PSYCH unit 4
Older adults are Blank______ satisfied with their marriages than middle-aged adults.
more
In remarriages, divorces are Blank______ in first marriages.
more common than
Which of the following is a polyadic subsystem?
mother-father-child
How is commitment defined by Marcia?
personal investment in identity
The enduring personal characteristics of individuals is referred to as
personality
What are the four main types of child maltreatment?
physical abuse sexual abuse child neglect emotional abuse
Following the Grant Study, Vaillant concluded that which of the following is the main focus of a person in his forties?
reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years
Children and parents socialize one another. This is called
reciprocal socialization
Social Blank______ occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation.
referencing
Children of indulgent parents often:
have difficulty controlling their own behavior.
When adolescents compare themselves with others, it is a part of their
self-understanding
Individuality consists of which two of the following dimensions?
separateness self-assertion
In a 2002 cross-sectional study of self-esteem, self-esteem dropped significantly in the
seventies and eighties
Romantic love has strong components of Blank______ and infatuation.
sexuality
Residents of which region tend to marry the latest in life?
Scandinavia
Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as emotions.
positive
The contemporary life-events approach claims that how a life event influences an individual's development depends not only on the event but also on which of the following?
the individual's adaptation to the life event mediating factors the life-stage context
Which of the following is associated with the increases in sensation seeking and risk taking in adolescence?
the limbic system
Which key elements are important to improving the adjustment of children of divorce?
the use of the authoritative parenting style a harmonious relationship between the divorced parents
Which of the following alternatives to physical punishment involves removing a child from a setting that provides positive reinforcement?
time out
Spanking can cause a child to do which of the following?
to avoid the parent to fear the parent to imitate the parent
What is the optimal approach for parents seeking to promote an adolescent's pursuit of autonomy?
to maintain control in some areas but provide freedom in areas where the adolescent has the necessary skills
According to research by Hetherington and Stanley-Hagen, which of the following are possible reasons that parents should stay in unhappy, conflicted marriages?
if conflict between the couple would increase after the divorce if conflict among family members would increase after the divorce if parenting would become more inept after the divorce
Ruth Chao suggests that the authoritarian child-rearing style is best conceptualized as a type of Blank______ in Asian American parenting.
training
Which of the following are characteristic of children whose parents are neglectful?
immaturity inability to handle independence social incompetence low self-esteem
On social media, adolescents and emerging adults tend to portray themselves
in a positive light
Which of the following best characterizes how people with a bicultural identity identify?
in some ways with their ethnic group and in some ways with the majority culture
Which of the following factors has most changed the role of grandparenting today?
increased longevity
From 1990 to 2015, the divorce rate for middle-aged and older adults
increased`
True or false: The U.S. average age for first marriage in 2018 was higher than at any other point in history.
true
With the rate of employment for mothers on the rise in the United States, statistics show that one of every Blank______ mothers with children under the age of 5 are in the labor force.
two
The developmental concept of self- _____ is defined as the child's cognitive representation of self, or the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.
understanding
Which aspects of understanding others are important in adolescent development?
understanding multiple perspectives perceiving others' traits monitoring the social world
As compared to seven European countries, marriage and cohabitation in the United States is best characterized as
unstable
Which of the following is a consequence of unmerited praise on children?
inflated self-esteem poor academic performance
Bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually
influences the child's subsequent responses to other people
In self-Blank______, which emerges in late adolescence and emerging adulthood, self-understanding merges with the self and its many parts.
integration
What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?
intervening and helping resolve doing nothing admonishing or threatening
According to contemporary identity theory, identity development
is accomplished in bits and pieces
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents are Blank______ popular and well-adjusted compared to children raised by heterosexual parents.
just as likely to be
As compared to younger children, children in middle to late childhood would be more likely to describe themselves as
kind
Baumrind argued that parents should not do which of the following?
leave children to make their own rules be punitive or aloof
Use of corporal punishment is Blank______ in every state in the United States, but Blank______ in 41 countries.
legal; illegal
A common finding is that the (less/more) time between measurements of personality characteristics, the more stability they show.
less
What relationships are characterized by both elevated levels of support and higher levels of control and jealousy?
long-term adolescent relationships
Which of the following characterize relationships of securely attached adults?
longevity commitment trust
Select all the consequences of low self-esteem in adolescence that may show in adulthood.
lower life satisfaction overweight high levels of anxiety
The term developmentalists increasingly use to refer to both child abuse and neglect and the diverse conditions under which it occurs is child
maltreatment
In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as
managers
A recent study indicated that Blank______ individuals had the best cardiovascular profiles.
married
According to a recent longitudinal study, which of the following predicted secure attachment in adolescence and emerging adulthood?
maternal sensitivity in childhood and adolescence
With regard to socialization, siblings
may be a stronger influence than parents
When it comes to parenting styles, parents
may use a combination of styles.
Aisha's parents are encouraged to visit her school to speak with her teachers about the progress she is making in all of her classes. The interaction between Aisha's parents and teachers is an example of what system?
mesosystem
Which of the following are contexts of Bronfenbenner's ecological theory?
microsystem macrosystem mesosystem
A(n) ______ crisis may be turmoil and stress in only one area of a person's life, such as work, whereas it may not produce any stress in another person's life.
midlife
According to Helson's Mills College Study, adult women experienced a
midlife consciousness
In the United States, a Blank______ of parents reported spanking their children frequently, and a Blank______ reported yelling at their children frequently.
minority; majority
Which of the following is a major problem with online romantic relationships?
misrepresentation
According to new research findings, young children are (more/less) psychologically aware of themselves and others than once believed.
more
Compared to grandfathers, grandmothers have Blank______ contact with grandchildren.
more
Most parents are spending Blank______ time with their children than the previous generation of parents.
more
When families emigrate to another country, adolescents typically acculturate Blank______ to the norms and values of the new country than their parents.
more quickly
Which of the following pairs is most likely to have the closest relationships during their adult years?
mothers and daughters
Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those who have been involved in how many parental divorces?
multiple
According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions Blank______ during the process of identity development.
must be made again and again
Individuals who are self-concerned and self-centered when interacting with others are described as
narcissists
Anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as Blank______ emotions.
negative
The development of locomotor skills is the result of which of the following?
nervous system development environmental support for the skill infant motivation to reach a goal
In selective optimization with compensation theory, the term selection refers to the concept that
older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains
Which of the following Big Five factors have been shown to peak between 40 and 60 years of age and decrease in late adulthood?
openness extraversion agreeableness
Which of the following factors make up the Big Five factors of personality?
openness to experience conscientiousness neuroticism
Having a positive outlook on the future and minimizing problems is a definition of the term
optimism
Yolanda has always tried to look at the cup as half full. She has made Blank______ her personal style of thinking.
optimism
Young children are overly Blank______ in their self-descriptions.
optimistic
According to research, Piaget's views on the egocentrism of infants are
overstated
Which two of the following has developmental social neuroscience linked to mother-infant attachment?
oxytocin dopamine
lawn mower parents
parent who doesn't allow their child to experience obstacles; leads to lower self-regulation in children
Sternberg identified three main components of love. What are they?
passion intimacy commitment
A couple's _____ traits, such as neuroticism and conscientiousness can influence how satisfied individuals are in their marriage.
personality
The research by Costa and McCrae assessed Blank______ in adulthood.
personality
What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?
perspective taking
Which of the following is true of correlational research?
It does not establish causation.
Who among the following is associated with The Seasons of a Man's Life?
Levinson
The increased capacity for self-regulation in adolescence is linked to developmental advances in what area of the brain?
prefrontal cortex
Which of the following are the common pathways to adoption today?
private agencies international adoption public welfare system
Higher levels of ethnic-racial identity have been associated with which of the following?
protective factor in dealing with discrimination
Which of the following are among the major personality theories?
psychoanalytic theories social cognitive theory
Which of the following constitute direct emotional abuse?
psychological abuse mental injury verbal abuse
At about 4 to 5 years, children begin to describe themselves using
psychological traits
Ten-month-old Hang smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Hang's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Hang crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of Blank______ socialization.
reciprocal
What two important themes are not captured by parenting styles?
reciprocal socialization synchrony
As individuals move from adolescence to adulthood, they begin to engage in more self-Blank______ about what they want to do with their lives.
reflection
Which of the following statements is false regarding remarriage?
Remarriage occurs later for partners who initiated a divorce.
Which of the following statements is true regarding findings from a study on attachment in adolescence and the quality of romantic relationships years later?
Securely attached adolescents had a greater capacity for romantic intimacy seven years later.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between self-understanding and identity development?
Self-understanding underpins the development of identity.
As individuals move into emerging adulthood, which of the following is true about their romantic relationships?
Short-term relationships are more common.
Which of the following are true about parental favoritism of one sibling over the other?
Sibling favoritism is linked to lower self-esteem in the less-favored sibling. A majority of mothers and fathers show favoritism toward one sibling.
By the age of 2 to 3 years old children are aware of limitations on self-______. For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.
regulation
In which country would chastity be least important in selecting a marital partner?
Sweden
According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure Blank______ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
resistant
True or false: According to Levinson, his stages, transitions, and the crisis of middle age apply to both men and women.
True
True or false: Child sexual abuse often produces no outward physical signs that abuse has taken place.
True
True or false: Divorce can be advantageous when the stresses and disruptions in family relationships can be reduced as a result of the move to a divorced, single-parent family.
True
True or false: In the United States, the greater amount of time a child spends in child care, the more likely the child is to experience socioemotional problems.
True
True or false: The capacity to explore one's identity during adolescence and emerging adulthood is linked to the quality of friendships and romantic relationships.
True
True or false: Today, personal fulfillment, both inside and outside marriage, has become a goal that competes with marital stability.
True
True or false: Young children use many material characteristics (size, shape, and color) to distinguish themselves from others. True false question.
True
Which of the following regions of the brain is likely the least related to mother-infant attachment?
Which of the following regions of the brain is likely the least related to mother-infant attachment?
Most parents are confronted with their child's needs for autonomy and Blank______ during adolescence.
responsibility
According to research, which of the following is a common occurrence for couples as they transition into parenthood?
a new gendered division of labor
Latino and Asian immigrant families in the United States face which of the following stressors?
acculturation language barriers separation from support networks
Which of the following most increases parent--adolescent conflict in immigrant families?
acculturation-based issues
Identity Blank______ refers to an individual who experienced a crisis and made a commitment.
achievement
How do researchers characterize "the only child," an individual who has no siblings?
achievement-oriented
Which of the following are methods of helping a child develop social interaction and relationships?
acknowledge shared intentions talk with a child about emotions applaud the child's accomplishments
According to contemporary views, which of the following are characteristics of an individual with a healthy identity?
adaptive flexible open to change
One criticism of the stage theories view of midlife crisis is that they fail to
address individual variations
According to Erikson, at what point does identity become a key dimension in individuals' lives?
adolescence
Which type of love occurs when someone desires to have the other person near and has deep, caring feelings for the person?
affectionate
Low levels of which of the Big Five personality factors have been found to predict divorce?
agreeableness conscientiousness
One of the most important aspects of the self in middle and late childhood is
an increased capacity for self-regulation
Adults with a(n) Blank______ attachment style demand closeness, are less trusting, and jealous.
anxious
Researchers have found that, as compared to nonparents, parents
are more satisfied with their lives
Which description of "the only child" (an individual who has no siblings) is usually the most accurate, according to research?
as a desirable personality
Developmental social neuroscience involves the brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitters that are important in motivating mother-infant _____
attachment
The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and
role
Which of the following countries has the highest divorce rate in the world?
russia
Counter to Baumrind's theories, the Blank______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups.
authoritarian
Which of the following refers to a restrictive, punitive style of parenting in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect their work and effort?
authoritarian
What parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on children's actions?
authoritative parenting
Self- is how a young adult becomes aware of his or her psychological makeup.
awareness
Cohabiting relationships in the United States tend to
be short-term
Based on Levinson's work, which of the following is not a major conflict that an adult male must come to grips with during the transition to middle adulthood?
being ambitious versus being satisfied with life as it stands
In a cross-cultural comparison, as compared to Chinese grandparents, U.S. grandparents were characterized by which of the following?
better well-being more attachment more role satisfaction higher parental efficacy
When does parent--adolescent conflict generally decline?
between 17 and 20 years of age
A student identifies herself as Chinese American. She identifies with both Chinese culture and American culture. She has a Blank______ identity.
bicultural
What event is a major contributor to mothers becoming more negative, coercive, and restraining toward their firstborn child?
birth of a second child
Romantic relationships in adolescence are linked to
both positive and negative outcomes
Romantic relationships in adolescence have been linked to all of the following except
career success
A study of young adults predicted that marriage is considered more important in their life than which of the following?
careers parenting leisure activities
When an adult fosters children's socioemotional growth and helps to refine their representations of who they are and what other people are like, the adult is serving as a relational
catalyst
What is by far the most common form of child maltreatment?
child neglect
Which of the following factors influence the risk of and vulnerability to negative consequences of divorce for a child?
child's personality and temperament child's predivorce adjustment custody situation
In an AARP survey of 40- to 79-year-olds who were divorced at least once in their forties, fifties, or sixties, which of the following was the main reason they stayed married as long as they did before divorcing?
children
Negative consequences of divorce are more likely to occur in which of the following?
children who are not responsible children who are not socially mature children who do not have an easy temperament
What is it called when two individuals live together in a sexual relationship without being married?
cohabitation
Selective optimization with Blank______ theory states that older adults can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.
compensation
Self-Blank______ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.
concept
According to a recent meta-analysis of stability and change, which of the following Big Five factors of personality showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood?
conscientiousness
Adolescence is unique because for the first time, physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development advance to the point that individuals can do which three of the following things?
construct a viable path toward adult maturity sort through childhood experiences and identities synthesize childhood identities and identifications
Which of the following involves the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child?
coparenting
Most of the research on self-esteem is
correlational
When adult children return to live with their parents, they identify which of the following as issues in the home?
cramping their sex life restricted independence reduced music listening
According to James Marcia, identity status is based on
crisis and commitment
According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called
crisis, or exploration
According to a study by Joseph Allen and his colleagues, Blank______ adolescents were less likely to be involved in juvenile delinquency and drug use.
securely attached
All of the following are subtle changes in culture that have significantly influenced the family, except
decreasing mobility
Research has shown some children from divorced families are more likely to have which of the following?
depression drug issues anxiety academic problems
According to Levinson, a person between the ages of 28 and 33 is faced with which of the following tasks?
determining life goals
Perspective taking is thought to be important in determining whether children will
develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behaviors
Which of the following are the two major tasks to be mastered in early adulthood according to Levinson?
developing a stable life structure exploring the possibilities for adult living
Which of the following, often considered a central aspect of an individual's personality, lends an integrative dimension to our understanding of different personality characteristics?
self
Awareness of one's strengths and weaknesses is an element of
self-awareness
The Berkeley studies found that the most stable aspects of personality included all of the following, except
self-control
The global evaluation we make of ourselves is called
self-esteem
Which of the following is not one of the highly studied aspects of the self?
self-help
Being attentive and positive toward his or her image in a mirror is one way of an infant expressing
self-recognition
Select all the important aspects needed to make a transition from early adolescence to adulthood.
self-reflective stance toward the future established sense of industry confidence in parental support
Emmanuel often monitors his thoughts and behaviors throughout the day to ensure that he is being respectful and appropriate. Emmanuel is demonstrating
self-regulation
Children's cognitive representations of themselves make up their
self-understanding
In a study of never married men, which of the following was the most important factor they were looking for in a potential spouse?
similar ideas about having and raising children
Expectations for early autonomy would be most likely among which of the following?
single parents
Separated and divorced men and women have higher rates of which of the following?
sleep disorders clinical depression alcoholism
On average, siblings between the ages of 2 and 4 have a conflict once every
10 minutes
In the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) longitudinal study, what percentage of children experienced positive nonparental care?
12 percent
In the United States, approximately Blank______ of children 5 years of age and under attend more than one child-care arrangement.
15 percent
At the age of Blank______, many single adults make a conscious decision to marry or to remain single.
30
Currently about Blank______ of U.S. adoptions are with relatives.
30 percent
According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?
38
At what age do children develop the ability to use psychological traits to describe themselves and others? Multiple choice question.
4-5 years
Approximately what percentage of first marriages in the United States will break up within 20 years?
50 percent
What percentage of adults responded that they feel a duty to care for their aging parents?
80 percent
The Blank______ study/studies found little to support the view that personality universally changes or remains stable from early adolescence through a portion of midlife.
Berkeley
_____ _____ is a bidirectional type of socialization, where both partners in the interchange socialize each other.
Blank 1: Reciprocal or Reciprocol Blank 2: socialization
When referring to abuse and neglect, the public and many professionals use the term "child " (abuse/maltreatment), whereas developmentalists increasingly use the term "child ." (abuse/maltreatment)
Blank 1: abuse Blank 2: maltreatment
The _____ _____ factors of personality consist of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Blank 1: big Blank 2: five
With regard to gender differences in autonomy-granting, most (girls/boys) are given more independence than most (girls/boys).
Blank 1: boys Blank 2: girls
"I am a good person" is a statement that refers to a person's self- ____ (concept/esteem). "I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self- _____ (concept/esteem).
Blank 1: esteem or self-esteem Blank 2: concept or self-concept
Working (mothers/fathers) are more likely than working (mothers/fathers) to report that balancing work and family is difficult.
Blank 1: mothers Blank 2: fathers
Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?
smiles cries
Ten-year-old Danisha describes herself as a "cheerleader." Which of the following changes in self-understanding does this best reflect?
social descriptions
Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?
social referencing
Which theory explains why older adults spend more time with close friends and family members?
socioemotional selectivity theory
Which of the following are the three prominent meanings attached to being a grandparent, as described by researchers?
source of emotional fulfillment source of biological reward and continuity remote role
Which of the following is not a characteristic of sibling relationships, according to Dunn?
stability
Aleksandr, who is 45, has amassed a lot of wealth but has not done anything to benefit the next generation. According to Erikson, he may be in a state of
stagnation
Which of the following are the three most common types of stepfamily structure?
stepmother stepfather blended
Nine-year-old Rizky used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to
suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions
Which of the following aspects of social understanding increases during middle and late childhood?
taking the perspective of others
Which statements are true about the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children?
Children are more socially sensitive and perceptive than previously envisioned. Talking about internal states can help young children understand them.
Which of the following is accurate according to the new model of parent--adolescent relationships?
Everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal. Minor disputes facilitate adolescents' transition from dependence to independence. Parent--adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.
Which of the following would not be an appropriate suggestion to produce positive outcomes for divorced adults?
Expect and require happiness in everything you do.
The mother's involvement with children drops off more than the father's involvement following a divorce.
False
True or false: The two factors that function as self-repair processes in health relationships are forgiveness and self-interest.
False
Which of the following is true regarding marital satisfaction?
Individuals in happy marriages tend to live longer than those in unhappy relationships.
In which parenting style are parents highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them?
Indulgent
Authoritarian parenting lacks which of the following?
dialogue between parent and child
Psychologically, which of the following is one of the most common characteristics of divorced adults?
difficulty trusting someone else in a romantic relationship
As compared to most other countries, the United States has more of which of the following?
divorces remarriages short-term cohabiting marriages
The majority of children in divorced families Blank______ adjustment problems.
do not have significant
Parent--adolescent conflict begins to increase during which period?
early adolescence
Many adults plan when to have children and consider their Blank______ status before becoming parents.
economic
According to Dunn, the three important characteristics of sibling relationships are _____ quality, familiarity, and variation.
emotional
In all types of child maltreatment, which of the following is almost always present?
emotional abuse
Because they place a high value on ______, older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.
emotional satisfaction
Which of the following theory states that children appraise marital conflict in terms of their sense of security and safety in the family?
emotional security theory
A decline in marital satisfaction after the children leave home is a description of Blank______ syndrome.
empty nest
Which action is not an important aspect of an adolescent's developing understanding of others?
engaging in egocentrism
During adolescence, parent-child conflict most often involves
everyday events
In countries like the United States and Japan, which of the following provides more time for further self-reflection and self-understanding as individuals transition into adulthood?
extended schooling
The Strange Situation was created to help teach young children about stranger danger.
false
True or false: Secure attachment in a romantic relationship can only be formed after one's identity is fully developed.
false
What was the most common response when 40- to 79-year-olds were asked to complete the sentence, "When you think of who you are, you think mainly of Blank______"?
family
Which of the following are true about the differences between fathers and mothers in their interactions with infants?
fathers engage in more rough-and-tumble play than mothers. Fathers' interactions are more likely to include play. Mother's interactions tend to center on child-care activities.
Some common challenges faced by single adults in society today include which of the following?
finding a niche in a marriage society confronting loneliness forming intimate adult relationships
The role of parents as managers involves which of the following?
finding information providing guidance helping structure choices
According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last?
five years
Seventeen-year-old Kyra's parents think she should go into politics. Even though she has not explored other options, she is now planning on majoring in political science in college. Kyra is experiencing identity
foreclosure
At what age does Vaillant see an adult reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years?
forties
In 1971, Diana Baumrind presented Blank______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.
four types
As compared to marriages earlier in the twentieth century, today's marriages are more
fragile and intense
Research finds that about half of committed Blank______ couples have an open relationship that allows for sex outside the relationship, but few Blank______ couples have this sort of open relationship.
gay; lesbian
Which of the following are important ways that infants in their first year of life begin to understand that other people have intentions?
gaze following joint attention
According to Erikson, when adults work to leave a legacy of themselves to the next generation, they are working toward
generativity
A person's identity is composed of all of the following except their
genetic profile
With regard to quick-fix parenting strategies
good parenting takes time and effort.
The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term
goodness of fit
According to research, which of the following are strong predictors of educational attainment?
grade point average parental education effortful control
Which advances in adolescence provide adolescents with the tools to develop better self-control?
greater independence better understanding of the importance of delayed gratification increased introspection
Emotional and financial support by parents for their emerging adult children that becomes too intense and restricts the development of their autonomy is referred to as Blank______ parenting.
helicopter
The largest group of children with gay and lesbian parents are likely those who were born in the context of
heterosexual relationships
One study revealed that over the course of 10 years of cohabitation, partners in gay and lesbian relationships showed a(n) Blank______ level of relationship quality compared to heterosexual couples.
higher than average
Adam's teacher, Mr. Booker, did not say hello to Adam when they passed in the hall. Adam told himself that Mr. Booker was probably thinking about something and did not notice him. This is an illustration of
how children cope with stress using cognitive strategies that develop as they get older
One study found that adolescents who expressed disagreement with their parents explored independence and Blank______ development more actively than adolescents who did not express disagreement with their parents.
identity
Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of
identity
Which of the following statuses describes an individual who has made a commitment without experiencing a crisis?
identity foreclosure
Which of the following are Marcia's four statuses of identity?
identity foreclosure identity diffusion identity moratorium identity achievement
What is the term given by Erikson to the fifth stage of development, experienced during adolescence?
identity versus identity confusion
According to trait theorists, traits are
the foundation of personality
Select the key changes that characterize the increased complexity in children's self-understanding.
using social descriptions understanding of their real self and ideal self describing themselves in terms of psychological characteristics and traits referencing social comparison
Around the world, the traits that people look for in a marriage partner are
varied
Which of the following most characterizes authoritative parenting?
verbal give-and-take
The biggest cause of divorce for middle-aged and older women was
verbal, physical, or emotional abuse
Select all of the following that are the main causes for divorce, according to middle-aged and older women.
verbal, physical, or emotional abuse cheating alcohol or drug abuse
What are the components of an individual's possible self?
what they would like to become what they might become what they are afraid of becoming
Married men were more likely to be involved with which family group?
wife's kin
Which of the following is not a main group of women identified in Helson's Mills College Study?
women who wanted to be single and raise a child
Which of the following are traits that some cultures look for in a marriage?
women's role in child rearing desiring a partner with no sexual experience domesticity
When adult children return to their parental home, parents indicate which of the following as a problem?
worrying when adult children are late coming home conflicting schedules with meals home is too noisy
Which of the following factors contribute to a higher incidence of divorce?
youthful marriage having no religious affiliation low income
Which of the following are conclusions reached by most adult development experts regarding midlife crises?
A minority of adults experience midlife crises. Midlife crises have been exaggerated.
is a familial relationship that is established through a social and legal process
Adoption
What were the findings of a New Zealand study that assessed individuals' self-esteem during adolescence and their adjustment in adulthood (at age 26)?
Adults who experienced adjustment difficulties had lower self-esteem in adolescence than their successful counterparts.
is described as involving inhibiting impulses and not engaging in destructive behavior, focusing and maintaining attention, and initiating and completing tasks that have long-term value.
Effortful control
is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing.
Emotion
Which of the following has been shown as an outcome of parenting?
Most couples enjoy more positive marital relations before the baby.
What were the features of the parent--adolescent relationship according to the old model?
Parent--adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence. As adolescents mature, they detach themselves from parents.
characteristics such as introversion or extroversion are present in most individuals and are stable throughout the life span.
Personality
Which of the following is true in cross-cultural studies of adolescent self-image?
The majority of adolescents have a positive self-image.
Which of the following is a criticism of Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life?
The original Levinson data included no females.
Which of the following are benefits of waiting to have children in one's thirties?
The parents are more mature. The parents have had more time to consider their plans and goals. The parents are better-established in careers, with more income.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the findings about gender differences in self-esteem among students entering first grade?
The self-esteem of girls and boys is basically equivalent.
Which of the following is not a belief attributed to the contemporary life-events approach?
The stress of life events alone influences a person's development.
Which of the following is true regarding the problems shown by children from divorced homes?
Their problems may be the result of the marital conflict that led to the divorce.
Which of the following are advantages of having children in one's twenties?
There are likely to be fewer health problems during pregnancy. The parents are less likely to build up expectations for their children. The parents have more physical energy.
Which two of the following are common criticisms of stage theories of adult development?
There is considerable variation in the way people experience the stages. They place too much emphasis on crisis in development.
How can everyday conflicts benefit an adolescent's development?
They can facilitate an adolescent's transition from being dependent on parents to becoming an autonomous person.
Select all of the following that are strategies to produce positive outcomes from divorce.
Think of divorce as a time to grow. Focus on the future not the past. Use one's strengths and resources to cope.
Tony has recently experienced the death of his wife in a hit-and-run car accident. He has a very close network of friends and family who are there to support him. Tony is a yoga instructor and has a well-established coping strategy when he is stressed. What would the contemporary life-events approach say about Tony and his experience?
Tony will be affected by his wife's death but not as negatively as someone without a similar level of social support and coping strategies.
_____ theories state that personality consists of broad areas that produce characteristic responses, such as being outgoing or friendly.
Trait
theories state that personality consists of broad areas that produce characteristic responses, such as being outgoing or friendly.
Trait
Based on research, students who have a greater sense of ethnic pride are less likely to experience symptoms of depression based on race and ethnicity.
True
True or false: A recent study revealed that coparenting influenced young children's effortful control above and beyond maternal and paternal parenting alone.
True
True or false: According to Levinson, adulthood has three main stages surrounded by transition periods.
True
of fathers in the United States care for their children at home.
24 percent
What percentage of adults describe themselves as securely attached?
60 to 80 percent
The frequency of face-to-face play becomes less common after about the age of
7 months
Which of the following is true about depression experienced in adolescence?
Adolescents are more likely to seek help from informal sources.
The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by
Ainsworth
Which of the following people identified three basic types, or clusters, of temperament—easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up?
Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas
Which of the following ideas are stressed by John Bowlby in his concept of attachment?
Attachment is crucial in the first year. Caregiver responsiveness is important.
Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal _____ _____ of attachment.
Blank 1: working Blank 2: model
Punishing a child for emotions or feelings is considered a supportive caregiver emotion socialization strategy?
False
True or false: The United States has led the way in providing paid parental leave to care for a newborn.
False
true or false: One surprising finding of the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) longitudinal study was that the majority of child care provided in the first three years of life was of high quality.
False
Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?
Freud Erikson Bowlby
Which of the following statements apply to Bowlby's concept of attachment?
Infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments. Attachment is important for survival.
_____ are more likely to be found in family child care and informal care settings than other age groups.
Infants and toddlers
Which of the following are true about the developmental cascade model?
It can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. It can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development. It can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes.
Which of the following is a criticism of attachment theory?
It overemphasizes the attachment bond and ignores infant resiliency.
Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as Blank______ the unfamiliar.
Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as Blank______ the unfamiliar.
Based on several studies, which statement is false about romantic relationships in adolescence?
Nearly 60 percent of sixth graders had a romantic relationship lasting at least two months.
Which of the following are criticisms of attachment theory?
Some cultures value early childhood independence. Some cultures value attachments to several caregivers for a child. It ignores the diversity of socializing agents in an infant's world.
Which of the following are true of attachment in older adults?
They have a decrease in attachment anxiety. Caregiver burden is related to insecure attachment. They have fewer attachment relationships than younger adults.
According to research, which of the following is true about parents of children who showed more avoidant attachment?
They were less responsive and more punitive.
True or false: Older adults tend to have both fewer attachment relationships and decreasing attachment anxiety.
True
True or false: Secure attachment in infancy has been linked to social competence with peers and lower rates of peer conflict in early childhood.
True
Which of the following are characteristics of high-quality child care?
age-appropriate toys age-appropriate activities safe environment
Adults with a(n) Blank______ attachment style are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships.
avoidant
Caregivers of Blank______ babies tend to be unavailable or rejecting.
avoidant
A study of 2- and 3-year-olds found an increase in the number of child-care arrangements for a child was linked to which of the following?
behavioral problems decreased prosocial behavior
Which of the following are important factors that shape one's temperament?
caregiver's culture gender
The developmental _____ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.
cascade
A person who fakes an identity on an online dating site is called a
catfish
Affectionate love is also called Blank______ love and occurs when someone desires to have the other person near.
companionate
The ability to develop skills contextually and focus on the adaptive nature of emotional experience is called emotional
competence
If passion, intimacy, and commitment are all strong, the result is Blank______, which is the fullest type of love.
consummate
Which term refers to a child's ability to connect his or her own intentions with a peer's intentions and use this understanding to interact with the peer to reach a goal?
cooperation
Six-month-old Fajar often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) _____ child.
difficult
The jealousy research study in which infants observed their mothers holding a lifelike baby doll illustrates the
difficulty of interpreting infant emotion
Which of the following is considered a supportive emotion socialization strategy? Select all that apply.
discussing emotions with the child helping a child learn to use emotion strategies validating a child's emotion
Caregivers of insecure Blank______ babies often neglect or physically abuse them.
disorganized
One reason that more children are in child care today than ever before is that U.S. adults
do not receive paid leave
Positive caregiving beginning with infancy is an important factor in later development. Which of the following are experiences that lead to positive developmental adjustments?
early secure caregiver attachment constructive experiences with life stresses positive maternal care
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called
emotion
In the NICHD study, evaluations of the quality of child care for children were based on which of the following characteristics?
group size child/adult ratio physical environment
research has found secure attachment during middle and late childhood has been linked positively with which of the following?
higher levels of emotion regulation lower levels of depression lower levels of anxiety
As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of
independence
What information did researchers hope to gather from Strange Situation studies?
infant security when caregivers and strangers are present infant motivation to be near caregivers when strangers are present how infants react to caregivers in the presence of strangers
Being skilled at perceiving and expressing emotion, understanding emotion, using feelings to facilitate thought, and managing emotions effectively is a description of emotional
intelligence
Child care in the United States is most likely to come from which of the following?
large child-care centers small private homes nonprofit centers with churches
As children progress from the ______ (early/middle/late) through the (early/middle/late) _____ childhood years, they come to recognize emotions, are able to identify and explain them, are increasingly concerned with self-regulating them, and appreciate that they can be ambiguous.
middle late
Mikulincer and Shaver (2019) have identified which of the following benefits for securely attached individuals?
mindful of what is happening around them well-integrated sense of self-acceptance ability to control their emotions
According to twin studies, heredity has a Blank______ influence on differences in temperament within a group of people.
moderate
Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are
more psychologically aware of themselves and others
Early secure attachment has been linked with which of the following?
positive emotional health high self-esteem and self-confidence positive interaction with peers and teachers
Which two of the following are the most consistent outcomes of secure attachment in adolescence?
positive peer relations emotion regulation
Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?
pride empathy
Which type of emotions is most likely to be observed in infancy?
primary
One way to describe temperament involves the variation in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions. This is referred to a
reactivity
According to studies, adult attachment styles with romantic partners are
reflective of childhood attachment patterns but also influenced by later experience
What type of love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation?
romantic
Adults who are _____ attached have more positive romantic relationships.
securely
What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?
securely attached
Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their
temperament
According to a study by Joseph Allen and his colleagues, adolescents who were securely attached at age 14 were more likely to report which of the following at age 21?
that they were attaining increased financial independence that they were in an exclusive relationship that they were comfortable with intimacy
Studying the self in infancy is difficult because infants cannot ______ express themselves
verbally
