Psych Quizzes
Why is vision one of the most poorly developed senses at birth? Due to the diet that babies have in utero. Due to a lack of visual stimulation in the womb. Due to increased evolutionary fitness. Due to an excess of visual stimulation in the womb.
Due to a lack of visual stimulation in the womb
At what age does the fovea start to reach adult levels of development? 3 months 15 months 12 months 1 month
15 months
When is binocular vision evident in infants? 6 months 12 months At birth 3 months
3 months
At what age do infants start to show smooth eye movements when tracking an object? 3-4 months At birth 12-14 months 1-2 months
3-4 months
What percentage of people over the age of 65 have a disability? 10% 35% 50% 25%
35%
When do most studies suggest that babies can see the full spectrum of colors? 12 months 1 month At birth 5 months
5 months
At what age do infants start to prefer listening to their native language? 12-15 months 9-12 months 6-9 months 3-4 months
6-9 months
About how much of an infant's sleep is REM? 50% 25% 100% 75%
A
Adolescents experience an overall physical growth spurt in line with the distal-proximal principle. What does this mean? Development proceeds from the extremities toward the torso Development proceeds from bottom to top Development proceeds from top to bottom Development proceed from the core to the extremities
A
As he's been aging, Marcus has been becoming more skilled at controlled his pencil when he's drawing. This improvement in skill would fall under which of the following domains? physical domain cognitive domain psychosocial domain social domain
A
At what age do most babies sit alone, according to the text? 7 months 3 months 12 months 10 months
A
Cathy notices that children in some cultures learn how to walk later than children from other cultures. Cathy studies differences like these across cultures, and has found many of them. How does she likely view development? as context specific as a psychosexual process as exclusively determined by nature as universal
A
Ever since starting school for the first time, Tim has become more timid. What kind of influence would starting school be considered? normative age-graded influence normative history-graded influence ungraded influence non-normative influence
A
How do monozygotic twins occur? By the splitting of a fertilized egg into two embryos From the fusion of two different sperm with two different eggs Through a complex genetic recombination process during conception Resulting from the combination of two eggs and two sperms
A
Justin believes that studying the mind is unproductive, and instead, he focuses on studying environmental stimuli and resulting behavioral responses. What contemporary theory is Justin most aligned with? behaviorism information processing theory social learning theory ecological systems theory
A
Mandy grew up in a region of the United States where attitudes towards the LGBT+ community tend to be more negative. It isn't until she moves to a different region for college that she comes out as transgender. The influence of the overall attitude of those in the community Mandy grew up in belongs to which part of the ecological systems theory? exosystem mesosystem chronosystem microsystem
A
Our environment creates us and we create our environment' is a phrase that best illustrates which of the following concepts? reciprocal determinism chronosystem mechanism information processing theory
A
What are gametes? Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction, such as sperm and egg Cells involved in the immune response Cells produced during mitosis Cells responsible for carrying oxygen in the bloodstream
A
What is a phenotype? the inherited physical characteristics of an organism The environment in which an organism lives he genetic makeup of an organism The age at which an organism matures
A
What is the first ejaculation of semen called? Spermarche Ejaculation Puberty Ovulation
A
What is the secular trend regarding puberty age? Puberty starting at a younger age Unpredictable changes in puberty age No change in puberty age Puberty starting at an older age
A
What is the sequence of motor development in infants according to the Cephalocaudal principle? From head to tail From outward to the midline From the midline outward From tail to head
A
What is the term for the process in which the brain adapts to neural atrophy by building alternative connections? scaffolding neuroplasticity synaptogenesis synaptic pruning
A
What percentage of infants slept at least 8 hours through the night at 6 months of age according to a 2018 study? 43% 38% 28% 70%
A
What percentage of its adult weight is the brain at birth? 25% 75% 50% 100%
A
What theory assumes that individuals go through a series of predetermined stages that are universal across cultures? stage theory analytical psychology continuous theories of development behaviorism
A
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing and language? Temporal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Parietal lobe
A
Which of the following is an example of prenatal screening? Testing the blood of someone who is pregnant for genetic disorders Monitoring a baby's growth during the first year Conducting a mammogram for breast cancer detection Measuring a child's height at age 5
A
Which of the following is not assessed with the Apgar? emotional state reflex respiratory effort muscle tone
A
What is presbycusis? A sudden loss of hearing A loss of taste A loss of clarity in the center field of vision A gradual loss of hearing in both ears
A gradual loss of hearing in both ears
What is tinnitus? A ringing, hissing, or roaring sound in the ears Total loss of smell Blurred vision Loss of taste
A ringing, hissing, or roaring sound in the ears
What is a characteristic of concrete operational thought? Ability to understand conservation Ability to think abstractly Ability to solve hypothetical problems Ability to use deductive reasoning
Ability to understand conservation
According to studies, which parenting style is associated with higher stages of moral reasoning in children? Neglectful parenting style Authoritarian parenting style Authoritative parenting style Permissive parenting style
Authoritative parenting style
Aya became an emancipated minor at the age of 17. She gradudated high school at 16 and has been working ever since and supporting her own self. Most people would probably agree that Aya is older than other 17-year-olds in which way? chronological age social age undetermined age biological age
B
For the first three months of life, how much do newborns sleep per day? 12 - 14 hours 14 - 17 hours 8 - 10 hours 20 - 22 hours
B
How many chromosomes does a typical human cell have? 56 92 46 23
B
How many of the gametes in the ovaries will become mature eggs? 10 500 1,000 400,000
B
How many pregnancies do researchers suspect begin as multiples? 1 out of 9 1 out of 8 1 out of 6 1 out 2
B
Kia believes that the biggest factor that explains the devleopment of human personality is genetics. What does Kia believe makes the biggest impact then? nurture nature environment culture
B
Many from the baby boomer generation remember witnessing or participating in the counterculture movement of the 1960s. As a group, what are baby boomers considered developmentally? liberal cohort clique conservative
B
Miscarriage/spontaneous abortion is estimated to occur in what percentage of undiagnosed pregnancies? 50-70% 20-40% 1-2% 5-10%
B
To function their best, how much sleep do adolescents need per night? 10 - 12 hours 8 - 10 hours 6 - 8 weeks 7 - 8 hours
B
What event marks the beginning of adolescence? menopause puberty successful toilet training learning to read and write
B
What is DNA? An enzyme responsible for breaking down proteins in the digestive system Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic instructions A type of cell membrane found in plant cells A type of neurotransmitter in the brain
B
What is andropause? a period of transition in which the ovaries stop releasing eggs and the level of estrogen and progesterone production decreases decrease in libido and lower testosterone cessation of menstruation the time right before puberty
B
What is synaptogenesis? The temporary dramatic growth of dendrites The formation of connections between neurons The period of rapid neural growth The decrease in neural connections
B
What is the average length of a newborn? 16 inches 19.5 inches 22 inches 25 inches
B
What is the purpose of dendrites? To insulate the axon of the neuron To collect information from other neurons To speed up the rate of transmission of impulses To transmit information to other neurons
B
What is the term for the period of rapid neural growth in infancy? synaptic pruning synaptic blooming synaptogenesis myelination
B
What qualifies a newborn as a preterm baby? born at less than 24 weeks gestation born at less than 37 weeks gestation born at less than 30 weeks gestation born at less than 40 weeks gestation
B
What qualifies a newborn as being low-birth weight? weighs less than 7 pounds 4 ounces weighs less than 5 pounds 8 ounces weighs less than 6 pounds 2 ounces weighs less than 8 pounds
B
Which area of the brain is responsible for planning, prioritizing, and controlling impulses? Temporal lobe Prefrontal cortex Parietal lobe Occipital lobe
B
Which of the following best describes neuroplasticity? The development of myelin The brain's ability to change physically and chemically to enhance its adaptability to environmental change The process of forming new neural communication routes The reduction of neural connections, making those that are used much stronger
B
Which of the following does the US Department of Health and Human Services recommend regarding breast-feeding? breastfeed infants for up to 2 years breastfeed infants for first 6 months, then incorporate breast milk in diet for rest of first year breastfeed infants for 1 year exclusively breastfeed infants only when formula is unavailable
B
Which of the following factors influences the kind and amount of damage that can result from exposure to a teratogen? The gestational parent's height The number of teratogens present The gestational parent's blood type The gestational parent's age
B
Which of the following is true about women and aging? Aging comes with no benefit to all women. Race, culture, and sexual orientation are related to women's views on aging. Aging is something all women wish to avoid. All women perceive aging the same way.
B
Why is immunization important for infants? To enhance growth rate To prevent communicable diseases To increase sleep duration To improve appetite
B
At approximately what stage of development can the fetus feel pain? 32 weeks 12 weeks 24 weeks 40 weeks
C
At what age do infants typically develop the ability to use a Pincer Grasp? 12 months 6 months 9 months 3 months
C
At what age is the brain at 75% of its adult weight? 6 years old 7 years old 2 years old 4 years old
C
Bill was raised by a parent who had mental illness. This impacted Bill's development. What kind of influence would being raised by a parent with mental illness be considered? ungraded influence normative history-graded influence non-normative influence normative age-graded influence
C
Brian has fetal alochol spectrum disorder, as the parent who carried him in utero drank during their pregnancy. What is alcohol considered in this context? contraception spermicide teratogen illegal
C
Ciara has had a computer since she was around 10 years old. Her grandparents, on the other hand, never had a computer growing up. Ciara's grandparents often ask her for help with using their technology. What type of influence would growing up with greater access to electronics be considered? normative age-graded influence ungraded influence normative history-graded influence non-normative influence
C
In 2014, pregnancy-related deaths were reported to be how common? 50 deaths in 100,000 live births 100 deaths in 100,000 live births 18 deaths per 100,00 live births 26 deaths in 100,00 live births
C
Jayla has been improving in her ability to use logic. For example, she understands that when you cut a piece of food in half, you still have the same amount of food, it just looks different. psychosocial domain psychosocial domain cognitive domain social domain
C
Jose believes that development is linear, discontinuous and that the environment provides opportunities for individuals to construct their next life stages and steps in a progressive manner. What meta-theory is Jose most aligned with? maturational contextual organismic mechanistic
C
Neena believes the environment is the key force in shaping human development, and that that development is continuous. What meta-theory is Neena most aligned with? contextual organismic mechanistic maturational
C
What are alleles? small organisms within the body Cells that carry oxygen different versions of a gene Parts of the brain that control behavior
C
What are some common side effects of pregnancy? preeclampsia gestational diabetes heartburn, gas, hemorrhoids, insomnia, constipation deep vein thrombosis
C
What do gross motor skills focus on? Cognitive development Hand-eye coordination Large muscle groups Small muscle groups
C
What does it mean when the lifespan perspective states that development is plastic? that our developmental trajectories are set in stone, like hard plastic that the idea that there are variations in human development is fake, or 'plastic' that there are many possible trajectories of development and that our development is malleable the lifespan perspective actually argues that development is not plastic
C
What happens if an individual is born with an extra 21st chromosome? The individual will have Huntington's disease The individual will have Turner syndrome The individual will have Down syndrome The individual will have Klinefelter syndrom
C
What is a genotype? The environment in which an organism lives The genetic makeup of an organism The physical appearance of an organism The age at which an organism matures
C
What is a primary reason why teenagers at a greater risk for complications during pregnancy? They are more likely to have a balanced diet They are less likely to smoke or drink alcohol during pregnancy They are less likely to receive early and regular prenatal care They are more likely to be physically active during pregnancy
C
What is a zygote? The outer layer of cells in the blastocyst during early embryonic development A mature egg cell released during ovulation A cell resulting from the fusion of sperm and egg A cell formed during meiosis with half the usual number of chromosomes
C
What is lateralization? The ability to change and adapt The process of forming new neural communication routes The process in which different functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain The development of myelin
C
What is menopause? the time right before puberty decrease in libido and lower testosterone a period of transition in which the ovaries stop releasing eggs and the level of estrogen and progesterone production decreases a precursor to andropause
C
What is sarcopenia? the increasing rigidity of the arteries the diminishing of lung capacity the loss of muscle tissue as a natural part of aging the reduced efficiency of the kidneys
C
What is the approximate age range when puberty begins? 12-16 years 5-10 years 8-14 years 16-20 years
C
What is the belief that one's own culture is superior? plasticity superiority complex ethnocentrism cultural relativity
C
What is the earliest period of human development? early childhood adolescence prenatal infancy and toddlerhoood
C
What is the first menstrual period called? Gestation Fertilization Menarche Ovulation
C
What is the most common infant sleep-related problem reported by parents? daytime napping sleep talking nighttime waking sleep walking
C
What is the purpose of the placenta? To provide structural support for the developing fetus To produce hormones for fetal development To facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste between the parent and fetus To store nutrients for the parent's body
C
What is true about dominant genes? they are never expressed in an organism's phenotype they are only expressed in an organism's genotype they are always expressed in an organism's phenotype they are only expressed when paired with a recessive gene
C
What occurs during the third stage of pregnancy? uterine contractions begin the baby is delivered the placenta is delivered labor begins
C
What proportion of births involves a complication? 1/30 births 1/25 births 1/20 births 1/100 births
C
What structure is responsible for providing nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo? Amniotic Sac Ovaries Placenta Fallopian Tubes
C
What theory do cognitive scientists use to explain how individuals perceive, analyze, manipulate, use, and remember information? behaviorism humanism information processing theory ecological systems theory
C
What theory of development emphasizes the role of observational learning in shaping development? humanistic behaviorism social learning theory psychodyanmic
C
Which of the following happens during meiosis? Cell division that produces identical daughter cells Fusion of sperm and egg during fertilization Segments of the chromosomes from each parent form pairs and genetic segments are exchanged DNA replication in the cell nucleus
C
Which of the following would be considered a reinforcement? getting caught in traffic when you are in a rush getting yelled at by a parent after doing something they didn't like getting ice cream after earning a good grade having to wait for something when you don't want to
C
Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information? temporal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe frontal lobe
C
Why do infants require such a high fat content in milk or formula? because babies are all born malnourished it is important for the baby to gain as much weight as possible as soon as possible the process of myelination requires fat to insulate the neurons infants refuse to drink low fat milk or formula
C
What method did Piaget use to develop his theory of cognitive development? Observational method Survey method Clinical method Experimental method
Clinical method
What is the focus of moral reasoning in Stage 1 of preconventional morality? Concepts of punishment Mutual expectations and relationships Social norms or laws Reward
Concepts of punishment
According to the text, what is an early foundation for moral development? Postformal thought Motor skills Conscience Formal operational thought
Conscience
At what age is the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) highest? 6 - 8 weeks 1 - 2 weeks 8 - 10 weeks 4 - 6 weeks
D
During which period of prenatal development do the major structures of the body begin to take form? Germinal Period Infertility Period Fetal Period Embryonic Period
D
Felicia believes that human development is mutually and actively created by the person and their environment. They also believe that development could be continuous or discontinous. What meta-theory is Felicia most aligned with? maturational organismic mechanistic contextual
D
Gina used to be able to touch her toes with her knees unbent when she was younger. She stopped stretching for a while, and was no longer able to do so. However, Gina has been stretching again and is close to being able to touch her toes without bending her knees now. What word best describes Gina's loss and improvement in flexibility across time? multidimensionality multidisciplinary multiheriditary multidirectional
D
How long does the germinal period typically last? 5-7 days About 9 months 3-4 weeks About 14 days
D
Iliana believes that while the environment can shape one's development, they will still ultimately end up developing within the constraints of their own genetics. What meta-theory is Iliana most aligned with? contextual organismic mechanistic maturational
D
Joe was shocked at first to learn about a ritual related to death from another culture. The practice seemed odd and unnecessary to him. However, Joe remembered that this ritual should be considered from the standpoint of the culture it is a part of, not from his own culture. What concept was Joe recalling? culture ethnocentrism society cultural relativity
D
Julia is more skilled at using computer technology when compared to older generations as she grew up using this technology. The influence of current technological trends belongs to which part of the ecological systems theory? mesosystem chronosystem exosystem macrosystem
D
Kiana believes that development is best understood through considering the varying influences the environment has on an individual at different levels. For example, she considers the time period someone grew up in, their culture, their family, and more when explaining development. What contemporary theory is Kiana most aligned with? humanistic psychodynamic behaviorism ecological systems theory
D
Miles is over 18 and his parents have decided to continue to support him while he's going to college by helping with his daily living costs. Therefore, Miles doesn't yet have all of the responsibilities that an independent adult has. What period of development is Miles in? late adulthood adolescence middle adulthood emerging adulthood
D
Normani's father is college educated and as such, she has had an easier time navigating college as a first-time freshman as her father has been able to share knowledge about and guide her through the higher education system. The influence of Normani's father belongs to which part of the ecological systems theory? chronosystem mesosystem exosystem microsystem
D
Those born in the same year as Giovanni are thought to live to age 77 on average. What is this a measure of? social age lifespan biological age life expectancy
D
What are genes? Small organisms within the body Cells that carry blood Parts of the brain that control behavior Segments of DNA that carry genetic information
D
What are primary sexual characteristics? Changes in body shape Changes in facial hair Changes in voice Changes in reproductive organs
D
What are secondary sexual characteristics? Changes in weight Changes in reproductive organs Changes in height Visible physical changes signaling sexual maturity
D
What are some symptoms of menopause? Decreased muscle mass, increased height, facial hair growth Increased fertility, muscle growth, oily skin Decreased appetite, decreased libido, increased energy Hot flashes, weight gain, vaginal dryness
D
What does the term homozygous mean? Having no alleles for a particular gene Having two different alleles for a particular gene Having a mutation in a particular gene Having two identical alleles for a particular gene
D
What is a meta-theory? a specific theory of an individual psychologist the idea that theories that are too specific are unhelpful a theory that explains human development better than others sets of assumptions people hold about the nature of humans and the meaning of development
D
What is a mutation? The process of genes being passed down from parent to offspring the rate at which genes mutate A type of cell division change in a gene or chromosome
D
What is a significant risk associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy? Increased likelihood of fraternal twins Improved cognitive development in children Reduced risk of birth defects Greater chances of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) in children
D
What is genetic variation? The rate at which genes mutate The study of genes and their function The process of genes being passed down from parent to offspring Differences in genes among individuals
D
What is heredity? The study of behavior The process of aging The process of learning from the environment The passing of traits from parents to offspring
D
What is synaptic pruning? The period of rapid neural growth The formation of connections between neurons The coating of fatty tissues around the axon of the neuron The reduction of neural connections, making those that are used much stronger
D
What is teratology? The study of genetic disorders The study of fetal development The study of pregnancy The study of factors that contribute to birth defects
D
What is the climacteric? changes in facial hair the general 'slowing down' of the body changes in body shape a reduced or the complete loss of ability to reproduce
D
What is the function of myelin in the brain? Increase the number of neurons Store and transmit information Increase brain volume Speed the rate of transmission of impulses
D
What is the main function of genes? to provide energy to the body To carry genetic information and determine traits To aid in digestion To fight diseases in the body
D
What is the most common form of pain relief used during labor and delivery? water birth natural methods nitrous oxide epidural
D
What neurotransmitter is involved in reward circuits and is related to risk taking behavior in adolescents? Glutamate Oxytocin Serotonin Dopamine
D
Which idea of development assumes that individuals' development is slow and gradual? nurture discontinuous development nature continuous development
D
Which of the following best explains the midieval view on lifespan development? children were seen as significantly developmentally different than adults in all ways children were seen as being equally physically competent as adults children were protected from working full-time due to their percevied immaturity
D
Which of the following is considered when determining the socioeconomic status of a family? education only income only occupation only shared levels of income, education, and occupation
D
Which of the following is not a key principle of the lifespan perspective? multidirectionality multidimensionality plasticity stagnancy
D
Which of the following is not considered a serious complication of pregnancy? deep vein thrombosis gestational diabetes preeclampsia varicose veins
D
Which of the following psychologists asserted that individuals actively construct their understanding of the world through interactions with their environment? Skinner Freud Watson Piaget
D
What is habituation, as described in the text? Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations The ability to follow an object travelling in space Increased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations The ability to match lip movements with speech sounds
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations
What milestone occurs during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development? Development of abstract reasoning Development of empathy Development of language Development of object permanence
Development of object permanence
According to Piaget, why are there differences between children and adults? Lack of experience Different ways of thinking Knowing less Genetic differences
Different ways of thinking
Which of the following is true? Infants develop intermodal perceptual capabilities for the first time at around 12 months old Infants are not born with intermodal perceptual capabilities Infants are born with intermodal perceptual capabilities Infants develop intermodal perceptual capabilities for the first time at around 3 months old
Infants are born with intermodal perceptual capabilities
What is conscience? One's culture and religion exclusively Internalized standards of right and wrong Freud's id and ego Rules from parents' exclusively
Internalized standards of right and wrong
What is a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? It does not account for cultural differences in moral reasoning It emphasizes justice without incorporating compassion It is too complex and difficult to understand It overemphasizes the role of peers in moral development
It emphasizes justice without incorporating compassion
What distinguishes postconventional morality from conventional morality? It is solely concerned with social norms It emphasizes punishment It is focused on self-interest It is based on universal ethical principles
It is based on universal ethical principles
According to Vygotsky, how does language contribute to cognitive development? It provides a set of predefined schemas It is a means to access universal cognitive stages It limits the development of cognitive abilities It serves as a tool for interacting with the world
It serves as a tool for interacting with the world
When being given a gift from his aunt, little Joe says, "Oh no, I already have this," in a disappointed way. Joe's parents tell him this was a rude thing to say. What best explains why Joe said this? Joe is a rude child. Joe is in the formal operational stage. Joe's understanding of feelings and expression of feelings are fused. Joe is in the sensorimotor stage.
Joe's understanding of feelings and expression of feelings are fused.
Who is credited with the development of sociocultural theory, emphasizing the importance of culture and social interaction in cognitive development? B.F. Skinner Albert Bandura Lev Vygotsky Jean Piaget
Lev Vygotsky
What is a common sign of macular degeneration? Total vision loss Loss of clarity in the center field of vision Loss of peripheral vision Blurred vision
Loss of clarity in the center field of vision
What is hyposmia? Total loss of smell Change in the perception of odors Loss of only certain odors Loss of taste
Loss of only certain odors
What causes the loss of smell due to aging? Damage to the optic nerve Loss of taste buds Loss of olfactory cells Loss of sensory cells high in the nasal cavity
Loss of sensory cells high in the nasal cavity
What is the central focus of Stage 3 in conventional morality? Concepts of punishment Social norms or laws Self-interest and reward Mutual expectations and relationships
Mutual expectations and relationships
Which level of moral development focuses on self-interest and reward? None of the above Postconventional morality Conventional morality Preconventional morality
Preconventional morality
What did Piaget view intelligence as? Knowledge gained from older children and adults Processes through which we adapt to our environment Facts Acquired skills
Processes through which we adapt to our environment
Which theory suggests that as the nervous system slows with age, our ability to process information declines? Dual-processing theory Processing speed theory Cognitive reserve theory Inhibition theory
Processing speed theory
What is the concept of "scaffolding" in Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development? Breaking down tasks into smaller, manageable steps Providing guidance and support to help learners Encouraging learners to work independently Assessing learners based on their current abilities
Providing guidance and support to help learners
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory? Range of tasks a learner can perform with guidance Range of social interactions a learner engages in Range of cultural experiences a learner has Range of tasks a learner can perform independently
Range of tasks a learner can perform with guidance
What is a characteristic unique to postformal thought? Relativistic thinking and dialectical thought Abstract thinking and deductive reasoning Inability to think in abstract ways and difficulty in solving hypothetical problems Concrete operational thought and formal operational thought
Relativistic thinking and dialectical thought
What did Kohlberg suggest as a key factor in moral development? Strict adherence to moral rules Passive observation of moral behavior Repeated practice in situations where moral reasoning is required Direct instruction in moral principles
Repeated practice in situations where moral reasoning is required
In Stage 2 of preconventional morality, what basis does the child use for moral reasoning? Reward Mutual expectations and relationships Concepts of punishment Social norms or laws
Reward
What cognitive effort is required to successfully solve the false belief task? Fusing perspectives Understanding egocentrism Separating what is true from what others believe Identifying moral relevancy
Separating what is true from what others believe
According to Vygotsky, what plays a critical role in the development of higher-order thinking skills? Physical environment Genetic predisposition Individual experiences Social interactions
Social intractions
According to Kohlberg, what is the focus of moral reasoning in Stage 4 of conventional morality? Mutual expectations and relationships Self-interest and reward Concepts of punishment Social norms or laws
Social norms or laws
Which stage of moral development involves reasoning based on social contracts? Stage 2 of preconventional morality Stage 5 of postconventional morality Stage 3 of conventional morality Stage 4 of conventional morality
Stage 5 of postconventional morality
In Kohlberg's theory, what is the highest stage of moral development? Stage 5 of postconventional morality Stage 6 of postconventional morality Stage 4 of conventional morality Stage 3 of conventional morality
Stage 6 of postconventional morality
What is theory of mind? Biological development The ability to think about one's own thoughts Motor development The ability to think about other people's thoughts
The ability to think about other people's thoughts
How would a child who understands the concept of false belief respond to the Sally-Anne task? The child would say Sally wouldn't look for her ball at all. The child would say Sally would look in Anne's box for the ball. The child would say that it was really Anne's ball. The child would say Sally would look in her own basket for the ball.
The child would say Sally would look in her own basket for the ball.
According to Kohlberg, what is the key factor in determining moral development in his theory? The reasoning behind moral decisions The age at which moral dilemmas are encountered The cultural background of the individual The specific moral dilemmas faced
The reasoning behind moral decisions
Which type of macular degeneration causes more damage to the central field of vision? Both types cause equal damage Firm Dry Wet
Wet
We would expect that 60 year old Trina has more of what type of knowledge compared to her 20 year old self? crystallized speed mechanical fluid
crystallized
Val has identified the ways that they learn the best through reflection. They have come up with mnemonic devices for themself as well as consistent studying techniques. What stage of cognitive development is Val most likely in? preoperational concrete operational sensorimotor formal operational
formal operational
What is the most common cause of blindness in the U.S.? Presbyopia Macular degeneration Glaucoma Cataracts
glaucoma
Which of the following concepts do children develop an understanding of at different relative timelines depending on whether they were raised in a collectivistic or individualistic culture? false beliefs knowledge access object permanence diverse-desires
knowledge access
What does the speed or efficiency of habituation in infants predict? language acquisition, verbal and nonverbal intelligence motor proficiency, short-term memory emotional intelligence visual acuity, muscle tone
language acquisition, verbal and nonverbal intelligence
Believing in one's own values while also being willing to reconsider them on the basis of what others think is most aligned with what type of cognition? dualism multiplicity relativism reactivity
relativism
According to Baltes and colleagues, which of the following is true about wisdom? It always develops with age. Wisdom develops for the first time during late-adulthood. Personality has no relationship to wisdom. Experiences that emphasize others rather than the self and the personality trait of openness to experience, when combined with age, tend to bring wisdom.
Experiences that emphasize others rather than the self and the personality trait of openness to experience, when combined with age, tend to bring wisdom.
What do newborn infants prefer and orient to more than other patterned stimuli? Abstract shapes Face-like stimuli Random colors Geometric shapes
Face-like stimuli
Nyla finds it entertaining that her younger sibling was surprised when the ice cubes in his drink "disappeared." On the basis of this example, Nyla understands what concept that her younger sibling doesn't yet? seriation conservation object permanence reversibility
reversibility
Lillian correctly arranged her action figures from tallest to shortest. What is this capability called? seriation object permanence reversibility conservation
seriation
In directed forgetting research, what are participants asked to do? Perform a task quickly Forget or ignore some information Recall all information given Memorize lines from a play
Forget or ignore some information
Which of the following is not a risk factor for cataracts according to the text? prolonged exposure to ultraviolet sunlight wearing contact lenses smoking high blood pressure
wearing contact lenses
Which of the following is true about pain and age? Older and younger adults experience the same intensity of pain, but different amounts of presence Older and younger adults experience the same presence of pain, but different intensities While older adults experience more intense pain, they experience it less frequently than younger adults While older adults experience more presence of pain, they are less sensitive to it than younger adults
While older adults experience more presence of pain, they are less sensitive to it than younger adults
At what age does Kohlberg suggest that children typically develop preconventional morality? Adults, usually after age 30 Adolescents, typically around age 15 Young children, usually prior to age 9 Infants, from birth to age 2
Young children, usually prior to age 9
Kiana called a kitten a puppy. When her aunt corrected her, and Kiana learned the difference between kittens and puppies. Kiana narrowing her schema for kittens and creating a new one for puppies is considered which of the following? organization accommodation schema rejection assimilation
accommodation