PSYCH TEST CH. 12

144) LSD was developed and synthesized by: a) Robert Ryan b) Albert Hofmann c) Timothy Leary d) Juan Valdez

Answer: b Section Reference: 12.5 LSD and Other Hallucinogens Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

154) The first step in becoming a substance abuser is: a) Experimentation with a drug b) Occasional use of a drug c) Having a positive attitude about a drug d) Being exposed to a drug by friends or family

C Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

4) Tolerance for alcohol is mostly determined by psychological factors.

False Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

5) While more men drink than women, the rates for hazardous drinking are equal across genders.

False Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

10) There is little that can be done for a child once he or she has been exposed to alcohol in utero and develops fetal alcohol syndrome.

False Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

9) Most alcoholics follow a similar course - they begin with social drinking and progress to severe alcoholism.

False Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

12) Nicotine is addictive because it stimulates dopamine receptors in the brain.

False Section Reference: 12.2 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

15) It is legal to possess small amounts of marijuana in Canada.

False Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Knowledge

16) Small doses of marijuana tend to induce hallucinations.

False Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Knowledge

21) Tolerance to amphetamines takes a long time to develop.

False Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

24) Becoming a regular smoker is strongly related to having family members who smoke.

False Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

25) Alcohol myopia is the technical name for "beer goggles".

False Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Knowledge

26) Alcoholics Anonymous is the most effective treatment for alcohol dependence.

False Section Reference: 12.7 Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Knowledge

27) In order to recover from alcoholism, one must abstain from alcohol forever.

False Section Reference: 12.7 Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Comprehension

8) Because students are so technology driven, computer-delivered alcohol interventions are most effective.

False Section Reference: Student Perspectives 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

3) Polysubstance abuse is used as the diagnosis if a person is using or abusing at least three drugs.

False Section Reference: Substance-Related Disorders Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

11) Inhalant use is particularly prominent amongst Aboriginal youth.

True Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

6) The moral model views alcoholism as a personal failing.

True Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

7) Thinking of alcoholism as a disease supports research for brain mechanisms implicated in addiction.

True Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

30) The best strategy to treat substance abuse is prevention.

True Section Reference: 12.10Prevention of Substance Abuse Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify different approaches to the prevention of substance use and the evidence for the effectiveness of prevention efforts Bloom's: Knowledge

13) Smoking is more common among people who live in poverty and have less education.

True Section Reference: 12.2 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Knowledge

14) Second-hand smoke contains more nicotine and tar than the smoke inhaled by a smoker.

True Section Reference: 12.2 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Knowledge

17) Cannabis use can increase the likelihood of psychotic disorders.

True Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Knowledge

18) Dependence susceptibility is the idea that some people are more prone to becoming addicted to substances than others.

True Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Knowledge

20) Amphetamines were first developed to treat asthma.

True Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

19) Opiates are naturally occurring painkillers; opioids are synthetic versions of opiates.

True Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Comprehension

23) Ecstasy is chemically similar to nutmeg.

True Section Reference: 12.5 LSD and Other Hallucinogens Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

28) After a period of abstinence from a substance, using again is known as a relapse.

True Section Reference: 12.8 Therapy for the Use of Illicit Drugs Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Knowledge

29) People trying to quit smoking can become dependent on nicotine replacement gum.

True Section Reference: 12.9 Treatment of Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe the various treatments for cigarette smoking and why a focus on relapse prevention is necessary Bloom's: Knowledge

22) It is difficult to die from a caffeine overdose.

True Section Reference: Focus on Discovery 12.2 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

1) Many celebrities who have died of drug overdoses recently seem to have consumed several substances.

True Section Reference: Substance-Related Disorders Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

2) In DSM-5, substance abuse and substance dependence are combined into substance-related disorders.

True Section Reference: Substance-Related Disorders Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

55) Further analyses of the 2004 Canadian Addiction Survey by Stockwell et al. (2009) revealed that ____% of the heaviest alcohol drinkers consumed ____% of the overall alcohol consumption. a) 10; 50 b) 15; 50 c) 17; 55 d) 20; 60

a Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

75) According to comprehensive reviews, which drug has the most evidence for a direct link between intoxication and violence? a) Alcohol b) Marijuana c) Heroin d) Cocaine

a Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

56) The prototypical heavy drinker in Canada is best represented by which of the following? a) Mark, a single 25-year-old bank manager b) Fred, a married 25-year-old store clerk c) Bill, a single 45-year-old professor d) Mike, a married 45-year-old construction worker

a Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Application

44) The condition known as delirium tremens is due to: a) A sudden drop in alcohol levels in a chronic heavy drinker. b) High doses of alcohol in a person who has not previously drunk heavily. c) High doses of alcohol in a chronic heavy drinker. d) All of the above can cause the symptoms of delirium tremens.

a Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

46) Vogel-Sprott and her associates from the University of Waterloo have done extensive research in the area of alcohol tolerance. Her research has shown that a) psychological factors may play a role in the development of tolerance. b) behavioural reinforcement does not have a direct influence on tolerance. c) physiological markers of tolerance are difficult to measure. d) psychological factors have no influence on the development of tolerance

a Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

84) Cirrhosis of the liver due to alcohol abuse is characterized by a) liver cells becoming engorged with fat and protein. b) an increased efficiency of alcohol absorption with a corresponding decrease in blood cell reproduction. c) a decreased efficiency in absorption due to liver atrophy. d) None of the above choices are correct.

a Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

82) Pregnant women have been encouraged by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism to a) totally abstain from drinking. b) not alter their drinking habits. c) drink one or two drinks a day to help them relax. d) reduce their drinking to no more than several drinks a day.

a Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

86) Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome often also have problems with: a) language disorders b) personality disorders c) depression d) the legal system

a Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

88) In Canada, which of the following is considered a serious concern among young Native children? a) Gasoline sniffing b) Marijuana use c) Sedative abuse d) Heroin use

a Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

53) Over the last decade in Canada, alcohol consumption: a) Is on the rise b) Has remained the same c) Has decreased d) Fluctuates year to year

a Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

219) The belief that society does not approve of smoking is called: a) The demoralization belief b) The guilt-inducing belief c) The media-generated belief d) The awareness belief

a Section Reference: 12.10 Prevention of Substance Abuse Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify different approaches to the prevention of substance use and the evidence for the effectiveness of prevention efforts Bloom's: Knowledge

218) In comparison to other countries, Canada's fight against tobacco advertising is a) one of the most aggressive. b) the most expensive. c) about the same. d) much weaker.

a Section Reference: 12.10 Prevention of Substance Abuse Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify different approaches to the prevention of substance use and the evidence for the effectiveness of prevention efforts Bloom's: Comprehension

220) The demoralization belief regarding smoking is associated with: a) Higher abstinence 8 months later b) No more abstinence 8 months later c) Increased smoking practice 8 months later d) A slight decrease in amount of smoking 8 months later

a Section Reference: 12.10 Prevention of Substance Abuse Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify different approaches to the prevention of substance use and the evidence for the effectiveness of prevention efforts Bloom's: Comprehension

91) The addicting agent in tobacco is: a) Nicotine b) Caffeine c) Tar d) None of the above

a Section Reference: 12.2 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Knowledge

93) Benowitz (2008) reported that nicotine influences brain receptors to facilitate which the release of _____ neurotransmitter, and thus producing _____? a) dopamine; stimulation and pleasure b) GABA; mood modulation c) endorphins; stimulation and pleasure d) all of the above

a Section Reference: 12.2 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

100) Marijuana smoking a) is associated with respiratory disorders. b) is known to be safe with no health consequences. c) enhances immune system functions. d) has lower tar intake than cigarettes.

a Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

108) Several Canadian studies have reported a link between cannabis use and cognitive functioning. These studies have shown that cognitive problems are mostly likely to be found among people who smoke marijuana: a) Every day b) Once a week c) Twice a month d) No differences were found among daily and non-daily users

a Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

111) Research regarding marijuana has shown: a) That it may be addictive. b) It is not addictive. c) There are clearly withdrawal symptoms. d) It is not as dangerous as previously believed.

a Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

113) Which of the following was found in the Ontario Mental Health Supplement survey about Canadian marijuana users? a) It takes between 100 to 199 uses of marijuana by males for it to be termed pathological. b) The risk of pathology was greater if the user began using after the age of 17) c) The threshold for use to become pathological was higher for females than for males. d) None of the above

a Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

114) Smoking marijuana has been shown to a) elevate heart rate, posing a risk to those with abnormal heart function. b) cause fatal heart attacks in healthy young men. c) lead to hypertension. d) have no significant effect on the cardiovascular system.

a Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

116) The benefit of marijuana when used for chronic illnesses is primarily a) to reduce nausea for patients undergoing chemotherapy. b) to increase immune function. c) to improve attention and maintain medication adherence. d) to prevent additional infection.

a Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

131) Very large doses of sedatives are fatal because: a) The person suffocates b) The person has a heart attack c) The person's blood pressure goes too low d) The person's body temperature goes too high

a Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

137) According to the authors, the most famous fictional cocaine addict is: a) Sherlock Holmes b) Jay Gatsby c) Jack The Ripper d) Hannibal Lecter

a Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

126) Mark is experiencing the following symptoms after taking a drug: he feels an initial rush of ecstasy, has great self-confidence and has lost all his worries and fears. At the same time, he is feeling drowsy and relaxed. Which of the following drugs is Mark most likely to have taken recently? a) Heroin b) Alcohol c) Marijuana d) Cocaine

a Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Analysis

151) At a party, both Lisa and Sara decide to try LSD for the first time. Lisa is pretty excited about it - she's wanted to experience a trip for a while. Sara is quite apprehensive, but doesn't want to let her friends know that she isn't sure. What will they likely experience? a) Lisa will have a good trip; Sara will have a bad trip b) Lisa will have a bad trip; Sara will have a good trip c) They will both have good trips d) They will both have bad trips

a Section Reference: 12.5 LSD and Other Hallucinogens Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Analysis

161) The two psychological dimensions that Cox and Klinger (1988) say motivate drinking are a) valence of reinforcement and locus of reasons. b) positive-internal and negative-external. c) costs and benefits. d) approach-avoidance and locus of control.

a Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Knowledge

170) The "drug-Stroop effect" can be described as: a) Slower response times for addiction related words in addiction-prone individuals b) Faster response times for all words in addiction-prone individuals c) Faster response times for addiction related words in addiction-prone individuals d) Slower response times for all words in addiction-prone individuals

a Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Application

156) According to a cross-cultural study on the annual consumption of alcoholic beverages, which country had the highest consumption rates? a) Switzerland b) Poland c) Ireland d) Finland

a Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

158) An analysis of family factors in drug abuse indicated that future investigations a) should be extended to look at the role of siblings. b) should control for mediating factors like parental abuse. c) should use a longitudinal design. d) should examine the role of extended family (e.g., cousins, aunts, uncles).

a Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

160) A meta-analysis of 17 studies (Lac & Crano, 2009) with over 35,000 participants confirmed that: a) Adolescent perceptions of greater parental monitoring are linked reliably with less marijuana use. b) Adolescent perceptions of greater parental monitoring are not linked reliably with less marijuana use. c) Adolescent perceptions of greater sibling monitoring are linked reliably with less marijuana use. d) None of the above.

a Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

207) Heroin antagonists are medications that: a) Make a person ill if they use heroin b) Are heroin substitutes c) Block the high that comes from heroin d) Are abused

c Section Reference: 12.8 Therapy for the Use of Illicit Drugs Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Comprehension

162) If a drug is used largely because it decreases a negative mood, then the psychological effect of that drug is considered a) negatively reinforcing. b) positively reinforcing. c) non-addictive. d) a mood stabilizer.

a Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

163) Although it has been shown that alcohol does not have a consistent effect upon stress, people continue to drink as a means to alleviate stress because a) they expect it to help. b) others suggest drinking to unwind. c) drinking is more socially acceptable than consuming other drugs. d) they are unaware of the severity of life stress they are experiencing.

a Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

178) Anticipatory regulatory responses made in expectation of a drug are known as: a) The feedforward mechanism b) The Pavlovian mechanism c) The environmental cues mechanism d) The probability mechanism

a Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

206) Skyler is entering treatment for heroin addiction. She is given methadone at the treatment facility in order to: a) Reduce her cravings for heroin b) Calm her down c) Get her through withdrawal - then the methadone will be discontinues d) Numb her senses

a Section Reference: 12.8 Therapy for the Use of Illicit Drugs Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Application

197) Some of the activities that Marlatt's harm reduction therapy for addictions uses to reduce initial harm include a) encouraging moderate use of amphetamines. b) family education. c) family therapy. d) all of the above.

a Section Reference: Canadian Contributions 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Comprehension

201) The Canadian Federal Government attempted to close the Insite Clinic in Vancouver. The B.C. Supreme Court ruling led to the following: a) It stated that closing Insight would violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. b) The immediate and permanent closing of Insite c) A temporary closure of Insite, pending review by the Supreme Court d) A temporary order to stay open, but only until all clients could find alternative treatment sites

a Section Reference: Canadian Contributions 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Knowledge

139) Which of the following are withdrawal symptoms from caffeine? a) Headaches b) Depression c) Feelings of hopelessness d) Muscle tension

a Section Reference: Focus on Discovery 12.2 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

202) Claude is receiving treatment for alcohol abuse, and his therapist has focused largely on how his drinking has interfered with his valued goals. He is trying to find ways to mobilize Claude's own resources. This form of treatment is called: a) Motivational-enhancement therapy. b) Goal-facilitation therapy. c) Focused abstinence therapy. d) Guided self-change.

a Section Reference: Focus on Discovery 12.3 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Analysis

67) Alan Marlatt's intervention for heavy drinking a) is a moderation approach that has been found to reduce drinking rates and harmful consequences thereof. b) is a moderation approach that has been found to reduce drinking rates slightly but not the harmful consequences thereof. c) is an abstinence-based approach that has been very successful at reducing drinking rates of heavy drinkers. d) is an abstinence-based approach that has been somewhat successful at reducing drinking rates and the harmful consequences thereof.

a Section Reference: Student Perspectives 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

37) Wanda drinks almost a fifth of a gin bottle a day, may remain intoxicated for two or three consecutive days, and takes Valium every night to calm her nerves and get to sleep. Her problem is referred to as a) polydrug abuse. b) synergistic abuse. c) additive drug abuse. d) substance intoxication.

a Section Reference: Substance-Related Disorders Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Analysis

180) According to initial research by Ogborne and DeWit (1999), in comparison to American problem drinkers' help-seeking behaviours, Canadians: a) Are much less likely to seek help b) Are less likely to prefer computerized feedback c) Are more likely to seek help from a counsellor or therapist d) Are more likely to stop drinking with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous

a Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Knowledge

196) In order to treat alcoholism successfully, it is important to understand: a) An individual's motivation for drinking b) Why an individual prefers a particular drink over another c) That it is completely unacceptable for an alcoholic to ever have another drink d) That treatment is unlikely to help

a Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Application

186) What is the most likely source of help that Canadians seek when they do? a) Alcoholics Anonymous b) Web-based treatments c) Counsellor or therapist d) Medical doctor

a Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Knowledge

49) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates for alcohol dependence in the U.S. are approximately _____ and _____ respectively. a) 10%; 4% b) 12.5%; 4% c) 14.5%; 8% d) 17%; 5%

b Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

54) According to Thomas et al. (2009), over the last decade in British Columbia, alcohol consumption: a) Has stabilized b) Has doubled c) Has decreased d) Fluctuates year to year

b Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

73) Stewart, Boase, and Lamble (2000) examined 100 Canadian drivers with alcohol-related driving offences and found that: a) The alcohol-related offense was an isolated incident b) Almost half had a history of charges for such things as robbery, assault, and narcotic offences c) Most had above average IQs d) None of the above

b Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

40) Jose has been told that alcohol makes people aggressive and slows their reflexes. At a party, he drinks a great deal of punch that he believes to contain alcohol; in fact, the punch was non-alcoholic. Late in the evening, a stranger tries to pick a fight with Jose. Which of the following outcomes is most likely? a) Jose ignores the stranger and walks away; since he did not actually drink alcohol, he does not become aggressive. b) Jose gets in a fight with the stranger because he believes he has drunk alcohol. c) Jose is asleep; he is sedated because he believes he is drunk. d) Jose becomes more alert and aware of his heart rate.

b Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Analysis

42) Wanda drinks frequently, and now requires much more alcohol than she did six months ago to achieve the same effect. She reports that she can out-drink most people. Wanda is probably a) genetically not predisposed to alcoholism. b) developing a physiological dependence on alcohol. c) acquiring behavioural skills in modulating her drinking. d) deluding herself. This is not physically possible.

b Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Application

50) Thomas is a university student who meets criteria for alcohol and marijuana use disorders. Assuming his drug use history is consistent with the data, how old was he when he started having problems with drug use? a) 12 b) 14 c) 16 d) 18

b Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Application

59) Penny is a graduate student studying brain abnormalities associated with alcoholism. She most likely ascribes to: a) The moral model of addiction b) The disease model of addiction c) The idea that addiction is the result of poor coping methods d) The idea that addiction is the result of a gene-environment interaction

b Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Application

70) As compared to men, women who are alcoholics tend to: a) Start drinking earlier in life b) Start drinking later in life c) Drink out of boredom d) Binge drink

b Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Application

52) Which of the following have been found to be comorbid with problem drinking? a) Bulimia b) Schizophrenia c) Suicide d) Learning disabilities

b Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

77) Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to the cognitive effects of alcohol intoxication? a) Inhibition of dopamine receptors b) Inhibition of glutamate receptors c) Activation of serotonin receptors d) Deactivation of norepinephrine receptors

b Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

78) Alcohol goes into the __________ and is absorbed into the blood, after which it is metabolized by the __________. a) small intestine; kidneys b) small intestine; liver c) stomach; liver d) stomach; kidneys

b Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

87) According to a study by the Canadian Paediatric Society (1998), the peak age of inhalant use in Canada is: a) 10-12 yrs b) 14-15 yrs c) 15-17 yrs d) 18-21 yrs

b Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

90) According to a study by Fallon and colleagues (2005), what gender differences were found to be related to the effects of nicotine on the brain? a) Before nicotine is used, there are no gender differences in metabolic brain activity in prefrontal systems b) Before nicotine is used, women have higher cortical and subcortical brain activity c) Male smokers have less overall cognitive activity both prior to and during nicotine use d) Female smokers show no changes in brain activity both prior to and during nicotine use

b Section Reference: 12.2 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

92) Nicotine stimulates a) muscarinic receptors, which are associated with decreased pain perception. b) nicotinic receptors, which in turn stimulate dopamine receptors. c) dopamine receptors directly. d) serotonin receptors.

b Section Reference: 12.2 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

96) According to the Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey 2011, the prevalence rate of Canadian smokers is: a) 13% b) 17% c) 20% d) 22%

b Section Reference: 12.2 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Knowledge

101) Hashish is: a) Derived from resin after smoking marijuana b) Derived from resin from higher quality cannabis plants c) Based upon a mixture of marijuana and heroin d) Milder than marijuana

b Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

106) Regular marijuana use results in: a) Visual processing difficulties b) Short term memory impairment c) Decreased attention span d) Increased agitation

b Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

107) Schweinsburg et al. (2008) found the following in regard to cannabis use and neurocognitive deficits: a) There are greater deficits among adults who began cannabis use in late adolescence b) Adolescents appear more susceptible than adults to neurocognitive deficits c) Impairments are linked to involvement in harmful behaviour d) Impairments diminish with longer duration of use

b Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

112) A Vancouver research study (Tan et al., 2009) regarding the combined use of marijuana and tobacco has shown: a) A substantial increase in respiratory symptoms and asthma b) Increase in respiratory disease among those who have smoked at least 50 marijuana joints in their lifetime c) A decrease in pulmonary functioning, but no change in respiratory symptoms d) No tangible differences in the number of respiratory symptoms and chronic pulmonary disease

b Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

121) The most rapidly growing addiction in Canada is: a) Huffing b) OxyContin misuse c) Methamphetamine use d) Methadone addiction

b Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

122) OxyContin is: a) A designer drug b) A legally prescribed painkiller c) A naturally occurring hormone d) None of the above

b Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

133) Amphetamine, cocaine and caffeine fall under which class of drugs? a) Sedatives b) Stimulants c) Hallucinogens d) Narcotics

b Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

136) Cocaine is classified as a a) sedative. b) stimulant. c) barbiturate. d) hallucinogen.

b Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

134) Tim works at a law firm where he is expected to bring in a large number of cases each week. He has been working at this job for five years, typically putting in 70 hours a week. He has begun to experience irritability, and has begun to drink alcohol in the evening in order to get to sleep. Based on this information, if he were taking any other drug, it would most likely be a) sedatives. b) amphetamines. c) hallucinogens. d) pain killers.

b Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Analysis

124) Heroin is classified as a a) hallucinogen. b) sedative. c) stimulant. d) barbiturate.

b Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

128) George is experiencing symptoms similar to a bad flu; he is sneezing, sweating, tearful, yawns frequently, and has muscle pain. Which of the following drugs is he most likely withdrawing from? a) Alcohol b) Heroin c) Cocaine d) Amphetamine

b Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Analysis

129) What change in prevalence of heroin has occurred in recent years? a) Increased primarily among the urban poor b) Increased primarily among well educated people c) Decreased primarily among women d) Decreased dramatically across most groups

b Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Comprehension

132) Sedatives most likely affect a) norepinephrine levels. b) the GABA system. c) dopamine receptors. d) muscarinic receptors.

b Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Comprehension

125) Which drug produces euphoria, drowsiness, reverie, and sometimes a lack of coordination? a) Cocaine b) Heroin c) LSD d) Amphetamines

b Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

147) After taking a particular drug, Hal began feeling that time was passing very slowly, and he began having profound thoughts about the nature of time and the universe. While this experience was at first deeply moving, leading to feelings of elation, Hal's mood quickly changed to intense anxiety and near panic. What drug did Hal probably take? a) Marijuana b) LSD c) Heroin d) Cocaine

b Section Reference: 12.5 LSD and Other Hallucinogens Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Analysis

145) Mescaline is obtained: a) By a chemical procedure that can only be done in a lab. b) From a cactus plant. c) By combining two hallucinogenic drugs. d) None of the above choices are correct.

b Section Reference: 12.5 LSD and Other Hallucinogens Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

171) In terms of expectancies about the effects of alcohol, Canadian researchers Paglia and Room (1999) found that a) most people believe that alcohol has a greater effect on themselves than on others. b) most people believe that alcohol has a greater effect on others than on themselves. c) negative expectancies are stronger predictors of drinking behaviour than are positive. d) women are more likely to believe that drinking behaviour is related to aggression.

b Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Knowledge

177) Sam, a 17-year-old street youth from Vancouver British Columbia began shooting heroin regularly in his parents' garage. Sam now shoots heroin in a variety of places including back-alleys, friends' apartments, and local parks. Given Sam's drug taking patterns, which of the following contexts is most likely to elicit withdrawal symptoms? a) Friends' apartments b) His parents' garage c) Local parks d) Back-alleys

b Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Analysis

167) When it comes to "pregaming," people with social anxiety are more likely to: a) Not drink b) Drink alone c) Drink with a group d) Predrink alone before pregaming with friends

b Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Application

152) Heatherton and Sargent (2009) found that adolescents who have high exposure to smoking in movies, as compared to adolescents with low exposure, are: a) Four times more likely to try smoking or become smokers b) Three times more likely to try smoking or become smoker c) Two times more likely to try smoking or become smoker d) No more likely to try smoking or become a smoker

b Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

155) Research has suggested that in cultures or social contexts where heavy drinking is considered normal a) alcoholism is less common. b) alcoholism is more common. c) women are less likely to become alcoholic than women in cultures where drinking is discouraged. d) men in the lower social classes are more likely to become alcoholic.

b Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

157) Data from the Vancouver Family Survey (2005) indicated that heavy marijuana use was predicted by: a) Mother's illicit drug use b) Father's alcoholism c) Personality traits of high self-regulation d) Personality traits of sedentariness

b Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

164) According to the five-factor motive scale for alcohol consumption, coping-_____ and coping-____ motives exist within the coping motives domain. a) anxiety; self-soothing b) anxiety; depression c) socialization; anxiety d) socialization; depression

b Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

81) Prolonged use of alcohol appears to destroy brain cells. In fact, a five-year longitudinal study found a) smaller ventricles among individuals with the heaviest use. b) reduced cortical functions in the frontal lobes. c) significant loss of grey matter in the temporal lobes. d) damage to areas responsible for cortisol secretion.

c Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

172) Wally is less likely to get the pleasure and stimulation out of drinking when he is at home than when he has a couple of drinks at the bar. This could be because a) he has negative alcohol expectancies at home because of the way his parents modelled moderate drinking behaviour at home. b) situational factors influence the effects of alcohol. c) he will be with his friends at the bar and this will make it more relaxing and pleasurable. d) he is probably drinking to relieve stress at home while he is drinking for external, enjoyment reasons at the bar.

b Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

174) Which receptor gene has been associated with early onset of drinking in adolescents by Miranda et al. (2010)? a) GABA b) OPRM1 c) 5HT d) Dopamine

b Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

176) According to Siegel from McMaster University, tolerance is: a) An autonomic response b) A learned response c) A biological response d) A cognitive response

b Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

209) Motivational interviewing is a psychological treatment for addiction that is thought to work because: a) It matches people to therapy based on personality factors b) It focuses on people's readiness for change before encouraging change behaviour c) It interviews people and then places them in therapy based on the results d) It approaches treatment from a "one size fits all" perspective

b Section Reference: 12.8 Therapy for the Use of Illicit Drugs Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Comprehension

215) Haaga's work on the cognitions of ex-smokers shows that their ________ in their most challenging situation is a key variable in predicting whether they maintain abstinence a year later. a) negative attributional style b) self-efficacy c) problem-solving ability d) none of the above

b Section Reference: 12.9 Treatment of Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe the various treatments for cigarette smoking and why a focus on relapse prevention is necessary Bloom's: Comprehension

210) A risk associated with nicotine gum is: a) The flavour prevents many from completing a program of use designed to quit smoking. b) It can create increased blood pressure, leading to health risks for those with hypertension. c) Negative interactions with other prescription drugs. d) The resemblance it bears to other candies, making it appealing to children.

b Section Reference: 12.9 Treatment of Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe the various treatments for cigarette smoking and why a focus on relapse prevention is necessary Bloom's: Comprehension

200) The harm reduction debate became exceptionally controversial in ________ when it was supported as a reasonable approach by the incoming mayor. a) Victoria b) Vancouver c) Montreal d) Calgary

b Section Reference: Canadian Contributions 12.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Knowledge

118) Which of the following statements about the "stepping-stone" theory of drug use is most accurate? a) Most people who use "soft" drugs will move on to try "harder" drugs. b) Most people who use "hard" drugs started out on "softer" drugs. c) There is no difference between "hard" and "soft" drugs. d) There is no relationships between the use of "hard" and "soft" drugs.

b Section Reference: Focus on Discovery 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Application

120) In accordance with stepping-stone theory of marijuana use, a study conducted in Montreal of rave participants found that experimentation with substances was: a) Curvilinear b) Linear c) Quadratic d) Exponential

b Section Reference: Focus on Discovery 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Comprehension

143) Bethany has been studying a lot in the past few weeks, trying to get through all her midterms and papers. She is ready to head out for a night with friends, but is really tired. She decides to have an energy drink mixed with vodka to wake herself up and loosen up. Bethany's behaviour is: a) Very common - most university students do the same thing on a regular basis b) Fairly uncommon - only about 25% of university students do the same c) Unheard of - most university students know not to mix energy drinks with alcohol d) Pretty average - about 50% of university student report doing the same in the past month

b Section Reference: Focus on Discovery 12.2 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Application

141) A growing concern having to do with caffeine consumption is: a) The tendency of office workers to drink more than 3 cups of coffee per day b) The tendency of high school students to mix energy drinks and alcohol c) The tendency of university students to drink coffee before going to the bar d) The tendency of seniors to drink too much coffee to be able to sleep

b Section Reference: Focus on Discovery 12.2 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Comprehension

203) Studies matching clients to treatment based on personality characteristics: a) Have not shown any benefit b) Have promise c) Have shown tremendous benefit d) Have not been developed yet

b Section Reference: Focus on Discovery 12.3 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Comprehension

65) One difficulty with doing research on the impact of stopping binge drinking has been a) finding enough participants on college campuses who binge drink. b) finding enough participants on college campuses who stop binge drinking. c) finding enough participants on college campuses who are willing to participate in research on drinking. d) achieving gender balance in these studies as women binge drink more frequently than men.

b Section Reference: Student Perspectives 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

62) Binge drinking is defined for men as having: a) 3 drinks in a row b) 5 drinks in a row c) 7 drinks in a row d) 9 drinks in a row

b Section Reference: Student Perspectives 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

63) Binge drinking is defined for men as having _____ in a row and for women as having _____ in a row. a) 3;2 b) 5;4 c) 7;6 d) 9;8

b Section Reference: Student Perspectives 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

68) The 2009 Ontario Student Drug Use Survey (Paglia-Boak et al., 2009) revealed that approximately _____ of students in grades 7 to 12 acknowledged binge drinking over the last month. a) 15% b) 25% c) 35% d) 45%

b Section Reference: Student Perspectives 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

33) Catherine has been unable to obtain crack for several weeks because she has had no money, and so has not taken any for the past month. She went through withdrawal symptoms when she was unable to take her usual dose. She craves the drug all the time and is constantly searching for ways to get some. Her efforts to obtain crack have seriously interfered with her ability to work and take care of her children. This has been going on for couple years. Which of the following DSM-5 diagnoses would best fit Catherine's symptoms? a) Substance abuse b) Substance use disorder c) Addiction d) Catherine does not qualify for a DSM-5 diagnosis since she has not used the drug for the past month.

b Section Reference: Substance-Related Disorders Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Analysis

31) Which is the most serious problem? a) Substance abuse b) Substance dependence c) Substance use d) All of the above are equally serious.

b Section Reference: Substance-Related Disorders Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

185) Naltrexone is effective for treating alcoholism by: a) Helping maintain abstinence b) Reducing cravings c) Causing vomiting if a person drinks while taking it d) Making alcohol taste bad

b Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Comprehension

193) An alcohol treatment strategy that has created considerable controversy has been a) inpatient detoxification. b) controlled drinking. c) covert sensitization. d) contingency management.

b Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Comprehension

187) Alcoholics Anonymous programs are usually run by: a) Psychiatrists or psychologists b) The participants themselves c) Mental health professionals who are themselves recovering alcoholics d) Trained paraprofessionals

b Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Knowledge

195) When patients with particular symptoms respond better for different treatments than patients with the same symptoms but different characteristics, this is referred to as a) a treatment by symptom interaction. b) an aptitude-treatment interaction. c) a cognition by affect interaction. d) a poorly understood disorder.

b Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Knowledge

48) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates for alcohol abuse in the U.S. are approximately _____ and _____ respectively. a) 11%; 5% b) 15%; 6% c) 18%; 5% d) 20%; 8%

c Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

43) The condition known as delirium tremens refers to: a) A symptom of conversion disorder. b) The symptoms that accompany an overdose of heroin. c) The symptoms that may accompany withdrawal from alcohol. d) The hallucinations common in schizophrenia.

c Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

85) Fetal alcohol syndrome refers to a) alcohol addiction in infants whose mothers drank during pregnancy. b) the theory that alcoholism is transmitted genetically. c) mental retardation in infants whose mothers drank during pregnancy. d) the tendency of alcoholics to regress to very early stages of development.

c Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

74) According to a study by Mothers Against Drunk Driving (2007), the prototypical drinking driver in Canada is: a) Male, between 18-24, who drinks regularly b) Female, between 25-34, is a social drinker who occasionally drinks heavily c) Male, between 25-34, is a social drinker who occasionally drinks heavily d) Female, between 18-24, who drinks large amounts of alcohol on a regular basis

c Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

41) The effect of small doses of alcohol on anxiety is dependent on a) the amount drunk. b) the sex of the drinker. c) the drinker's expectations. d) whether the drinker is alcohol dependent.

c Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

47) Drinking hair tonic is an indication of a) pica. b) eating disorder. c) alcohol dependence. d) psychological factors affecting a medical condition.

c Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

57) The most recent research on the role of alcohol consumption and cancer risk found that a) light drinking can be a protective factor against all cancers. b) light drinking can be a protective factor against breast cancer only. c) drinking is a risk factor for developing cancer. d) there is no association between drinking and cancer risk.

c Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

58) Students tend to view addiction through the lens of: a) The disease model b) The moral model c) A maladaptive coping response d) A normative response to stress

c Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

80) Alcohol acts as a _________________ on the central nervous system. a) stimulant b) narcotic c) depressant d) hallucinogen

c Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

89) Inhalant use: a) Is usually just a phase of drug use in young people that does not correlate with other drug use. b) Is correlated with sedative use in Native children. c) Is correlated with adjustment problems. d) Is a serious problem particularly among Francophone youth.

c Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

94) Which of the following best describes the health consequences of cigarette smoking? a) Smoking causes more than 100,000 deaths annually in Canada b) Smoking is responsible for 1 in every 3 deaths in the United States c) Smoking is the most preventable cause of premature death d) 5-10 years after quitting, health risks still remain at the same extremely elevated levels relative to non-smokers

c Section Reference: 12.2 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

98) Exposure of a non-smoker to second-hand smoke: a) Is less harmful than smoking because of the lower levels of nicotine and tar in second-hand smoke. b) Has been shown to have far fewer negative effects than the media has suggested. c) Is more harmful to the non-smoker and can lead to lung damage. d) Has negative effects on the fetuses of pregnant non-smokers, but not on the women themselves.

c Section Reference: 12.2 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

99) Children who have been exposed to second-hand smoke are rated higher by teachers in: a) Likeability b) Aggression c) Anti-social behaviour d) Self-control

c Section Reference: 12.2 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

105) What complicates the study of the effects of marijuana? a) It contains many compounds b) Many users are polydrug abusers c) Effects vary with potency and dose d) Its problems were recognized only recently

c Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Knowledge

103) Janis lives in a lower class neighborhood and her family is considered "working poor." Eliza lives in a wealthy neighborhood and feels trapped. Both girls smoke marijuana as an escape from their realities. Marijuana will likely lead to: a) A drop in Janis' IQ, but no effect on Eliza's b) A drop in Eliza's IQ, but no effect on Janis' c) A decline in both girls' IQ d) Nothing - marijuana does not impact IQ

c Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Analysis

109) According to the Ontario Health Survey, who is most likely to have a marijuana disorder? a) Rina, a 25-year-old daily pot smoker who began smoking marijuana at 21 b) Tim, a 25-year-old daily pot smoker who began smoking marijuana at 21 c) Ron, a 30-year-old daily pot smoker who began smoking marijuana at 16 d) Philip, a 30-year-old non-daily pot smoker who began smoking marijuana at age 14

c Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

110) Receptors in the _________ account for the short-term memory loss associated with cannabis use. a) amygdala b) thalamus c) hippocampus d) fornix

c Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

102) Paul is 17 and has been a habitual user of marijuana since he was 14. He sometimes smokes so much that he hallucinates. Paul is at risk of developing: a) Panic disorder b) Obsessive-compulsive disorder c) Psychosis d) Depression

c Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Application

104) Solowij and Battisti (2008) revealed that long-term or heavy cannabis use is linked to the following effects: a) Improvements in encoding, storage, manipulation of information b) Reduction in IQ c) Impairments in retrieval mechanisms d) Impairments in everyday tasks

c Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

127) After the effects of heroin wear off, the user typically a) feels drowsy. b) becomes extremely hungry. c) experiences a letdown, often almost a stupor. d) a heightened sense of awareness.

c Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Application

123) A major concern about the popularity of prescription opioids as recreational drugs is: a) Cost to medical insurers b) Availability of the medication to those who need it c) The number of people who overdose and die d) Illegal manufacturing of the drugs

c Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Comprehension

130) Initially, so many maladies were treated with _________, it became known as G.O.M. (God's Own Medicine) a) cocaine b) marijuana c) heroin d) hashish

c Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

148) The drug, Ecstasy, is a relatively new form of: a) Stimulant. b) Barbiturate. c) Hallucinogen. d) Marijuana.

c Section Reference: 12.5 LSD and Other Hallucinogens Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Comprehension

146) Mescaline is a form of a) marijuana. b) cocaine. c) hallucinogen. d) Ecstasy.

c Section Reference: 12.5 LSD and Other Hallucinogens Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

159) Molly & Jim are married with two teenagers - Sam (17) and Jack (15). Molly and Jim both drink alcohol regularly and smoke marijuana. Sam also drinks and smokes. According to research on family factors and substance use, who is most likely to influence Jack? a) Molly b) Jim c) Sam d) All three will have an equal influence on Jack

c Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Application

153) Heatherton and Sargent's (2009) findings of high exposure to smoking in movies on adolescents has led researchers to: a) Advocate that movie producers be educated on the effects of smoking in movies on youth b) Advocate that parents be educated on the effects of smoking in movies on their children c) Advocate that movies involving smoking be automatically R-rated d) All of the above

c Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

179) In his theory of drug tolerance, what does Siegel mean by feedforward mechanisms? a) The tendency to ingest more of a drug than one expects to ingest b) The ability of the body to adapt to large amounts of a drug once conditioned to consume it c) The tendency for the body to prepare itself in anticipation of a drug d) None of the above

c Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

175) Siegel from McMaster University has developed which theory that jointly considers biological processes and environmental stimuli in the acquisition and maintenance of addictive behaviour? a) The learning theory of tolerance b) The biosocial theory of tolerance c) The conditioning theory of tolerance d) The phasic theory of tolerance

c Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Knowledge

204) The first step of therapy for the use of illicit drugs is: a) Hospitalization b) Medication c) Detoxification d) Talk therapy

c Section Reference: 12.8 Therapy for the Use of Illicit Drugs Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Knowledge

208) Which of the following has been demonstrated by Carroll et al. (1995) to be most effective in treating cocaine abusers? a) Naltrexone b) Antidepressants c) Cognitive-behaviour therapy d) Combination of cognitive-behaviour therapy and either antidepressants or naltrexone

c Section Reference: 12.8 Therapy for the Use of Illicit Drugs Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Comprehension

212) _______ lags behind other provinces in terms of smoking cessation. a) Alberta b) New Brunswick c) Ontario d) Quebec

c Section Reference: 12.9 Treatment of Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe the various treatments for cigarette smoking and why a focus on relapse prevention is necessary Bloom's: Knowledge

216) A recent innovation that seems helpful in relapse prevention for smoking is: a) Paying people to abstain from smoking b) Increasing the cost of cigarettes c) Sending text messages to former smokers to maintain motivation for quitting d) Encouraging former smokers to join online support forums

c Section Reference: 12.9 Treatment of Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe the various treatments for cigarette smoking and why a focus on relapse prevention is necessary Bloom's: Knowledge

198) Marlatt's Harm Reduction Therapy for addictions is considered controversial because: a) It lacks a pragmatic approach b) The interventions require long-term commitment c) It permits amphetamine use d) It does not encourage controlled drinking

c Section Reference: Canadian Contributions 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Comprehension

119) The Stepping-Stone theory is now referred to as a: a) Network theory b) Multi-determined theory c) Gateway theory d) Correlational theory

c Section Reference: Focus on Discovery 12.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

142) Which of the following is NOT in the DSM-5? a) Caffeine intoxication b) Unspecified caffeine-related disorder c) Caffeine dependence d) Caffeine withdrawal

c Section Reference: Focus on Discovery 12.2 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

64) What percentage of college-age men in the U.S. engage in binge drinking (5 drinks in a row)? a) 10% b) 30% c) 50% d) 80%

c Section Reference: Student Perspectives 12.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

66) One way that universities are trying to curb binge drinking is to a) require students to sign non-drinking pledges. b) restrict on-campus drinking to on-campus bars. c) banning alcohol at undergraduate parties. d) All of the above.

c Section Reference: Student Perspectives 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

61) In both Canadian and American universities, students who had their first drink prior to the age of ____ were more likely to become heavy drinkers in college. a) 12 b) 14 c) 16 d) 18

c Section Reference: Student Perspectives 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

34) Carlos suddenly stopped taking amphetamines after prolonged abuse of the drug. He became very ill and died. His death is an example of a) substance dependence. b) substance abuse. c) withdrawal symptoms. d) synergistic effects.

c Section Reference: Substance-Related Disorders Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Analysis

32) Substance dependence is diagnosed a) with any street drug use. b) only when there is accompanying psychological dependence. c) when there is drug tolerance but not necessarily withdrawal. d) when there are subjective feelings that it is hard to quit.

c Section Reference: Substance-Related Disorders Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

190) Jared is currently in treatment for alcohol abuse. His therapist asks him to imagine a scene in which he is about to drink alcohol. However, just before he gets to drink in this image, he instead imagines vomiting violently. This form of therapy is called a) intrapunitive. b) expectation modification. c) covert sensitization. d) contingent control.

c Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Application

194) Jared is receiving guided self-change therapy for his alcohol abuse. Accordingly, he is also learning strategies for controlling his behaviours associated with drinking, as well as actual drinking. In such a program, what would NOT be a part of this program? a) The encouragement of minor behavioural changes (e.g., not driving past bars) b) Calculating the amount of money spent on alcohol per year c) Achieving a frank recognition that he has become powerless over alcohol d) Utilizing an empathic, supportive approach

c Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Application

214) The best approach to smoking cessation is: a) Talk therapy b) Medication c) Cognitive-behavioural therapy d) Counselling and medication

d Section Reference: 12.9 Treatment of Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe the various treatments for cigarette smoking and why a focus on relapse prevention is necessary Bloom's: Knowledge

184) Biological treatments for alcoholism are: a) The single most effective treatment b) Not helpful at all c) Best when used in combination with therapy d) Nonexistent

c Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Comprehension

192) "Controlled drinking" refers to: a) Using aversion therapy to control the drinking of alcoholics. b) The approach to alcohol use promoted by Alcoholics Anonymous. c) Programs designed to teach alcoholics to drink in moderation rather than abstain completely. d) Preventing alcoholism through changes in society and laws such as prohibition.

c Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Comprehension

51) What percentage of Canadians who are alcohol drinkers engage in hazardous drinking (e.g., drinking and driving)? a) 10% b) 12.5% c) 14.5% d) 17%

d Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

72) According to the Canadian division of Mothers Against Drunk Driving, on average, drunk drivers kill approximately ____ people and injure ______ people in Canada every day. a) 1; 25 b) 2.5; 59 c) 3; 92 d) 4; 187

d Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

45) Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in alcohol tolerance but not in depression? a) Serotonin b) Dopamine c) Norepinephrine d) GABA

d Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

69) Alcohol abusers tend to: a) Progress linearly from social drinking to becoming alcohol dependent b) Drink heavily only on weekends and moderately during the week c) Become heavy drinkers soon after starting to drink d) Be quite variable in their drinking history and progression

d Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

39) Most recent research on patterns of alcohol use suggests a) drinking is usually heaviest on weekends. b) that alcoholics typically alternate between binge episodes and relatively light drinking. c) that drinking follows well-demarcated stages. d) that there is no single pattern of alcohol abuse.

d Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

71) As a group, alcoholics a) have twice the medical expenses of non-drinkers. b) have a higher rate of suicide. c) constitute a large proportion of mental and general hospital admissions. d) All of the above choices are correct.

d Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

76) The initial effect of alcohol is stimulating, but as the blood alcohol level peaks and begins to decline, alcohol acts as a depressant. This process is referred to as: a) Polydrug effect b) Bisomatic effect c) Mood reversal effect d) Biphasic effect

d Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

83) Heavy drinkers a) suffer malnutrition from reduced food intake. b) suffer malnutrition by alcohol blocking proper absorption of nutrients. c) experience vitamin deficiencies. d) All of the above choices are correct.

d Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

79) The initial effect of alcohol is a) depressive. b) sedating. c) anxiety producing. d) stimulating.

d Section Reference: 12.1 Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

217) How effective is the Project DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)? a) Extremely effective b) Effective primarily in girls c) Effective primarily in boys d) Not effective

d Section Reference: 12.10 Prevention of Substance Abuse Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify different approaches to the prevention of substance use and the evidence for the effectiveness of prevention efforts Bloom's: Comprehension

95) Janelle has tried to quit smoking multiple times, but her cravings always lead her back to cigarettes. She is ready to try again, this time armed with an e-cigarette. She will most likely a) quit successfully. b) quit smoking cigarettes but will become addicted to her e-cigarette. c) increase her smoking behaviour since she can smoke an e-cigarette in more places than real ones. d) have a similar experience to her previous attempts to quit.

d Section Reference: 12.2 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Analysis

97) The highest prevalence of smoking in Canada is in _______ and the lowest in ________. a) Quebec; Alberta b) Quebec; British Columbia c) Nova Scotia; Alberta d) Nova Scotia; British Columbia

d Section Reference: 12.2 Nicotine and Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Knowledge

115) Studies of addiction to marijuana have indicated that use of the drug can a) lead to physical dependence stronger than that of nicotine. b) lead to tolerance. c) lead to reverse tolerance. d) both choices B and C are correct

d Section Reference: 12.3 Marijuana Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.2 Discuss the addictiveness of nicotine and its toll on people with reference to current trends in the prevalence of smoking Bloom's: Comprehension

138) Crack is a form of: a) Heroin b) Opiate c) Marijuana d) Cocaine

d Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

135) Jolynn took a drug that caused the following symptoms: she felt wide awake and friendly, and had no interest in lunch despite not having eaten since the night before. After taking a second dose of the drug, she became nervous and confused, and developed a severe headache. Which of the following drugs did Jolynn probably take? a) Alcohol b) Marijuana c) a barbiturate d) An amphetamine

d Section Reference: 12.4 Sedatives and Stimulants Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Analysis

149) The drug that is increasingly associated with raves is: a) Cocaine b) Smack c) Amphetamines d) Ecstasy

d Section Reference: 12.5 LSD and Other Hallucinogens Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

150) Flashbacks following LSD use are caused by a) drug induced changes in brain structures. b) LSD released from storage in cells. c) personality variables render user susceptible. d) none of the above; the cause is unknown.

d Section Reference: 12.5 LSD and Other Hallucinogens Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

168) A study by Wall and colleagues (2000) of student drinkers at on-campus bars compared with students in a lab setting found: a) More worries in the bar setting that alcohol might actually increase social anxiety b) No differences in expectations related to situational factors c) Higher expectations of increased stimulation in the laboratory setting d) Higher expectations of pleasurable disinhibition from drinking in the bar setting

d Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

165) In studying drinking motives, Goldstein and Flett (2009) found that: a) Some people drink for both coping and enhancement motives b) People who drink for coping motives and those who drink for enhancement motives have similar personality features c) People who drink for multiple motives could be at greater risk for problem drinking d) All of the above

d Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

166) According to a study by Kuntsche et al. (2005), which looked at four drinking motives, young people drink primarily: a) For the psychological effects b) For the physiological effects c) As a coping mechanism d) For social motives

d Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

169) Increases in sexual responsiveness following alcohol consumption are due to: a) Physiological disinhibition at the level of neuroreceptors b) The initial stimulating effect of alcohol c) Release of hormones that increase sexual libido d) Beliefs about alcohol's effects

d Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Comprehension

173) Reviews (Gelertner & Kazner, 2009) suggest that heritability estimates for alcohol dependence range from: a) 0 to 30% b) 30 to 40% c) 40 to 50% d) 50 to 60%

d Section Reference: 12.6 Etiology of Substance Abuse and Dependence Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.4 Explain how the etiology of substance abuse and dependence is complex and likely reflects a confluence of factors Bloom's: Knowledge

205) Clonidine is used to help treat addiction to the following drug: a) Alcohol b) Cocaine c) Heroin d) All of the above

d Section Reference: 12.8 Therapy for the Use of Illicit Drugs Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Knowledge

213) Which psychological technique leads to sustained smoking cessation? a) Rapid smoking b) Focused smoking c) Smoke holding d) None of the above

d Section Reference: 12.9 Treatment of Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe the various treatments for cigarette smoking and why a focus on relapse prevention is necessary Bloom's: Knowledge

211) How effective are nicotine gum and patches in helping smokers quit? a) Highly effective as a primary treatment b) Largely ineffective even as a supplement to other programs c) Moderately effective as side-effects cause many to discontinue their use d) Moderately effective when combined with psychological treatment

d Section Reference: 12.9 Treatment of Cigarette Smoking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe the various treatments for cigarette smoking and why a focus on relapse prevention is necessary Bloom's: Comprehension

199) Marlatt's harm reduction therapy: a) Rejects an all-or-none approach b) Regards abstinence as the ideal outcome c) Is a bottom-up approach designed to serve the needs of the addict d) All of the above

d Section Reference: Canadian Contributions 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.6 Explain how therapies for the use of illicit drugs leave room for psychological factors and psychological approaches Bloom's: Comprehension

117) An Oslo study (Bretteville-Jensen et al., 2008) showed temporal evidence for the gateway theory in the following manner: a) Soft drugs leading to harder drugs b) Alcohol use leading to cannabis use c) Cannabis use leading to amphetamine use d) All of the above

d Section Reference: Focus on Discovery 12.1 Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Comprehension

140) According to a study on the consumption of caffeinated drinks among Canadian undergraduates (Graham, 1988), students reported drinking coffee and tea for: a) The purpose of relief from aversive states b) Stimulation c) Sociability and affiliation with others d) All of the above

d Section Reference: Focus on Discovery 12.2 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Explain how sedatives and stimulants may seem innocuous but are potentially quite dangerous and represent emerging public health issues Bloom's: Knowledge

60) According to comparison studies on alcohol use at Canadian and American universities a) alcohol use patterns are similar in Canadian and American universities. b) students in both countries drink less when living at home but this protective effect was especially strong for Canadian students. c) heavy alcohol use is higher among Canadian students. d) more Canadians drink but heavy use is higher among American students.

d Section Reference: Student Perspectives 12.1 Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Knowledge

36) The two categories (i.e., substance abuse and substance dependence) were collapsed into one (i.e., substance use disorder) in DSM-5 because: a) There is a quantitative severity distinction rather than qualitative distinction between substance dependence and abuse, so they should be on a continuum. b) They argue that the legal problems criterion is a poor discriminator of substance problem severity. c) The substance use disorder symptoms are best representative of moderate pathology and does not help distinguish mild and severe pathology. d) All of the above.

d Section Reference: Substance-Related Disorders Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Analysis

38) Why is it considered particularly dangerous to abuse more than one drug at a time? a) It may lead to taking more dangerous drugs. b) You are more likely to become addicted. c) The interaction of the drugs masks each others' effects. d) The interaction of the drugs produces an especially strong reaction.

d Section Reference: Substance-Related Disorders Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Analysis

35) Substance dependence may be distinguished from substance abuse as: a) Substance dependence is associated more with legal trouble because of usage. b) Substance use results in not meeting major obligations. c) Substance dependent users endanger themselves by driving while under influence. d) Substance dependence is associated with failed attempts to reduce usage.

d Section Reference: Substance-Related Disorders Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify the signs and symptoms of alcohol abuse and dependence with reference to drinking in students and the consequences of alcohol abuse and dependence Bloom's: Comprehension

191) The main difficulty with implementing behavioural self-control training as a treatment for alcohol dependence is a) finding what conditions will reduce or eliminate drinking. b) identifying the factors which originally led to the drinking problem. c) motivating significant others to provide social support for the alcoholic's efforts. d) getting the alcoholic to adhere to the treatment plan without external supervision.

d Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Knowledge

182) A major goal of hospital based treatment for alcohol abuse is a) to focus upon sobriety as a major criteria for discharge. b) helping the individual admit there is a problem. c) increasing nutrition, and creating a behaviour that inhibits alcohol consumption. d) detoxification.

d Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Hard Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Comprehension

183) Antabuse is a medication for alcoholics which a) reduces anxiety during the detoxification period. b) helps replace the nutrients lost through malnutrition. c) mimics the physiological effects of alcohol without creating the same psychological effects. d) causes violent vomiting when alcohol is ingested.

d Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Comprehension

181) Marsha's mother is an alcohol abuser, and Martha is concerned with determining whether her own drinking patterns put her at risk for similar problems. Which of the following considerations would assist her in determining if her drinking is a problem? a) Making rules for herself about when to drink b) Eagerly awaiting her first drink after work c) Annoyance when her husband talks to her about her drinking habits d) All of the above are signs of alcohol abuse.

d Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Application

188) The treatment goal of Alcoholics Anonymous is: a) To cope with a spouse's or parent's drinking. b) To change the public's perceptions of alcohol and alcoholism. c) To learn to drink socially without becoming drunk. d) Complete abstinence from drinking.

d Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Comprehension

189) Research suggests that a problem with Alcoholics Anonymous is a) the lack of professional involvement. b) that it is no better than the passage of time. c) sometimes people learn other ways to drink by hearing stories from other members. d) many people drop out, and success rates do not effectively account for these people.

d Section Reference: Therapy for Problem Drinking Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 12.5 Contrast traditional approaches to the treatment of problem drinking and more modern harm-reduction approaches that reflect differences in beliefs about the nature of addiction Bloom's: Comprehension