psych unit 2

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear? 1 2 3 4

2

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________. Atkinson-Shiffrin model relearning effect self-reference effect Stroop effect

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Who defined stress as, "the response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions"? Brenda Lyon Hans Selye Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman Walter Cannon

Hans Selye

Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor? Ava decides to quit her job because her employer is so unpleasant. Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat. Mekhi weighs his options on dealing with the bully who is harassing him. Sophia decides to get a divorce because her husband is cheating on her.

Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.

Nawaz and his boyfriend break up. Nawaz makes an internal attribution for this outcome. Complete the sentence to show an internal attribution that Nawaz could make. My boyfriend broke up with me because ________. He can't appreciate how wonderful I am. His parents think he should focus on school. I am unloveable. We were not right for each other.

I am unloveable.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. Fear is a conditioned response. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? Carl Jung John Hobson Rosalind Cartwright Sigmund Freud

Rosalind Cartwright

Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is false? Her analysis of dreams is not Freudian. Her ideas about dreams are supported empirically. She is a Jungian dream analyst. She is a sleep and dream researcher.

She is a Jungian dream analyst.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency." the word "alertness" should be changed to the word "vigilance." The word "consequences" should be changed to the word "benefits." The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased." The word "mental" should be changed to the word "biological."

The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased."

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? being conditioned not to laugh at hats being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. antipsychotic depressant hallucinogen stimulant

depressant

Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response. emotion-threat eustress-distress fight-or-flight flight-or-fright

fight-or-flight

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep? one two three four

four

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. conditioning instincts learning reflexes

instincts

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. encoded long-term sensory visual

long-term

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? acquisition extinction punishment recovery

punishment

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. anterograde flashbulb graduated retrograde

retrograde

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best? acoustic encoding effortful encoding semantic encoding visual encoding

semantic encoding

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? acquisition learning reinforcement shaping

shaping

A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________. animator distressor eustressor stressor

stressor

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? anterograde amnesia misinformation effect paradigm reconstruction suggestibility

suggestibility

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores playing poker taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Is anger suppression or anger expression a more effective approach for coping with racism? Research clearly shows neither approach is effective. Research shows anger expression is more effective. Research shows anger suppression is more effective. Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.

Some research shows anger suppression is more effective while other research shows anger expression is more effective.

Hamid is a 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is able to fall asleep faster and gets into REM sleep quicker. Hamid may be experiencing ________. electroencephalography K-complex stimulation Lucid dreaming sleep rebound

sleep rebound

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. chunking elaborative rehearsal mnemonic device persistence

chunking

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________. conditioned response conditioned stimulus unconditioned response unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus

Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences ________. less stress than someone who has no effective options more anxiety than someone who has no effective options more stress than someone who has no effective options no physiological response to the stressor of having no friends

less stress than someone who has no effective options

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness. cognizance insomnia meditation narcolepsy

meditation