Psych Study

B.F. Skinner extended his ideas regarding operant conditioning to human behavior and social problems. He wrote about these views in his book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects Skinner's views as asserted in his book?

"A person does not act upon the world, the world acts upon him."

Dr. Yilmaz is an experimental psychologist presenting research on how trichromatic and opponent-process theories differ. He sums up his research by saying:

"In opponent-process theory, the cells responsive to color operate in contrasting pairs, rather than independently."

Jeffrey is explaining sensation and perception to his class as part of a written homework assignment. To describe the relationship between the two concepts, Jeffrey ends with the summary statement:

"Sensation uses sense receptors and perception involves interpretation."

This drawing depicts the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. Pick the alternative that correctly labels the drawing.

1 = primary motor cortex, 2 = somatosensory cortex, 3 = primary visual cortex, 4 = primary auditory cortex

Professor Lake is a strong advocate of the behavioral perspective. He would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements?

Human behavior is shaped by experience and environmental events.

Which of the following statements best summarizes how hypnosis affects memory?

Hypnosis is much more effective at enhancing a person's confidence in incorrect memories than it is at improving the accuracy of the memories.

What happens to the neurotransmitters that fail to attach to a receptor site?

In a process called reuptake, they are reabsorbed by the sending neuron and recycled.

When Spencer took his first ride on the big Ferris wheel, he looked down at the fairground one hundred feet below him and became aware of his high level of physiological arousal. Suddenly he felt frightened. The sequence of events in Spencer's emotional experience reflects the:

James-Lange theory of emotion.

It was _____ who made the following claim: "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select."

John B. Watson

Which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the BEST method for reducing a problem behavior?

Jose is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for talking in class.

Your friend Madison became very ill a few hours after eating the fried chicken special in the college cafeteria. Now, Madison feels queasy whenever she smells fried chicken. Having read the learning chapter in your psychology class, you explain that:

Madison has experienced a learned taste aversion, which can occur after only one pairing of food and illness.

Salim's _____ allow him to feel a snowflake land on his nose.

Meissner's corpuscles

_____ are longer-term emotional states that are less intense than _____ and do not appear to have distinct beginnings or ends.

Moods; emotions

Lola is driving. As the light of moving images hits her retina, what is the proper order in which the cells in her retina are activated?

Photoreceptors fire, which then activates bipolar cells, which in turn excite ganglion cells.

How can you explain the finding that quail could be easily conditioned to associate an illness with blue-colored water but rats could not?

Quail are biologically prepared to associate visual stimuli with illness, while rats are not.

In which stage does the brain become much more active, and heart rate, blood pressure, and respirations shift up and down, sometimes extremely?

REM sleep

Anya pulled all-nighters both last night and the night before. Tonight, finally, she anticipates going to bed at her usual time. Anya will spend a greater proportion of her sleep time than usual in _____ sleep, a phenomenon called _____.

REM; REM rebound

What did the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment demonstrate?

Rats can learn even when there is no visible source of reinforcement.

Helen always drives down Sheridan Avenue to go to the college campus. One morning Helen discovers that Sheridan Avenue is closed at 23rd Street because of flooding. Helen immediately takes a different route to the campus. How would psychologist Edward Tolman explain Helen's behavior?

She has formed a cognitive map of the area.

After a dog had been conditioned to salivate to the sight of a triangle, the triangle alone was presented to the dog every three minutes. Over the course of several trials, the amount of saliva secreted by the dog in response to the triangle decreased to zero. At that point, the dog was put back in his cage for the night. What happened the next morning when the triangle was presented to the dog again?

Spontaneous recovery likely occurred, and the dog salivated in response to the triangle.

The _____ is a measure of variability expressed as the square root of the sum of the squared deviations around the mean divided by the number of scores in the distribution.

Standard deviation

Troubled by various psychological symptoms, Tanisha decides to ask her therapist to hypnotize her and take her back to her earliest memories to see if she experienced some kind of traumatic event that might explain her current problems. If Tanisha's therapist agreed to do so, what is likely to happen?

Tanisha is likely to produce false memories rather than accurate memories.

What is the result of sodium ions moving across the axon's membrane during an action potential?

The inside of the axon changes to a positive electrical charge.

One of Tolman's classic research studies involved three groups of rats running mazes for several days. The rats in group 1 received a food reward at the end of the maze every time they ran the maze. The rats in group 2 never received a food reward in the maze. In contrast, the rats in group 3 did not receive a food reward at the end of the maze until the 11th day of the study. What behavior did the rats in group 2 and group 3 display on day 12?

The number of errors made by the rats in group 2 remained about the same but the number of errors made by the rats in group 3 decreased sharply, showing that they had learned the layout of the maze without being reinforced.

Stephen is giving a poster presentation on the anatomy of the eye. Which statement should he use when explaining the optic disk?

The optic disk is the location in the eye where the optic nerve exits the retina.

Rats are allowed to wander through a maze for several days with no food reward at the end of it. On the 10th day, a food reward is placed at the end of the maze. Which of the following results would provide evidence for latent learning?

The rats improve very little in how quickly they reach the end of the maze for the first 10 days, but dramatically improve their performance on day 11.

Regarding the scientific status of ESP, which statement is accurate?

There is no support for ESP that has been replicated.

Addictive drugs, such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, nicotine, and amphetamines share a common effect on the brain. What is that effect?

They all activate dopamine-producing neurons, producing a surge of dopamine.

"By constructing introspection experiments, his aim was to understand the most basic elements of the mind. He wanted to do for psychology what the Periodic Table of the Elements did for chemistry," lectures a psychology professor. To whom is the professor MOST likely referring?

Titchener

If you shine a bright light directly into a person's eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed the _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _____.

UCS; UCR

Sabra is trying to give her friends a good example of an effective use of negative reinforcement. To do so, she describes how:

Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound.

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, which of the following characteristics of television depictions of violent behavior makes the violent behavior more likely to be imitated?

Violent behavior is performed by the hero or another attractive, high-status individual.

Desiree's literature professor remarks that James Joyce's Ulysses is known for its stream-of-consciousness narrative. She immediately recalls that the early psychologist _____ is associated with the term stream of consciousness.

William James

Which of these is an application of optogenetics in the field of psychology?

With optogenetics, researchers can activate or deactivate neurons or groups of neurons over milliseconds and see how doing so affects animals' behavior.

At the Acme Widget Company, the top salesperson each month is rewarded with a private parking space by the front door of the company. Using operant conditioning terms, the salesperson's behavior is being maintained by:

a conditioned reinforcer.

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery provides support for the idea that:

a conditioned response that is extinguished is not unlearned or completely eliminated.

In the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, what is synthesized?

a hodgepodge of memories and sensations that are internally generated by the brain

Narcolepsy is believed to result from:

a loss of a specific type of neuron regulating sleep—wake patterns.

People who drive around in luxury cars, wear flashy designer clothing, and buy expensive houses are likely trying to fulfill a need to influence others, or _____.

a need for power

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what two elements are repeatedly paired?

a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response

People are more likely to say that a woman and a child look alike if they are told that the woman and child are related. This effect is the result of:

a perceptual set.

Josh, a graduate student in psychology, wishes to use classical conditioning to condition a learned taste aversion in pigeons. Given what you read about biological preparedness in the text, which of the following would be the easiest stimulus to use as his conditioned stimulus?

a visual stimulus, such as colored water

Alejandro is walking through the woods on a sunny day and he feels something on his face. It is a piece of web and has about the same weight as the wing of a bee, which is the _____ threshold for _____.

absolute; touch

Uma is reading some updates on her phone while she is waiting in line. Once she gets to the front of the line to order, she looks up from her phone to talk to the cashier. To shift her focus from close-up to farther away, her lens:

accommodates.

According to Abraham Maslow, a major prerequisite for becoming self-actualized is having:

all of one's lower-order needs fulfilled.

You cannot fire a gun softly or flush a toilet halfway. Like an action potential, gunfire and a toilet's flush follow the _____ law.

all-or-none

The primary function served by the middle ear is to:

amplify the vibration of sound waves.

Mrs. Norman suffered damage to a portion of her brain as a result of a surgical mistake. Mrs. Norman shows greatly diminished responses to repulsive or threatening stimuli such as viewing pictures of maggots on food. In addition, she seems to have trouble understanding emotional expressions and body language. Mrs. Norman likely suffered damage to her _____ during surgery.

amygdala

Dr. Suzuki is a sleep researcher who measures the electrical activity of participants' brains to monitor their stages of sleep. Dr. Suzuki places electrodes on participants' heads. Brain activity during sleep is transformed into a series of "spikes" or waves on a computer screen. Dr. Suzuki is using _____ to study the participants.

an EEG

In using operant conditioning principles to train animals to perform tricks, Keller and Marian Breland found that:

an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors.

Shia has an extreme fear of crowded spaces. According to research presented in the box "Focus on Neuroscience: Positive and Negative Reinforcement in the Brain," Shia's fear and anxiety may reflect:

an overactive response of the avoidance network.

A large bulk of the cerebral cortex is not devoted to any particular sensory or motor function. Rather, these areas, known as _____, are generally thought to be involved in processing and integrating sensory and motor information.

association areas

The concept of sensory adaptation, or the tendency to become less sensitive to and less aware of constant stimuli over time, plays a role in:

automatic processing.

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways discussed in the text that drugs can interfere with synaptic transmission?

by bonding with the neurotransmitter and changing its molecular weight and shape

At Folger University, Drs. Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group; their recall of items on a word list is later assessed. Which pair CORRECTLY identifies a variable in this experiment?

caffeine - independent variable

In the context of happiness, the concept of "flow":

can be experienced in fun activities such as chess and rock climbing.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, sensory information exiting the thalamus goes in two directions at once: Toward the _____ and into the _____ system.

cerebral cortex; limbic

Some researchers have suggested that in people with a high need for power, this need corresponds to:

certain types of activity in a part of the brain called the dorsoanterior striatum.

Yair failed to notice when his girlfriend Lena got her hair cut because he wasn't paying attention to her hair. Not noticing that Lena cut her hair is an example of:

change blindness.

The findings of the classic study by Albert Bandura suggest that for a school district to promote children's nonaggressive play:

children should observe an adult model playing nonaggressively.

Lev would like to use shaping to teach his daughter to control her temper. A key to getting started is to:

choose the right increments of behavior to reinforce.

If you are like most people, you experience daily fluctuations in many bodily processes, such as blood pressure, the secretion of hormones, and so on. These daily variations in biological and psychological processes are called:

circadian rhythms.

The basilar membrane lines the:

cochlea.

Owen is asked if he can identify a suspect in a lineup. He thinks his fear at the time of the crime may have impaired his memory for the perpetrator. This hypothesis would MOST likely be tested by a _____ psychologist.

cognitive

O'Keefe, Moser, and Moser won the Nobel Prize in physiology for discovering "place cells" and "grid cells" in the brain that allow us to form _____ of our surroundings.

cognitive maps

In general, sound waves are _____ in the outer ear and _____ in the middle ear.

collected; amplified

Martina is studying with some of her classmates for her introduction to psychology exam. They are all struggling with relating classical and operant conditioning. Martina feels like she understands the things that they have in common. She explains that both operant and classical conditioning share:

common learning principles, including generalization, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a ticking metronome with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the ticking metronome alone will make the dog salivate. The dog's salivation to the sound of the ticking metronome is called the:

conditioned response (CR).

When Rani was having problems at school, she often talked things over with her grandfather. Her grandfather, who always smoked a pipe, was warm, reassuring, and always supportive. Years later, Rani still finds the smell of pipe tobacco soothing. In classical conditioning terms, Rani's fondness for the smell of pipe tobacco may be described as a(n):

conditioned response.

A research assistant in a lab conditions dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell. During conditioning, the assistant rings a bell and then presents the animal with food. After conditioning, the bell becomes the _____ stimulus, and the food is the _____ stimulus.

conditioned; unconditioned

A psychologist advises a petroleum company on selecting offshore oil-rig workers likely to comply with safety regulations. The psychologist is pursuing psychology's goal of:

control

In an experiment to test the effects of calcium on children with calcium deficiency, some of the children were given calcium capsules and some of them were given sugar capsules. In this experiment, children who received sugar capsules constituted the:

control group

A cue used to judge distance and depth based on the tension of the muscles that direct where the eyes are focusing is called:

convergence.

In class Martina was told to point her finger up to the ceiling, keeping her arm straight, and both eyes open. She was told to slowly bring her finger close to her nose. The tension that she felt in her eye muscles while focusing is an example of:

convergence.

Irving has noticed a pattern: The more alcohol people drink, the more aggressive they seem to be. Which research method would be aimed at verifying the relationship between these two variables?

correlational research

After reviewing six decades of research, a work group convened by the American Academy of Pediatrics concluded that exposure to violent video games is associated with:

decreased helping behavior and increased aggression.

To investigate classical conditioning in a systematic way, Pavlov needed to find a stimulus that was more controlled than the sound of someone walking into a room. In other words, Pavlov had to:

deliberately manipulate a neutral stimulus.

Which sequence CORRECTLY reflects the route followed by nerve impulses when one neuron communicates with another?

dendrite > cell body > axon

From the cognitive perspective, classical conditioning:

depends on the information the conditioned stimulus (CS) provides about the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Alcohol, heroin, and opioids are classified as _____. Caffeine, cocaine, and tobacco are classified as _____.

depressants; stimulants

Alcohol initially produces feelings of euphoria, talkativeness, and outgoing behavior because it:

depresses activity in the brain regions involved with self-control and judgment, lowering inhibitions.

A snack manufacturer finds that it must increase the salt content of its chips by 14 milligrams for about 50% of their consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example illustrates the concept of a(n):

difference threshold.

Guadalupe's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener but not at the sound of a blender. Guadalupe's cat is demonstrating stimulus:

discrimination.

The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that emotions:

do not cause physiological reactions, but rather bodily changes lead to the emotional experience.

Popular actor Michael J. Fox lives with Parkinson's disease. His symptoms include shaking and trembling, signs of a deficiency of the neurotransmitter:

dopamine

In a study on the effects of caffeine on memory, participants drank a bottle of tasteless water containing 100, 50, or 0 milligrams of caffeine. Neither the researcher who handed out the bottled water nor the study participants knew whether the water contained caffeine or not. This is an example of a _____ study.

double-blind

Dr. Mathias believes that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs that "push" us to behave in certain ways. Dr. Mathias's views are most consistent with _____ theories of motivation.

drive

After working all afternoon cleaning up the attic, Mr. Dixon is very thirsty and drinks a big glass of orange juice. His motivation to drink in order to reduce his feeling of thirst can best be explained by:

drive theories.

Lulu is at a concert. As the music tunnels into her auditory canal, it must vibrate the _____, which then causes the small bones of the middle ear to continue to transfer the vibrations along the pathway toward the auditory nerve.

ear drum

In his response to cognitive appraisal theory, Zajonc (1980, 1984) asserted that:

emotion and cognition influence each other.

"Runner's high" occurs when prolonged, intense athletic activity causes the release of _____, the brain's natural painkiller.

endorphins

Mr. Lopez is prescribed oxycodone to manage chronic lower back pain. Oxycodone is called an opioid because its action resembles that of _____, the brain's natural painkillers.

endorphins

Near the end of running her marathon, Mariah feels the pain in her feet and calves disappear. This is likely due to the release of:

endorphins.

In operant conditioning, discriminative stimulus is defined as a(n):

environmental stimulus or cue in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced.

Clint used the vending machine near his dorm quite frequently, but the last few times he tried to get a drink the vending machine malfunctioned and he lost his money. Now he no longer uses this vending machine. Which of the following has occurred in this situation?

extinction of an operant behavior

If the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) orders that almost all people flying receive a "pat down" as they go through security at the airport, the TSA would be making a large number of _____ in their screening for terrorists.

false alarms

Ouch! A paper cut! The stinging pain is carried by _____ pain fibers, which are _____.

fast; myelinated

According to the _____, as attention is focused on one object, all other features drop or recede into the background.

figure-ground principle

The face-vase stimulus illustrates the Gestalt psychologists' emphasis on:

figure-ground.

During a normal night's sleep, a person typically experiences about _____ of NREM and REM sleep.

five cycles

In New York City, a privately funded program pays low-income parents $50 every two months for each child who attends school regularly during that period. This incentive illustrates a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-interval

Because attention is limited in capacity, we tend to:

focus on information that is most relevant to our immediate or long-term goals.

Researchers at the Allied Mental Health Center are conducting a study to determine how quickly symptoms of major depressive disorder are reduced by different forms of psychotherapy. What is the independent variable in this study?

form of psychotherapy used to treat major depressive disorder

Which structure in the eye contains the highest concentration of cones?

fovea

Mathias is studying the reactions of dogs to the sound of a loud banging noise. At first the dogs startle intensely in response to the noise, but after hearing the noise multiple times, their startle response becomes much less intense. This is an example of:

habituation.

Warren is working on a paper for his psychology class. He is writing about research on emotional activation patterns in the brain. He writes that, "PET and fMRI scans reveal that different emotions:

have distinct patterns of brain activation, supporting the James-Lange theory of emotion."

Jasmine is with her friends at a bar. It is still early in the evening and so it is not too noisy yet. She feels the buzzing of her phone in her pocket. In signal detection theory, Jasmine accurately perceiving the notification signal of her phone is called a:

hit.

Martin Seligman noted that phobias seem to be quite selective, involving only certain stimuli. To explain this, Seligman proposed that:

humans are biologically prepared to develop fears of objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to humans' evolutionary ancestors.

Pizza! Beer! Sex! Our motivation or drive for such things is based in part on the activity of the brain structure known as the:

hypothalamus

Laura was driving home from school and she stopped at an intersection. She looked to her left and right for oncoming cars and then made a left turn, pulling out right in front of a motorcycle. Even though she looked in that direction, she failed to see the motorcycle, likely because she was looking only for cars. Her inability to see the motorcycle is a phenomenon known as:

inattentional blindness.

"To get someone to come to do a great job and take pride in their work, a monetary bonus is obviously the best motivator." This statement best illustrates _____ theories of motivation.

incentive

There is evidence that prosocial behaviors that are demonstrated in children's television shows:

increase prosocial behaviors in children through observational learning.

Negative reinforcement is designed to _____ behavior, and punishment is designed to _____ behavior.

increase; decrease

Wolfgang Kohler showed that chimpanzees presented with bananas that were out-of-reach displayed a variety of banana-fetching strategies that came together through sudden awareness, including stacking crates to climb on. Kohler's research demonstrates:

insight.

Animal trainers Keller and Marian Breland tried to train a raccoon to pick up two coins and deposit them in a metal box. However, instead of dropping the coins in the box, the raccoon would rub the coins together, much as raccoons do with their food in the wild. This tendency of the raccoon to revert to its natural behavior patterns is termed:

instinctive drift.

An emotion is described as "high arousal and positive valence." This means that the emotion is experienced as:

intense and pleasant.

The type of specialized cell whose main function is to communicate between neurons is a(n):

interneuron

A closer object can partially block one's view of a second object, so that the second object appears more distant. This is a monocular depth cue called:

interposition.

Whenever Kim and Russ make love, they always play Ravel's classic instrumental work "Boléro" in the background. One day, as Kim is walking past a music appreciation class, she realizes that the class is listening to Ravel's "Boléro." As she continues to walk down the hall, she smiles to herself as erotic thoughts of Russ cross her mind. Which of the following best represents the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

intimate physical contact with her partner

Lassandra takes a sip of cola. "Sweet . . . cold, wet, tingly . . . slightly bitter," she reports. Lassandra is:

introspecting

Keeping circadian rhythms synchronized and operating on a 24-hour schedule:

involves the detection of sunlight by special photoreceptors in the eye and the communication of this information to the brain.

The Snape Oil Supplement Company uses sincere and compelling testimonials and personal anecdotes to promote its products on TV infomercials. These testimonials:

lack the basic controls used in research and are not acceptable scientific evidence.

During therapy, Dr. Yamaguchi asks his patient to talk about her dreams, suggesting that the _____ content of the dreams may provide him with insight into the unconscious conflicts and desires that underlie her psychological problems.

latent

According to psychologist Edward C. Tolman, learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is termed:

latent learning.

Learning that occurs without awareness and regardless of reinforcement, and is not evident until needed, is called:

latent learning.

A relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experiences is called:

learning.

In reading these test questions, you are primarily using your _____ to understand what you are reading.

left hemisphere

Studies have shown that people living in traditional settings and less "carpentered worlds" are _____ susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion.

less

"I like this one!" Sam exclaims, holding out a blue paint swatch. "Wow! That's really blue! I prefer this one," Adriana responds, pointing to a teal (a bluish-green color) sample. As compared with Sam's color choice, Adriana's is:

less saturated.

In her introduction to psychology class, Delilah is given a piece of paper with an apple on the left and an orange a few inches to the right. She is asked to hold the paper at arm's length, close her right eye, stare at the orange with her left eye, and then slowly bring the paper closer to her face. Eventually, the apple will disappear. This is because of the:

light from the picture falling on the blind spot.

The _____ is the score that falls in the middle of a distribution; the _____ is the score that occurs most frequently.

median; mode

When President John F. Kennedy was hit by a sniper's bullet in the back of his head, he died almost instantly because the bullet destroyed the part of his brain called the _____, which controls breathing, heartbeat, and other vital body functions.

medulla

During a presentation to his psychology class, Manuel describes how nearby objects appear to move faster than objects that are far away. This phenomenon is called:

motion parallax.

Humanistic theories of motivation emphasize the idea that:

motivation is affected by how we perceive the world, how we think about ourselves, and the degree to which the environment is supportive and encouraging.

The behaviorist perspective emphasized the importance of the environment. The pioneering behaviorist John Watson argued against the "instinct psychology" of the early 20th century. Based on this information, the textbook's recurring theme of _____ is especially relevant to a discussion of the behaviorist perspective.

nature and nurture

To avoid losing any data on his computer, Tom consistently backs up his computer data to a second hard drive. Using operant conditioning terms, Tom's behavior of backing up his data to a second hard drive is an example of:

negative reinforcement by avoidance.

Manuel is a nurse in an emergency room. He must be able to overcome the background sounds of the busy emergency room and other distractions to be able to notice when one of his patients needs help. These distractions are referred to as _____ by signal detection theory.

noise

Carmen is driving at night in an unfamiliar city. The neighborhood looks dangerous; Carmen feels lost and on edge. The neurotransmitter _____ is helping her cope with the stressful situation.

norepinephrine

Mindy is in nursing school and is learning how to measure a patient's blood pressure. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for measuring blood pressure and then demonstrates these same procedures using Mindy as a "patient." Mindy and her class are learning how to measure blood pressure in patients through the use of:

observational learning.

Puppies who saw their mothers locate and retrieve packets of narcotics were significantly better at performing the same task three months later than were puppies who had not seen adult dogs perform this behavior. According to the textbook, this is evidence for:

observational learning.

Standing at an arrival gate, you scan the faces of the passengers as they walk off the plane, looking for your friend. This visual information is being processed in your:

occipital lobe

Sabra's bad cold is interfering with her ability to smell clearly. Her girlfriend brings her to her favorite restaurant, but when Sabra takes her first bite, her food has almost no taste. Her stuffy nose is directly causing poor _____, which then means she cannot appreciate flavor, meaning that her _____ is also not working well.

olfaction; gustation

Josiah just cut open an orange for his lunch. The orange odor molecules make their way up to his nose and then get translated into neural signals through activation of the:

olfactory epithelium.

The olfactory receptors are located in the:

olfactory epithelium.

In the 1920s, physiologist Walter Cannon criticized the James-Lange theory of emotion by noting that:

our emotional reaction to a stimulus often occurs much faster than our physiological reaction to a stimulus.

Walking home late at night after watching a scary movie at a friend's house, Ashley suddenly hears a strange, shrill noise that almost sounds like a distant scream. Her heartbeat and blood pressure increase, her muscles tense, her mouth goes dry, and she begins to perspire. Ashley is experiencing the _____ component of emotion that is due to the activation of her _____.

physiological; sympathetic nervous system

Melatonin is manufactured by the:

pineal gland.

In order to reduce workplace injuries, an industrial and organizational psychologist recommends a manufacturing company install bright lights in a plant in which many employees work the 11 P.M. to 7 A.M. shift. As a psychologist, they know that lights simulating morning sun will help the suprachiasmatic nucleus to reduce the _____ gland's production of the sleep-inducing hormone _____.

pineal; melatonin

The primary function of the _____ is to catch sound waves and funnel them into the ear canal.

pinna

Young Gabriel can quite easily hear pitches ranging from 20 to 20,000 hertz. His ability to sense high-frequency sounds above 3,000 hertz is best explained by the _____ theory of pitch discrimination.

place

In an experimental test of the effects of insulin on diabetic patients, some of the patients are given one insulin injection each and some of them are given one water injection each. In this experiment, water injections act as:

placebos.

Oscar's mother yells at him when he takes $20 from her purse. Which type of consequence is this an example of?

positive punishment

After getting cactus needles stuck in her hand, 2-year-old Rachel no longer touches cactus plants. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:

punishment by application.

Which of the following phenomena can be explained by the trichromatic theory of color vision?

red-green color blindness

Psychologist Edward C. Tolman's studies with rats in mazes led him to conclude that:

reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur.

A consequence that increases the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated is called a(n):

reinforcer.

Iyesha reads a journal article reporting a study in which a small sample of women undertook tests of spatial ability at two points during their menstrual cycle. Iyesha conducts a similar study using not only spatial ability but also verbal ability tests. In addition, Iyesha tests a larger sample of women. Iyesha is performing a:

replication

In one version of the Bobo doll studies, all of the children were more likely to imitate models who were _____ and were all less likely to imitate the models who were _____.

rewarded; punished

One reason Joaquin continues to work at his job is the paycheck he receives every two weeks. Joaquin's paycheck is a(n) _____ reinforcer.

secondary

While reading a friend's status update on a social networking site, Cory ignores the scrolling newsfeed and the changing advertisements on the right side of the screen. Cory is demonstrating:

selective attention.

The process by which receptor cells receive and detect stimuli is called:

sensation.

When Rishon tastes apple pie, his _____ receive the taste information from the pie and send the message to his brain. After his brain interprets the message, _____ send the information that it is delicious and he eats some more.

sensory neurons; motor neurons

The primary difference in the brain between slow nerve pain and fast nerve pain is that:

slow nerve pain ends up in the limbic system to be processed, whereas fast nerve pain ends up in the somatosensory cortex.

An action potential occurs when:

sodium ions enter the axon's interior, causing a brief positive electrical impulse.

As you are walking on a beach, you pick up an odd-looking seashell that has a very rough texture. As you rub your fingers over the shell, the sensory messages are communicated via the _____ nervous system to the central nervous system.

somatic

Dr. Robinson, a cognitive neuroscientist, uses neuroimaging when she exposes participants to either a pleasant or an unpleasant priming picture for several milliseconds. She then shows participants a picture of a person's face and asks the participants to rate the person's likeability. Dr. Robinson is studying:

subliminal influences.

When Jana took her first driving lesson, she experienced a number of physiological reactions, such as a racing heart, sweaty palms, and tension in her muscles. These physiological reactions involved the activation of her _____ nervous system.

sympathetic

From the optic chiasm, the PRIMARY visual pathway projects first to the _____ and processes information about _____.

thalamus; form, color, brightness, and depth of objects

Whenever she sees Dylan, Madison's heart beats faster and she gets a trembling feeling inside. Madison now believes that she must be in love with Dylan. Which theory of emotion is illustrated in this example?

the James-Lange theory

Chloe is about to climb up a rock face with no safety rope. She is a little bit nervous, but not enough to make her fearful. Chloe feels that this is a good state of mind to be in, because she understands:

the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Which brain structure is activated first when people view threatening or fearful faces?

the amygdala

Markus does better in math when his teacher gives him stickers for his completed problems. Joline doesn't care about stickers but instead does better in math when her teacher gives her praise. This illustrates Skinner's principle that:

the definition of "positive reinforcer" depends on the individual.

Which two factors affect the speed at which the action potential is conducted along a neuron's axon?

the diameter of the axon and whether the axon is wrapped with a myelin sheath

The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion proposes that:

the experience of emotion is the result of physiological arousal, followed by a cognitive label for that physiological state.

Sam is recovering from a small stroke. He has difficulty following rapidly changing conversations, and he does not seem to understand puns or sarcasm. Additionally, he has trouble recognizing the faces of his friends and acquaintances. The stroke may have damaged:

the right hemisphere

According to Ekman, a smiling happy face in the United States is _____ a smiling happy face in New Guinea, demonstrating the _____.

the same as; universality of emotional expressions

Gerardo is listening to a high-pitched drill, which is higher than the 1,000 Hz that can be handled by a single neuron at a time but lower than 4,000 Hz that would have been transmitted due to placement of the hairs being impacted on the basilar membrane. What principle explains his ability to hear this noise?

the volley principle

PET scans of former methamphetamine users showed that even after months of abstinence:

they had an abnormally low number of dopamine receptors.

When sensory receptors convert different forms of energy into neural signals, the process is known as:

transduction.

You catch the whiff of freshly popped popcorn as you enter the movie theater. The process by which the odor of popcorn is converted into neural signals that your brain can interpret as the smell of popcorn is called:

transduction.

Farah is an astronaut spending her first day on the space station. She is feeling nauseated because her _____ system is confused.

vestibular

This drawing shows the typical structures found on a neuron. Pick the alternative that correctly labels the structures in the drawing.

1 = dendrites, 2 = cell body, 3 = axon, 4 = myelin sheath

This image depicts the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. Pick the alternative that correctly labels the structures in the drawing.

1 = frontal lobe, 2 = parietal lobe, 3 = occipital lobe, 4 = temporal lobe

The emotional response of fear is accompanied by:

an increase in heart rate.

The successful use of negative reinforcement results in:

an increase in the probability of a behavior.

People with the rare condition of _____ are unable to perceive odors.

anosmia

Exposure to sunlight and other bright lights:

suppresses the production of melatonin.

Izzy's pupils are dilated and her heart is pounding; her breathing is shallow and rapid. Her _____ nervous system is active.

sympathetic

Maria heard a strange banging noise just outside her bedroom window in the middle of the night. She froze in fear, and her heart began to pound. Maria's heightened physical arousal involved the activation of which subdivision of the nervous system?

sympathetic

_____ convey information about the environment from the sense organs to the brain, and _____ communicate information to the muscles and glands.

Sensory neurons; motor neurons

Your instructor notices that in many of his classes, the longer he lectures, the more student yawns he sees. This represents:

a positive correlation.

Which of the following advertising techniques is based on classical conditioning principles?

a sexy model using Brand X

If researchers found a strong negative correlation between the amount a time a mother holds a baby and the amount that the baby cries, you should expect to see an r value close to:

-1.00

Which of the following psychologists has conducted extensive research on observational learning?

Albert Bandura

Which of the following statements about marijuana is FALSE?

Because there are many THC receptors in the brain stem, heavy use of the drug can interfere with life-support functions such as breathing and heartbeat.

Brenda says, "Psychology is the study of behavior." Chase responds, "No, psychologists study emotions." Which statement BEST evaluates these two remarks?

Brenda's statement is too narrow; Chase's is also too narrow.

Which of the following people emphasized conscious experiences and each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction?

Carl Rogers

_____ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would naturally elicit the same or a similar response.

Classical conditioning

The title of the American jazz classic "Body and Soul" echoes a view known as dualism, a view that the mind and body are separate that is associated MOST prominently with the philosopher:

Descartes

Carlos is giving a presentation on sensation and perception and difference thresholds in his biopsychology class. Which statement would be a good way for him to explain Weber's law to the class in his presentation?

Each sense has its own constant ratio difference threshold.

_____ theory explains why taste aversion is such a particularly powerful form of learning. Animals who learn quickly about life-threatening substances are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation.

Evolutionary

_____ refers to a behavior's disappearance when its reinforcer is removed and _____ refers to a behavior's disappearance when the individual has been exposed repeatedly to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction; extinction

Which question provides an operational definition of cooperative behavior among children in an art class?

How often did children pass colors to each other?

What is the "law of effect"?

It was a principle formulated by Edward Thorndike that described how voluntary behaviors can be modified by their consequences.

Ivonne is intrinsically motivated to be a runner. Which statement would be part of expressing this fact?

Ivonne loves the feeling of the wind on her face as she runs.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding action potentials?

Once an action potential is started, it is self-sustaining and continues to the end of the axon.

Mandy Harvey cannot hear music, but the sound vibrations allow her to "feel" music through her feet and hands. Mandy can detect the vibrations because of her:

Pacinian corpuscles.

As you wait in line at the airport, the guy behind you is standing so close that his briefcase is pushing against your leg. The sensation of the briefcase touching and pushing against you is being processed in your:

Parietal lobe

_____ occurs when an extinguished conditioned response reappears.

Spontaneous recovery

How are auditory stimuli transmitted to the brain?

The bending of hair cells stimulates the auditory nerve.

An image of a dinner fork is flashed in a split-brain patient's left visual field. The patient will be:

able to point to a fork with his or her left hand.

In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during the _____ phase.

acquisition

The three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation are:

activation, persistence, and intensity.

"It's so noisy! How can you stand it?" remarks Caitlyn as highway traffic screams past her friend Dave's ground-floor apartment. "I don't even notice it anymore," Dave replies. This exchange highlights the psychophysical concept of:

adaptation.

Dan drinks a cup or two of strong coffee in the morning to help him wake up and get rid of his sleepiness. According to the box "In Focus: What You Really Want to Know About Sleep," the common stimulant drug in coffee, caffeine, blocks receptors for a naturally occurring compound in the body called _____, thus promoting wakefulness.

adenosine

Which of the following best describes a myoclonic jerk?

as a person is going to sleep, an involuntary muscle spasm that jolts the person awake

As you are reading this question, you are awake and alert. This means that your brain is generating _____ brain waves.

beta

Convergence and retinal disparity are examples of:

binocular cues.

The classic Bobo doll experiment by American psychologist Albert Bandura and his colleagues revealed that:

boys are more likely than are girls to mimic physical aggression, especially if they have observed it modeled by men.

The height of a light wave determines a color's:

brightness.

Yves has been drinking. He has difficulty walking a straight line when asked to do so by a police officer. Apparently, Yves's _____ is functioning poorly.

cerebellum

George knows that his shoes are yellow, irrespective of whether he is outside at the playground or inside his house. This ability is due to:

color constancy.

Haseeb wants to demonstrate the two primary color theories during his class presentation on color vision. First, he shows a picture representing _____ to illustrate trichromatic theory, and then he demonstrates _____, which illustrates the opponent-process theory.

color deficiency; afterimages

Most of the eye's focusing ability comes from the:

cornea.

At Folger University, Drs. Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group; their recall of items on a word list is later assessed. In this experiment, word recall is the _____ variable.

dependent

Steve is conducting research on the reach of mental health care to the youth. After gathering data on psychologists, he creates a pie chart to display the percentage of psychologists working in different fields. In this scenario, Steve uses _____ to display the collected data.

descriptive statistics

According to B.F. Skinner:

environmental factors determine a person's behavior.

In a signal detection experiment, no tone is presented on a particular trial. A participant, however, reports that she heard a tone. The participant's response is a:

false alarm.

Which is the CORRECT ordering of events for an action potential?

from the axon hillock, down the axon to the terminal buds

The brain's ability to shift functions from damaged to undamaged areas is called:

functional plasticity

Researchers were interested in the effects of alcohol consumption on the perceived attractiveness of members of the opposite sex. One group of participants was given 4 drinks containing alcohol, another group was given 4 drinks that did not contain alcohol, but both the alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks tasted identical. A final group was given no drinks at all. Next, all three groups of participants rated the attractiveness of members of the opposite sex by viewing pictures and rating attractiveness on a 1-to-10 scale. Which group was the placebo group?

group that received 4 nonalcoholic drinks

In Dr. Foster's study, one group is given a new medication that is believed to reduce anxiety. Another group is given a medication that looks like the real medication but has none of the active ingredients in it to affect anxiety. In this experiment, the experimental group is the:

group that receives the new medication.

Sensory receptors for sound are the _____, and they are embedded in the _____.

hair cells; basilar membrane

Rona is told by her physician that she has become physically dependent on the tranquilizers prescribed for her by another doctor. In this context, physically dependent means that:

her body and brain chemistry have physically adapted to the drug.

Feature detectors are:

highly specialized neurons in the visual cortex that respond to particular types of visual stimuli.

According to the text, people sometimes believe they have found evidence for ESP when they attribute meaning to coincidental links between variables or events. Such an attribution is called:

illusory correlation.

The characteristic of motivation known as "activation" refers to the:

initiation or production of behavior.

A theory:

integrates and summarizes diverse findings on the same topic.

The muscle that controls the amount of light entering the pupil is the:

iris.

Fred volunteered for a sleep deprivation study. After he is deprived of sleep for two nights:

it is very probable that he will experience disruptions in mood, mental abilities, reaction time, perceptual skills, and complex motor skills.

Dr. Diaz is an experimental psychologist who is conducting an experiment in which she asks participants to look at two images and detect the variations in color between the two images. She is studying the:

just noticeable difference.

Zoya is looking at the night sky and is experiencing the moon illusion. This means that she is perceiving the moon to be much _____ on the horizon than it appears to be later when it is higher in the sky.

larger

Ivonne was a blind child in a mainstream school system. Her parents could not afford all the material things other kids had, but they provided unconditional love, support, and a strong sense of cultural identity. In doing so, her parents fulfilled Ivonne's needs for _____ and for _____.

love and belongingness; esteem

Fifty students took the midterm exam in Dr. Axelrod's class. In order to get some idea of the most "typical" score, Dr. Axelrod added up all the scores and divided the sum by 50. The product of this calculation is called the:

mean

LSD and psilocybin:

mimic the neurotransmitter serotonin.

As compared with cones, rods are:

more sensitive to light.

Yin is crocheting a blanket when he looks up to see a mouse scurry across the far side of the room. According to convergence, Yin's eye muscles will have _____ when looking at his crocheting as compared to looking at the mouse.

more tension

Juggling two independent sources of sensory input at the same time is an example of:

multitasking.

DeAndre is recording instances of physical aggression among children in a schoolyard at recess. DeAndre is undertaking:

naturalistic observation

According to Niedenthal and colleagues (2012), "studies of college students linked pacifier use during infancy to lower levels of empathy and emotional intelligence." The frequency of pacifier use during infancy, therefore, is _____ correlated to scores on measures of emotional intelligence.

negatively

Synaptic vesicles contain:

neurotransmitters

After vervet monkeys learned a new food preference, the rest of its group acquired the new preference within a few days. In turn, the newly acquired preference spread to other monkey groups who could see the new behavior. According to the textbook, this is evidence for:

observational learning.

Macaque monkeys are capable of learning a cognitive rule for ordering lists of photographs simply from watching another macaque successfully complete the task. This is an example of:

observational learning.

Arden's heart rate and respiration are slowing, and her digestion is facilitated. Her _____ nervous system has become active.

parasympathetic

Using a sample of young adolescents, Dr. Nguyen finds a correlation of .55 between scores on a measure of neglectful or uninvolved parenting and scores on a measure of delinquent behavior. Based on this correlation alone, Dr. Nguyen can legitimately conclude that:

parenting that is more uninvolved is related to a higher degree of delinquent behavior.

Because fares constantly fluctuate, Uber drivers are often uncertain when they will meet their earning goals. Some fares are reinforcing, whereas others are not. As a result, the _____ may be pushing many Uber drivers to work painfully long shifts.

partial reinforcement effect

A researcher showed participants pictures of different-colored pens. Some pen colors were paired with pleasant music, while others were paired with unpleasant music. Participants were more likely to choose the pen colors associated with pleasant music than the pen colors associated with unpleasant music. In this study, the conditioned stimulus was the _____, and the conditioned response was _____.

pen color; liking the pen

Although Hunter keeps falling when he tries to learn to ice skate, he keeps working at being a better skater so he can play ice hockey. Hunter is demonstrating the motivation characteristic of:

persistence.

The addition of a stimulus that increases a target behavior is called _____ reinforcement.

positive

Your nephew's eyes suddenly light up and he reaches out, executes a double-jump of your checker pieces, then smiles at you triumphantly. The brain signals for these voluntary actions originated in the _____ of your nephew's brain.

primary motor cortex

A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species is called a _____, and a stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with this reinforcer is called a _____ .

primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer

A neuron's resting potential is due to the greater concentration of:

protein ions inside the neuron and the greater concentration of sodium ions outside the neuron.

Esther dreams that she is flying. Esther's therapist suggests that such a dream represents a hidden desire for sexual intercourse. The therapist is applying the _____ theory of dreams.

psychoanalytic

Dr. Ramen believes that, in order to effectively treat his clients' psychological disorders, it is essential to understand his clients' early life experiences. Dr. Ramen takes the _____ perspective in psychological treatment.

psychodynamic

According to the social cognitive view of hypnosis, hypnotized subjects are:

responding to the social demands of the situation.

Cocaine causes the neurotransmitter dopamine to remain at the site of the synapse longer than it normally would. Cocaine thus inhibits the process called:

reuptake

A ganglion cell might receive information from a hundred _____, but from only one or two _____.

rods; cones

According to Deci and Ryan (2008), the core human motivation is:

self-determination.

Which of the following is NOT described as a side effect of MDMA (ecstasy) in your textbook?

shivering and hypothermia (abnormally low body temperature)

Olfaction differs from the other sensory systems because olfactory:

signals do not pass through the thalamus.

Artie is preparing a poster presentation on cultural differences between the United States and Canada. He has included a color-coded chart with blue bars representing the United States and red bars representing Canada. This color-coding exemplifies the gestalt principle of:

similarity.

Our perception of sound is directly related to the physical properties of:

sound waves.

Nora is a former drug user. Now that she no longer uses, her hands no longer shake, and her heart no longer pounds when she sees a friend with whom she used to use the drug. However, after not seeing the friend for a long time, Nora's conditioned response may reappear. This reappearance of her response is an example of _____ in classical conditioning.

spontaneous recovery

The presence of sleep spindles and K complexes are the defining characteristics of:

stage 2 NREM sleep.

If the difference between a conditioned stimulus and a comparison stimulus exceeds the difference threshold, then _____ can occur.

stimulus generalization

Dr. Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to identify the fundamental attributes of mental experience. Dr. Leleux appears most sympathetic to psychology's school of:

structuralism

Jenna is painting a cherry blossom tree. The blossoms that would be closest to the viewer are given the most detail, but the blossoms toward the top and back of the tree are given less detail. This technique illustrates:

texture gradient.

The auditory nerve transmits neural signals to the:

thalamus.

Lance is able to hold a conversation with his friend Cooper despite being in the middle of a noisy party. Lance's brain is able to block out the surrounding noises and focus on Cooper's voice, demonstrating:

the cocktail-party effect.

When scientists refer to the "visible electromagnetic spectrum," they mean:

the narrow range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that are visible to the human eye.

Researchers interested in how sleep deprivation affected performance randomly assigned participants to groups that had one, two, or three nights of sleep deprivation. Then they tested their reaction times on a standard motor reaction task. The dependent variable in this experiment was:

the reaction times of the three groups on the standard motor reaction task.

According to Professor Zarkov's correlational data, there is a statistically significant relationship between the socioeconomic level of a family and how much time the parents spend talking to their children. To say that the results of this study are "statistically significant" means that:

the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance.

The neodissociation theory of hypnosis suggests that the hypnotized person experiences:

the splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.

Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as:

the study of consciousness.

Observing a subject who is in REM sleep, a sleep researcher can conclude that all of the following may be true of the subject EXCEPT:

the subject's heart rate and blood pressure reach their lowest levels.

Andrea is reading a general, comprehensive account of human aggression in the introduction to a research report in psychology. Andrea is reading a(n):

theory

While taking a very tough final exam, Pietro noticed that his heart was pounding and his palms were sweaty. Pietro thought about it and decided that his pounding heart and sweaty palms were caused by anxiety. This best illustrates the _____ theory of emotion.

two-factor

Howie noticed that both when he encountered a bear in the woods on his camping trip and when he kissed his girlfriend for the first time, he felt the same pounding heart and sweaty palms. He felt afraid when he saw the bear because it was a threatening situation, but he felt excited with the kiss. Which theory of emotion best explains Howie's emotions?

two-factor theory of emotion

Roast beef with a rich brown gravy is often described as a "savory" dish. The basic taste that is prominent in such a dish is:

umami.

When psychologists have tried to produce conditioned fears in young children to such objects as curtains, wooden ducks, or wooden blocks, they were:

unsuccessful.

Simone Biles excels at gymnastics, especially at balance-beam routines. Her skill depends on her _____ sense.

vestibular

According to frequency theory, the basilar membrane:

vibrates at the same frequency as the sound wave.

In a roller-blading mishap, Wendy fell down and injured the very back of her head. Which of her senses is MOST likely impaired?

vision

From the thalamus, visual signals are sent to the _____, where they are interpreted.

visual cortex

Indira is working on a paper summarizing research on latent learning. She writes, "One of the most interesting findings on latent learning is that:

visually impaired people can forge cognitive maps without the use of vision."

When shown photographs of facial expressions of basic emotions, people from 21 different countries:

were able to accurately identify each of the emotions being expressed.

Dr. Kiecolt-Glaser is a health psychologist studying whether stress impairs the body's ability to heal. In the highly stressful week before final exams, dental students are given an oral punch biopsy—a small sample of gum tissue is removed. The number of days for the oral wound to completely heal is recorded. The same dental students receive a second oral punch biopsy during summer vacation. Once again, the number of days until the oral wound completely healed was recorded. What is the independent variable in this study?

whether the oral wound was created during a high stress or low stress period

Sigmund Freud suggested that the purpose of dreams is:

wish fulfillment.

If people abstain from a drug after they have become physically addicted to it, they may experience _____, which include craving for the drug and unpleasant physical reactions that are sometimes opposite to the drug's original effects.

withdrawal symptoms

At Folger University, Drs. Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group; their recall of items on a word list is later assessed. Which alternative CORRECTLY names and identifies the variables in this experiment?

word recall - dependent variable; caffeine - independent variable