
D
Amos is the only survivor of a plane crash, and is stranded in the wilderness all alone. As the days pass without rescue, he begins to feel extremely lonely and isolated, and begins talking to himself, the trees, and the nearby animals. Which of the following theories best explains Amos' behaviour? A) Attributional theory B) Social comparison theory C) Cognitive dissonance theory D) The need to belong theory
B
An attitud A) is a conclusion regarding factual evidence. B) includes an emotional component. C) predicts behaviour reasonably well. D) All of the above
D
An example of the power of ________________ is urban legends, such as the myth that gang members drive around with their lights off and shoot people who flash their lights at them. A) conformity B) social comparison C) fundamental attribution D) social influence
C
An individual from which of the following cultures would be LEAST likely to engage in the fundamental attribution error? A) Canada B) England C) Japan D) India
B
An individual who exerts less effort when working on a group task if individual contributions will not be evaluated is engaging in what is called A) the bystander effect. B) social loafing. C) pluralistic ignorance. D) diffusion of responsibility.
B
As the number of people present during an emergency ____________, the likelihood that any one individual will help ____________. A) increases; increases B) increases; decreases C) decreases; decreases D) decreases; does not change
B
Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred during approximately _____ of the trails. A) one half B) one third C) one quarter D) one fifth
C
At a crowded park Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling. If Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man, she is experiencing the phenomenon known as A) pluralistic ignorance. B) social loafing. C) diffusion of responsibility. D) evaluation apprehension.
D
Attitudes stem from A) our prior experience. B) our ability to relate to messengers who provide information. C) our personalities. D) All of the answers are correct
B
Based on research on differences in conformity, which of the following individuals would you most expect to conform to a group? A) Patrick, an American male B) Masami, a Japanese female C) Beth, an American female D) Marcel, a Japanese male
C
Both Nicole and Sandy need to buy a new cell phone. They get pamphlets on the top-selling phones, including the Blackberry and iPhone. Nicole decides to buy the iPhone simply because it is an Apple product and she has a crush on the salesman at her local store, whereas Sandy decides to purchase the iPhone after making a spreadsheet of the pros and cons of each phone and carefully weighing her options. In this example, Nicole is influenced by the ____________ route to persuasion and Sandy is influenced by the _____________ route to persuasion. A) central; central B) central; peripheral C) peripheral; central D) peripheral; peripheral
B
Both laboratory and naturalistic research has demonstrated that watching media violence __________ the odds of engaging in violent behaviour. A) decreases B) increases C) has no effect on D) only temporarily decreases
B
Brain studies on conformity find increased activity in what part of the brain while conforming? A) Hippocampus B) Amygdala C) Thalamus D) Hypothalamus
D
Close, friendly groups usually work well together, but they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called A) fundamental attribution error. B) generational identity. C) self-serving bias. D) groupthink.
C
Cults are to _______________ as Abu Ghraib is to _______________. A) deindividuation; groupthink B) group polarization; conformity C) groupthink; deindividuation D) conformity; group polarization
A
Drawing conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence is known as A) prejudice. B) adaptive conservatism. C) discrimination. D) in-group bias.
C
Emilio saw a wonderful all-in-one kitchen appliance for sale on TV. The appliance would allow him to get rid of six small appliances and leave more room in his kitchen. Emilio called the number and agreed to purchase the product. He then found out that the price only covered the product base and he would have to purchase each appliance add-on ryerson.testbank @gmail.com individually. When he did this the product cost significantly more than he originally thought. This is known as the A) foot-in-the-door technique. B) door-in-the-face technique. C) low-ball technique. D) bait-and-switch technique
B
Examples such as UFO sightings, cow mutilations by aliens, and crop circles demonstrate how _________________ can lead to mass hysteria and collective delusions. A) fundamental attributions B) social comparisons C) conformity D) obedience
B
Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by A) Zimbardo. B) Asch. C) Gibb. D) Milgram.
C
Faroud is walking across campus and sees a man who is slumped over on the ground beside one of the buildings. He looks around and notices that no one else is responding, so he assumes that he must be the only one who thinks that the man may need help and that he is wrong. Faroud continues on his way and does not stop to help the man. Faroud's behaviour can be explained by _______________. A) diffusion of responsibility. B) social loafing. C) pluralistic ignorance. D) deindividuation.
D
Females engage in higher rates of _____________ aggression relative to males. A) verbal B) physical C) sexual D) relational
B
From an evolutionary perspective, the principle of _______________ helps to explain why we tend to form alliances with insiders and mistrust outsiders. A) kin selection B) adaptive conservatism C) instinctual drift D) affective forecasting
C
George is at a pub watching the Stanley Cup final game. When his local team wins, everyone in the bar starts cheering and running around outside of the bar. People begin to smash windows of cars and business and some people begin to loot stores. George gets "caught up" in this and joins in the rioting behaviour. What concept is depicted in this example? A) Groupthink B) Conformity C) Deindividuation D) Obedience
D
Group brainstorming is less effective than individual brainstorming becaus A) group members may be anxious about being evaluated by others. B) of social loafing. C) of social facilitation. D) A and B are correct.
A
Helping others for unselfish reasons is called A) altruism. B) egoism. C) situationalism. D) influentialism.
D
Hermione went out an bought some acne cream because an actor who plays a doctor on her favourite soap opera recommended it. Falling for messages delivered by bogus figures is called A) the bandwagon fallacy. B) the recognition heuristic. C) self-monitoring. D) maladaptive gullibility.
C
Horizontal influence is to ___________________ as vertical influence is to __________________. A) obedience; conformity B) persuasion; groupthink C) conformity; obedience D) groupthink; persuasion
A
If a researcher wants to conduct many different studies to determine the multiple influences on a dependent variable, such as conformity, they would be conducting __________________. A) parametric studies. B) observational studies. C) replication studies. D) correlational studies.
C
If you walk into a classroom talking with a friend, and the rest of the members of the class are not talking, you are likely to be quiet and stop your conversation. Your behaviour is an example of ______________. A) obedience B) compliance C) conformity D) persuasion
A
Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond? A) The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. B) The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave. C) Most of the women would refuse to obey, whereas almost all of the men would obey. D) Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment.
B
In Asch's research studies, conformity decreased to approximately ____ percent if one of the confederates gave the correct response (the same as the participant) relative to the others that gave an incorrect response. A) 10 B) 25 C) 37 D) 45
C
In Milgram's original study, what percentage of participants displayed complete compliance and administered shocks to the level of 450 volts? A) 33% B) 54% C) 62% D) 80%
B
In Solomon Asch's study on conformity, the number of confederates was found to have a significant impact on the participants' likelihood of giving an incorrect answer. How many confederates did Asch find maximized the likelihood of conformity occurring? A) 2 B) 4 C) 8 D) 12
C
In Solomon Asch's study, which factor increased the rate of conformity? A) The task difficulty was increased. B) The confederates were all adults. C) The number of confederates increased. D) The participants were given two chances at responding
B
In order to reduce groupthink, which of the following strategies would NOT be employed? A) Making sure that group leaders remain impartial B) Finding holes in all arguments that go against the group's desires C) Seeing opinions of people outside of the group D) Voting for a choice by secret ballot rather than with a show of hands
C
In which of the following scenarios would you be MOST likely to conform by giving the same response as the confederate's? A) 12 confederates give the same answer and one confederate provides the correct response. B) 8 confederates give the same answer and one provides a different but also incorrect response. C) 4 confederates give the same answer and all of the responses are the same. D) 2 confederates give the same answer and one provides another answer that is incorrect.
B
In which of the following situations is the person more likely to be helped? A) A young woman is being mugged while people are watching from their bedroom windows. B) An old woman with a cane trips and falls while crossing an isolated street. C) An angry mob watches while an old man is attacked by a dog. D) A woman collapses on the sidewalk of a crowded street.
A
In which variation on Milgram's classic study of obedience did they find compliance to 450 volts fell to 0%? A) A second experimenter debates with the first as to whether they should continue B) Less prestigious location C) Experimenter gives orders by phone D) The teacher has to hold the learner's hand on the shock plate
A
In which variation on Milgram's classic study of obedience did they find compliance to 450 volts reached over 90%? A) The teacher has to direct a different subject to administer shock B) Less prestigious location C) Experimenter gives orders by phone D) The teacher has to hold the learner's hand on the shock plate
C
Individuals who experienced panic and interpreted the 1963 broadcast of The War of the Worlds as genuine breaking news fell prey to the ___________________ and failed to consider alternative hypotheses for these events. A) belief perseverance B) availability heuristic C) confirmation bias D) logical fallacy
D
Interpreting a situation as an emergency is to ________________ as offering assistance in an emergency is to _______________. A) deindividuation; social loafing B) social loafing; deindividuation C) diffusion of responsibility; pluralistic ignorance D) pluralistic ignorance; diffusion of responsibility
B
It is 1951, and you are required to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a 25-cm test line and must choose the line that ryerson.testbank @gmail.com matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is studying A) bystander apathy. B) conformity. C) groupthink. D) social loafing.
C
Luis picks up a pack of cigarettes and reads, "Cigarette smoking is harmful to your health." Which one of the following statements leads one to believe Luis is actually having cognitive dissonance? A) "I've been smoking my whole life and I don't have health problems." B) "No one I know who smokes is sick." C) "I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can't stop." D) "That is not true. Cigarettes are not that harmful."
A
Joey is a season ticket holder for the Saskatchewan Roughriders football team. He is such a fan that he sometimes travels to different cities to watch them play. He was recently in Edmonton to watch the Roughriders versus Eskimos game, and was wearing his Roughriders jersey to show his support. Although he attended the game by himself, he ended up talking to several other Saskatchewan fans in the audience near his seat, and they joked about how deluded the Eskimos fans were that they were going to win. In this example, Joey is engaging in _________________. A) the in-group bias. B) adaptive conservatism. C) discrimination. D) the out-group bias.
C
Luther operates a small nightclub that specializes in soul music and features up-and-coming black singing groups. He actively discourages white couples from coming in and always gives them the worst seats if they insist on being admitted. Luther's behaviour is BEST described as an example of A) prejudice. B) adaptive conservatism. C) discrimination. D) in-group bias.
C
Learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better. This is known as A) the bystander effect. B) the altruism effect. C) the enlightenment effect. D) the helping effect.
A
Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the A) foot-in-the-door technique. B) door-in-the-face technique. C) low-ball technique. D) bait-and-switch technique.
B
Marika was confronted by the jealous girlfriend of a guy that Marika had dated. She backed down from the confrontation and fled the scene. Later, she asked several others what they would have done in that type of a situation and they agreed that they would have done the same thing. Marika felt better. This is an example of A) fundamental attribution theory. B) social comparison theory. C) collective delusions. D) mass hysteria.
B
Miranda received a phone call from a telemarketer for a local charity. The telemarketer asked for a $1000 donation. When Miranda refused, the telemarketer then asked for $25 to which Miranda agreed. This is an example of A) the foot-in-the-door technique. B) the door-in-the-face technique. C) the low-ball technique. D) the bait-and-switch technique.
B
Naïve subjects in the Stanley Milgram experiment were given the opportunity to administer shocks to helpless victims. What was the maximum voltage that could be administered in one shock? A) 100 B) 450 C) 625 D) 999
B
One criticism of Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment is that participants may have experienced ___________________ to behave according to their assigned roles as prisoners or guards. A) deindividuation B) demand characteristics C) confirmation bias D) obedience
B
People who exert less effort on a task when working in a group than they do when working individually are engaging in A) the bystander effect. B) social loafing. C) pluralistic ignorance. D) diffusion of responsibility
D
Prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our present misfortunes according to the A) just-world hypothesis. B) bandwagon hypothesis. C) maladaptive gullibility hypothesis. D) scapegoat hypothesis.
D
Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________. A) dislike; hatred B) hatred; dislike C) behaviour; attitude D) attitude; behaviour
D
Pretend you are a juror in a murder trial and your task is to come to a unanimous verdict of either guilty or not guilty. The jury takes an initial poll to determine how all jurors vote, and find out that 10 members would think the suspect is guilty and only 2 jurors think the suspect is not guilty. Following the vote, the jurors engage in a short discussion, which strengthens the dominant view that the suspect is guilty, and all members vote for a guilty verdict. Based on the information provided, it is likely that ___________________ influenced jury-decision making. A) conformity B) obedience C) deindividuation D) group polarization
A
Ralph, a white student who grew up in Alberta, is about to enter the University on an athletic scholarship. He is aware that many of his teammates will be black and assumes that they will dislike him and ostracize him. Ralph's attitude is BEST described as an example of______. A) prejudice. B) adaptive conservatism. C) discrimination. D) in-group bias.
A
Raoul wanted a new cell phone. One of the companies was offering free cell phones with a purchase of a two-year contract. Along with the offer came free text messaging for a month. Raoul purchased the contract. After the month he liked the text package so much he kept it at a rather hefty price. This is an example of A) the foot-in-the-door technique. B) the door-in-the-face technique. C) the low-ball technique. D) the bait-and-switch technique.
A
Research has shown that there are gender differences in aggression. These findings suggest that A) higher levels of testosterone may produce more outward aggression in males. B) males are likely to engage in more relational aggression than females. C) males engage in more nondirect aggression than females. D) females are more likely to be affected by high temperatures than males.
D
Research on cognitive dissonance theory suggests that people are unlikely to experience dissonance and change their cognitions or behaviour when they have _______________________. A) an extraverted personality. B) an extreme emotional reaction. C) no justification for their behaviour. D) a good external justification
B
Research suggests that cults promote groupthink in the following ways EXCEPT A) having a persuasive leader who fosters loyalty. B) connecting group members to the outside world. C) discouraging questioning of the group's or leader's assumptions. D) utilizing training practices that gradually indoctrinate members
B
Robin is completing an online survey and is asked the following questions: (1) How do you feel about abortion? and (2) Do you think that abortions should be provided to pregnant teenagers without parental consent? The first question is assessing Robin's _____________ and the second question is assessing her _____________. A) belief; attitude B) attitude; belief C) schema; stereotype D) stereotype; schema
D
Scapegoats are usually the group of people with A) the most annoying customs. B) the most unusual appearance. C) the most money. D) the least power.
A
Sharlene is walking home from school and witnesses a car accident. She stops to watch what is happening, and although both drivers are unharmed, one driver is extremely anger and starts hitting the driver that hit him. Sharlene noticed that she is not the only one to stop and ryerson.testbank @gmail.com take note of the situation. There are a number of other people standing on the street watching, and many cars have driven by. She assumes that someone has phoned the police and does not even think of using her cellular phone to call 911. Sharlene's behaviour can be explained by ___________________. A) diffusion of responsibility. B) social loafing. C) pluralistic ignorance. D) deindividuation.
D
Sherif's "Robbers" experiment demonstrated that prejudice can be reduced by A) engaging all members in competitive play. B) engaging each team against each other in a tournament. C) getting boys within each group to form strong bonds within the group. D) engaging the groups in activities that required them to cooperate to achieve a goal.
D
Social psychology is best defined as the scientific study of A) deviant behaviour. B) sociology. C) social influence. D) groups.
B
Social rejection is associated with activation in a region of the _____________ that also becomes active during physical pain. A) substantia nigra B) cingulate cortex C) parietal lobe D) sensorimotor cortex
B
Some theorists believe that while it may appear that outright prejudice and discrimination toward marginalized groups is less apparent, these cool feelings may have instead gone underground in a more subtle form called A) subversive racism B) modern racism C) implicit racism D) explicit racism
D
Sonya, who believes in a just world, believes that Sander is responsible for his getting AIDS because of his lifestyle. This phenomenon is known as A) scapegoat hypothesis. B) ultimate attribution error. C) implicit association. D) blaming the victim.
D
Sophia went out and bought some anti-aging skin cream because an actor who plays a doctor on a soap opera recommended it. This is known as A) the bandwagon fallacy. B) the recognition heuristic. C) the availability heuristic. D) maladaptive gullibility.
D
Stereotype is to _____________ as prejudice is to _____________ as discrimination is to _____________. A) attitude; belief; behaviour B) belief; behaviour; attitude C) attitude; behaviour; belief D) belief; attitude; behaviour
C
Sumatra, who is a high school senior, a cheerleader, and the class vice president, would be more likely to be positively disposed to which of the following students? A) Andy, a sophomore computer geek B) Marika, a cellist in the school orchestra and a freshman C) Jamal, a senior captain of the football team and class treasurer D) Sandy, a junior cheerleader who wants to be a hair stylist
C
Tamika met Samantha, who was new to the school. Tamika began to develop a friendship with Samantha and soon they became good friends. Then Tamika learned that Samantha had been a troublemaker at her old school. Tamika liked Samantha but now saw her as a troublemaker. Tamika finally resolved these conflicting emotions by deciding that Samantha should be admired for turning over a new leaf at her new school. This is can be explained by A) implicit egotism theory. B) maladaptive gullibility. C) cognitive dissonance theory. D) self-monitoring theory.
B
Tarek is a camp counsellor and has set up a round robin game of "tug-of-war" with all the kids. Some kids play in teams of 6 people on each side, whereas others choose to play the game with only 2 people per side. Based on principles of social loafing, in which group will all the individual members work the hardest to win? A) Teams of 6 people. B) Teams of 2 people. C) Either teams of 2 or 6 if they have lost a round. D) Both teams will work equally hard.
B
The "banality of evil" refers to the idea that A) the personality of "evil" people is often socially constructed as devious rather than boring. B) perfectly normal citizens who follow orders blindly are responsible for most wickedness in the world. C) evil became so commonplace during certain historical periods (e.g., Holocaust) that it was not unexpected. D) obedience is always associated with evil intent whereas conformity only involves fitting in to belong
D
The 1986 Challenger space shuttle explosion was the result of A) mob action. B) deindividuation. C) blind obedience. D) groupthink.
D
The Robber's Cave experiment showed that A) playing athletic games, such as football and baseball, reduces us-them hostility. B) watching movies together, and similar quiet interactions, reduces us-them hostility. C) engaging in mutually exciting activities, such as tug-of-war, reduces us-them hostility. D) interdependence in solving crises together reduces us-them hostility.
B
The Robbers study and the jigsaw classroom underscore a lesson confirmed by many other social psychology studies; that is, A) increased contact between racial groups is sufficient to reduce prejudice. B) increased contact between racial groups is rarely sufficient to reduce prejudice. C) cooperative contact between groups is sufficient to reduce prejudice. D) increased enjoyable contact between racial groups is sufficient to reduce prejudice.
B
The Seekers thought the world was coming to an end on December 21. They prayed for their salvation. When the world did not come to an end A) this weakened their convictions because of falsification. B) this strengthened their convictions because of cognitive dissonance. C) this could not be explained by the Seekers. D) the Seekers used common sense to explain the disconfirmation of their prophecy
D
The Walkerton, Ontario, E coli fiasco was the result of A) mob action. B) deindividuation. C) blind obedience. D) groupthink.
D
The World-Will-End-on-June-7 group got together on June 7 to pray as the world ended. The next day the world did not end. The leader of the group said, "Our prayers saved the world." What process was responsible for the attitude change? A) implicit egotism. B) maladaptive gullibility. C) self-monitoring. D) cognitive dissonance.
A
The advice to "keep it simple, stupid" suggests that political and other messages should be simple so that the audience will understand the content without distractions. This is an example of which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model? A) Central route B) Peripheral route C) Afferent route D) Efferent route
C
The approximate number of people that each of us knows reasonably well is A) 50. B) 100. C) 150. D) 200.
B
Which of the following examples BEST reflects the name-letter effect? A) Louise and her husband Dennis live in London. B) Bonnie is married to Ben and they live in Burnaby. C) Albert and his partner Peter live in Montreal, Quebec. D) Walter and his wife Brenda live in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
A
The difference between conformity and obedience is A) conformity is influence from peers or colleagues and obedience is influence from authority. B) conformity occurs to most anything while obedience is unquestioning devotion to a single cause. C) conformity is the result of inoculation while obedience is the result of fear. D) nonexistent since there is no difference.
D
The emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking is called A) deindividuation. B) conformity. C) obedience. D) groupthink.
C
The finding that we're more positively predisposed toward people, places, or things that resemble us is called A) adaptive gullibility. B) the recognition heuristic. C) the implicit egotism effect. D) self-justification.
C
The following are all examples of pseudoscience tactics EXCEPT A) creation of a "phantom" goal. B) vivid testimonials. C) manufacturing credibility. D) the availability heuristic.
D
The following are all examples of pseudoscience tactics EXCEPT A) mastering the Italian language while sleeping. B) calling before midnight while supplies last. C) buying a product because it is "natural." D) losing 5 kilograms over a three-month period using the product along with proper nutrition and exercise.
C
The following types of people may exhibit high levels of prejudice against a wide variety of out-groups EXCEPT A) people with authoritarian personality traits. B) people with high levels of extrinsic religiosity. C) people with high levels of intrinsic religiosity. D) people with a high need for conformity.
A
Which of the following people would be most likely to come to the aid of another? A) Someone who read about bystander intervention research B) A member of a crowd C) Someone in a hurry D) Someone concerned about social approval
B
The launch and subsequent explosion of the space shuttle Challenger in 1986, despite warnings of danger from NASA engineers that parts might malfunction due to weather conditions, demonstrates the concept of ___________________. A) conformity. B) groupthink. C) obedience. D) group polarization.
B
The main task of the Solomon Asch studies was A) rating new fashions. B) judging line lengths. C) selecting paint colours. D) taste-testing new candies.
C
Which of the following personality traits has been associated with increased compliance in Milgram's paradigm? A) Introversion B) Type A personality C) Authoritarianism D) Agreeableness
B
The most creative demonstration of cognitive dissonance theory involved a situation where participants were asked to A) perform extremely boring manual tasks. B) taste fried grasshoppers. C) give a learner shocks for incorrect answers. D) pretend they were either a prisoner or a guard
B
The phenomenon where we are more likely to believe something we've heard many times is known as the A) availability heuristic. B) recognition heuristic. C) rule of thumb. D) bandwagon fallacy
D
The prime minister notices that her closest advisors never seem to disagree with her or with each other on a lot of important issues, such as arms control. She worries that she is not getting the pros and cons of different issues because her advisors are engaging in A) latent obedience. B) intrinsic reinforcement. C) latent learning. D) groupthink
C
Which of the following provides a "real world" example of the power of social influence and deindividuation? A) The Walkerton water scandal B) The Bay of Pigs invasion C) Abu Ghraib prison abuse D) Heaven's Gate mass suicide
C
The shortcut that helps a person to make typically accurate snap decisions is called A) a belief. B) an attitude. C) a recognition heuristic. D) a self-monitor.
D
The social group viewed as the one a person identifies with is called a (an) A) threat-group. B) pariah. C) out-group. D) in-group.
C
The tendency of people to alter their behaviour as a result of group influence is called A) obedience. B) attribution. C) conformity. D) social comparison
A
The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the ______ technique. A) foot-in-the-door B) door-in-the-face C) low-ball D) bait-and-switch
B
The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ technique. A) foot-in-the-door B) door-in-the-face C) low-ball D) bait-and-switch
D
The tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences is known as A) social facilitation. B) social influence. C) the social comparison theory. D) the fundamental attribution error
B
The tendency to view all people outside of our group as highly similar refers to the A) adaptive conservatism. B) out-group homogeneity bias. C) minimal intergroup paradigm. D) ultimate attribution error.
A
There are two alternative pathways to persuading others. One leads us to evaluate the merits of the persuasive arguments carefully and thoughtfully. This is known as the A) central route. B) peripheral route. C) afferent route. D) efferent route.
B
There are two alternative pathways to persuading others. One leads us to respond to persuasive arguments on the basis of snap judgments. This is known as the A) central route. B) peripheral route. C) afferent route. D) efferent route
B
To rule out rival hypotheses in the case of the effects of conformity, a researcher might conduct ______, or studies wherein an experimenter systematically manipulates the independent variable to observe its effects on the dependent variable. A) nonparametric studies B) parametric studies C) obtrusive studies D) unobtrusive studies
C
Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behaviour is an example of A) compliance. B) persuasion. C) conformity. D) obedience
B
Voluntarily yielding to social norms, even at the expense of one's own preference, is called A) submission. B) conformity. C) compliance. D) obedience.
D
What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behaviour of others and to ignore the influence of the situation? A) social facilitation. B) social influence. C) the social comparison theory. D) the fundamental attribution error.
B
What historical event prompted Jane Elliott to begin the blue eye-brown eye project with her students? A) The Vietnam War B) The assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. C) The assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy D) The assassination of John Lennon
A
What is a difference between obedience and conformity? A) In obedience there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request. B) Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules whereas obedience does not. C) Obedience is an indirect request whereas conformity is a direct request. D) In conformity there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group.
B
What is the moral or take-home message of Solomon Asch's series of experiments in which participants were asked to judge the lengths of lines? People will go to great lengths A) to please people on whom they depend. B) to fit in with others. C) to assert their independence. D) to convince others of their points of view.
C
What is the relationship between temperature and aggression? A) Increases in temperature reduce the rate of violent crime because people are lethargic and stay inside in front of their fans or air conditioners. B) Decreases in temperature increase the rate of violent crime because people are less observant during colder months and there are fewer witnesses on the street to stop a crime in progress. C) Increases in temperature increase the rate of violent crime because warm temperatures make people irritable and more likely to lose their temper when provoked or frustrated. D) There is no clear relationship between temperature and aggressive behaviours.
A
What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behaviour? A) Persuasion B) Affectance C) Conversion D) Enticement
D
What term do social psychologists use for the process of making people in an out-group responsible for the problems of people in the in-group? A) Groupthink B) Pariah formation C) Deindividuation D) Scapegoating
A
What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request? A) The foot-in-the-door technique B) The door-in-the-face technique C) The low-ball technique D) The bait-and-switch technique
C
What was the grade level of the students with whom Jane Elliott performed her famous blue eye-brown eye demonstration? A) Kindergarten B) 1st grade C) 2nd grade D) 3rd grade
C
Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram's classic research? A) Individuals easily conform to group norms. B) The presence of other people makes aggression more likely. C) People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others. D) Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely you will agree to a big request.
B
When George W. Bush said, "Everything in Iraq is going as planned. Trust me, I am the president," he was using what form of the elaboration likelihood model? A) Central route processing B) Peripheral route processing C) Afferent route processing D) Efferent route processing
B
When Sam went looking for a new car, he met a beautiful saleswoman who described the beauty of the car and the flashiness, and how good Sam would look driving it instead of the poor gas mileage, the exorbitant price, and poor road performance. Sam made a snap decision to buy the car from the persuasive saleswoman. Sam was using which alternative pathway in making a decision? A) The central route B) The peripheral route C) The afferent route D) The efferent route
D
When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call A) mass thought. B) consumerism. C) solidarity think. D) groupthink
D
When we experience an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts we are experiencing A) implicit egotism. B) maladaptive gullibility. C) self-monitoring. D) cognitive dissonance.
C
Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies? A) The task difficulty was increased. B) The confederates were all adults. C) One confederate gave a correct response. D) The participants were given two chances at responding.
B
Which heuristic makes us more likely to believe something we've heard many times? A) The availability heuristic B) The recognition heuristic C) The memory heuristic D) The monitor heuristic
A
Which of the following descriptions best defines implicit personality theory? A) the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits B) personal insights C) objective ideas about maladaptive behaviour D) unconscious motives for aggressive behaviour
C
Which of the following effects help to explain reports of UFOs due to tiny movements of your eye muscles that fool your brain into thinking that you perceive a moving object? A) Social comparison effect B) Attributional effect C) Autokinetic effect D) Deindividuation effect
D
Which of the following events is the BEST example of destructive obedience? A) The Los Angeles Riots B) The Challenger Shuttle Explosion C) Abu Ghraib Prisoner Abuse D) My Lai Massacre in Vietnam
D
Which of the following individuals is most likely to make the fundamental attribution error? A) Maggie, a 24-year old Caucasian woman B) Jethro, a 18-year old Caucasian man C) Anut, a 46-year old Pakistani woman D) Mona, a 72-year old Hawaiian woman
C
Which of the following individuals would be MOST likely to act in accordance with an attitude that they hold against drunk driving? A) An extrovert who has driven while intoxicated before and not been caught. B) An introvert who monitors her behaviour very carefully across social situations. C) A low self-monitor who lost his best friend because of an accident involving a drunk driver. D) A high self-monitor who is somewhat ambivalent about driving under the influence of alcohol.
C
Which of the following individuals would be MOST likely to engaging in helping behaviour in an emergency situation? A) Pearline, shy and concerned about social approval, passes a man who appears to be having a seizure. B) Bailey, an extroverted mechanic, notices a man trip and fall and hit is head on a street corner. C) Matt, a sociable paramedic, notices an attractive female being hassled by other men on a bus. D) Carmen, an introverted secretary who is queasy about blood, watches another woman fall off her bike.
A
Which of the following is NOT a misconception held about cults? A) Cult leaders likely suffer from serious mental illness. B) Cult members are emotionally disturbed. C) All cult members are brainwashed. D) Cult members have a death wish and unquestioningly follow a leader.
B
Which of the following is NOT a reason why we hurt others? A) Interpersonal provocation B) Media altruism C) High arousal D) Warm temperatures
D
Which of the following is NOT an example of "groupthink"? A) The Challenger disaster B) The Walkerton, Ontario, E coli tragedy C) The Bay of Pigs D) The Indianapolis Colts
C
Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance? A) You are polite and civil to people you dislike. B) You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health. C) You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. D) You are a lousy cook but you keep trying different recipes.
A
Which of the following is the correct definition of cognitive dissonance? A) A state of tension that occurs when a person's behaviour does not correspond to the his or her attitude B) The tendency for members of a group to avoid taking responsibility for their actions because they assume that others will do so C) The tendency for members of a close-knit group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement D) A belief that a statement is true just because the person has heard it repeated over and over again
C
Which of the following methods can be used to test for implicit stereotypes? A) A survey about your beliefs. B) The scapegoat hypothesis. C) Affective priming. D) The just-world hypothesis
A
Which of the following parametric studies by Milgram is correctly matched with the percentage of participants who complied to the 450 volt level? A) Proximity condition: 40% B) Telephone condition: 48% C) Voice feedback condition: 30% D) Touch proximity condition: 15%
B
Which of the following reflects the main conclusion about social behaviour from an evolutionary perspective? A) Conformity is a negative influence on reproductive capacity as it constrains mate selection processes by making mates less desirable as they are all the "same". B) Conformity, obedience, and many other forms of social influence become maladaptive only when they're blind or unquestioning. C) Negative influences on social behaviour have evolved to protect our self-esteem and allow us to engage in self-enhancement by controlling others. D) Evolution is only related to the positive aspects of social behaviour (e.g., altruism, friendships, nurturing) relative to negative social behaviours (e.g., riots, aggression, obedience) that are modern concepts.
A
Which of the following scenarios does NOT demonstrate the fundamental attribution error? A) Dorothy thinks that a coworker must be in a bad mood because their boss was overworking them. B) Craig thinks that his classmate must have gotten a poor grade on an exam because he is stupid. C) Blanche does not like the sales clerk at the store because she thinks she is a rude person. D) Taylor
A
Which of the following situational factors does NOT increase the likelihood that someone will exhibit helping behaviour? A) If they can easily escape the situation to get help. B) If they are in a good mood relative to a negative mood. C) If they have been exposed to prosocial and altruistic role models. D) If the characteristics of the victim are similar to the helper or suggest the situation was out of their control.
C
Which of the following statements is TRUE about brainstorming? A) More heads are better than one. B) Brainstorming groups come up with better ideas than individuals. C) Group brainstorming generally results in ideas that are less creative than does individual brainstorming. D) None of the ideas are true
C
Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Human nature is basically good. B) Human nature is generally bad. C) Human nature is a combination of both socially constructive and destructive tendencies. D) Human nature exhibits either prosocial behaviour or antisocial behaviour but not both.
C
Which of the following statements is most likely to contribute to groupthink? A) "Let's hear some differing opinions." B) "What do you think?" C) "I'm sure we all agree on this." D) "We need to look at all of the evidence."
D
Which of the following themes from Milgram's studies is INCORRECT? A) Obedience decreases as the psychological distance between teacher and experimenter increases. B) Obedience increases as the psychological distance between teacher and learner increases. C) Obedience decreases as the psychological distance between the teacher and learner decreases. D) Obedience increases as the psychological distance between teacher and experimenter increases
A
Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? A) I believe smoking is bad for my health; I love to smoke. B) I believe exercising is healthy; I love to exercise. C) I believe dresses are feminine; Nicole Kidman sometimes wears pants. D) I believe profanity is childish; my father uses profanity.
C
Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? A) Wearing glasses is dignified; a respected political leader wears glasses. B) Dresses are feminine; Britney Spears wears dresses. C) Pink shirts are effeminate; Mel Gibson wears pink shirts. D) Orange juice is healthy; I love orange juice.
D
Which one of the following activities will NOT reduce cognitive dissonance? A) Changing the behaviour to match the attitude B) Changing the thought to justify the behaviour C) Developing new thoughts to justify the behaviour D) Continuing the behaviour in spite of the conflicting thoughts
A
Which social psychology theory best explains the fact that the majority of the riots that took place following the trial of the police officers accused of beating Rodney King did not take place in white neighbourhoods, but rather in the neighbourhoods of Asian Americans and Asians who had recently immigrated to the United States? A) Scapegoating B) Social diffusion C) The bystander effect D) Prejudice
B
Which statement correctly characterizes one aspect of Stanley Milgram's study of obedience? A) Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts. B) Participants in the study were randomly assigned to be teachers or learners. C) Participants were shocked when they made errors in reciting word pairs. D) A learner and the teacher sat side by side across from the shock machine.
C
Which statement is the best explanation of the fundamental attribution error? A) We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations. B) We rely on the first information we receive to make internal attributions. C) We are more likely to attribute another's behaviour to internal rather than to situational causes. D) We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and failures to the shortcomings of others.
D
While watching Jeopardy, your roommate says, "Alex Trebek knows all the answers. He must be a genius." You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of ______. A) social facilitation. B) social influence. C) the social comparison theory. D) the fundamental attribution error.
D
Who is least likely to be aggressive? A) Cody, an American Southerner who has just been insulted by a neighbour B) Juan, who just watched a daylong marathon of slasher movies C) Jeff, who has been drinking heavily at a bar D) Shoshone, who lives in Anchorage
C
Who is more likely to engage in physical aggression? A) Billy, who was raised in North Dakota B) Mao Lin, who was raised in Beijing C) Beau, who was raised in Savannah D) Tanaka, who was raised in Tokyo
A
With respect to pseudoscience marketing techniques to falsely enhance persuasion, _______ capitalize(s) on accomplishing an unreasonable task. A) phantom goal B) testimonials C) the consensus heuristic D) the natural commonplace
A
With respect to pseudoscience marketing techniques to falsely enhance persuasion, _______ capitalizes on the idea that Western scientists cannot fully capture the mystical side of us all. A) the goddess-within B) the Consensus hypothesis C) the Scarcity hypothesis D) the natural commonplace
A
With respect to pseudoscience marketing techniques to falsely enhance persuasion, _______ capitalizes on the idea that if many people believe it, it must be true. A) the consensus hypothesis B) the scarcity hypothesis C) testimonial thinking D) the goddess-within
A
With respect to pseudoscience marketing techniques to falsely enhance persuasion, _______ capitalizes on the notion that what is natural is good. A) natural commonplace B) the consensus hypothesis C) the scarcity hypothesis D) credibility manufacturing
A
With respect to pseudoscience marketing techniques to falsely enhance persuasion, _______ capitalizes on the rareness of an item as to why we should purchase it. A) the scarcity hypothesis B) the consensus hypothesis C) credibility manufacturing D) the goddess-within
A
With respect to pseudoscience marketing techniques to falsely enhance persuasion, _______ relies on sources we judge to be trustworthy. A) source credibility manufacturing B) the scarcity hypothesis C) the consensus hypothesis D) the goddess-within
A
You are in the market for a new car. You go from dealer to dealer and find they all follow the same procedure: every salesperson offers you a soda and asks you to take a test drive. Which psychological technique is behind the offer of the soda and the test drive? A) The foot-in-the-door technique B) The door-in-the-face technique C) The low-ball technique D) The bait-and-switch technique
B
You can teach people to resist the influences of cults by exposing them to information consistent with cult beliefs, and then debunking that information. This reflects the _____________________ and is effective at immunizing people from undesirable beliefs. A) parametric effect B) inoculation effect C) social comparison effect D) autokinetic effect
D
You get on an elevator. Everyone is facing to the right. You turn and also face to the right. This is an example of A) obedience. B) comparison. C) attribution. D) conformity.
A
You observe a person at the grocery store get angry and yell at the cashier. Which of these attributions illustrates the fundamental attribution error? A) The yeller is a mean, angry person. B) The cashier is overworked. C) The yeller has had a bad day. D) The cashier has had a bad day.
D
Zimbardo concluded from his Stanford prison study that prisoners and guards adopted their designated roles more easily than anyone might have imagined because of A) conformity. B) obedience. C) influence. D) deindividuation.
A
Zimbardo is to ________________ as Milgram is to _________________. A) deindividuation; obedience B) conformity; deindividuation C) conformity; obedience D) deindividuation; persuasion
A
______ theory proposes that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours. A) Self-perception B) Cognitive dissonance C) Impression management D) Implicit egotism
B
_______ creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different. A) Prejudice B) Adaptive conservatism C) In-group bias D) Discrimination
B
________ are beliefs about the characteristics of an out-group about which we are unaware. A) Discriminations B) Implicit stereotypes C) Explicit stereotypes D) In-group biases
B
________ involves asking for an unreasonably large request before asking for the small request you are hoping to have granted. A) The foot-in-the-door technique B) The door-in-the-face technique C) The low-ball technique D) The bait-and-switch technique
D
________ is the act of treating members from out-groups differently from members of one's own group. A) Prejudice B) Adaptive conservatism C) In-group bias D) Discrimination
A
________ is the assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to internal dispositions of individuals within the group. A) Ultimate attribution error B) Implied association C) Scapegoat hypothesis D) Just-world hypothesis
A
________ is the claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a belief that the world is fair and people always get what they deserve. A) The just-world hypothesis B) The scapegoat hypothesis C) The bandwagon hypothesis D) The maladaptive gullibility hypothesis
D
________ is the treatment in which people are first introduced to the reasons why a belief seems to be correct, and then exposed to the reasons why the belief is incorrect. A) Brainwashing B) Groupthink C) The bystander effect D) Inoculation
A
________ suggests that we start with a small request before asking for a bigger one. A) The foot-in-the-door technique B) The door-in-the-face technique C) The low-ball technique D) The bait-and-switch technique
C
________ theory proposes that we don't really change our attitudes but that we report that we have done so to make our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes. A) Self-perception B) Cognitive dissonance C) Impression management D) Implicit egotism
C
__________ involves having someone agree to a request and then revealing that there are additional hidden obligations. A) The foot-in-the-door technique B) The door-in-the-face technique C) The low-ball technique D) The bait-and-switch technique
B
________________ is the tendency of people to engage in atypical behaviour when stripped of their usual identities. A) Autokinesis B) Deindividuation C) Groupthink D) Conformity
D
_________________ occurs when group discussion strengthens the dominant position held by individual group members, whereas ________________ involves an emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking. A) Obedience; conformity B) Conformity; obedience C) Groupthink; group polarization D) Group polarization; groupthink
B
_________________ refers to an error of assuming that no one else in a group perceives things as we do. A) Social loafing B) Pluralistic ignorance C) Deindividuation D)Diffusion of responsibility
C
his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique. A) foot-in-the-door B) door-in-the-face C) low-ball D) bait-and-switch