psych unit 5 FQR

Name the category caffeine belongs to, and describe one effect of each.

Caffeine is classified as a stimulant. Effects include impaired sleep.

Ernest, a psychology major, is discussing hypnosis with his roommate, Phil. Phil says: "I can't believe so many people fall for that hypnosis stuff. Hypnosis is just like dreaming. It's just a different state of consciousness, and a dream can affect someone just like a supposed hypnotic state can." Explain how Ernest can use Dissociation as he discusses the validity of Phil's claims.

Hilgard's studies in support of the divided-consciousness theory indicate that dissociation may occur during hypnosis. If there is a "split" between different levels of consciousness, and one level may be aware of information that another level is ignorant of, Phil's claim that hypnosis is similar to dreaming needs to be modified

explain how modern psychologists define consciousness

Most psychologists now define consciousness as our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Name the category that alcohol belongs to, and describe one effect of each.

Alcohol is classified as a depressant. Effects include reduced self-awareness.

explain how the following "altered" states of consciousness relate to your definition. Sleep stages

As we pass through the stages of sleep, we become less and less aware of our outside environment. During deeper stages of sleep, we are less likely to be awakened by noise in our environment, indicating a change in consciousness

According to the biopsychosocial approach, identify a biological influence on hypnosis.

Biological influence either distinctive brain activity or unconscious information processing

explain how the following "altered" states of consciousness relate to your definition. Dreams

Environmental stimuli are often incorporated into dreams, indicating that we are partially aware of our outside environment even during this sleep stage.

explain how the following "altered" states of consciousness relate to your definition. • Hypnosis

Hypnosis relates to this definition because hypnotic states can influence awareness of both environments. Hypnotized individuals can be given suggestions that lead them to forget events that occurred while hypnotized indicating a lows of awareness of the environment during hypnosis.

Name the three stages of sleep when rapid eye movements are not occurring.

NREM-1 , NREM-2 , NREM- 3

nName the category that nicotine belongs to, and describe one effect of each.

Nicotine is classified as a stimulant. Effects include diminished appetites.

Ernest, a psychology major, is discussing hypnosis with his roommate, Phil. Phil says: "I can't believe so many people fall for that hypnosis stuff. Hypnosis is just like dreaming. It's just a different state of consciousness, and a dream can affect someone just like a supposed hypnotic state can." Explain how Ernest can use Posthypnotic suggestion as he discusses the validity of Phil's claims.

Posthypnotic suggestions have been used by therapists to help people overcome health issues. such suggestions may influence a patient's behavior after the hypnosis session. These deliberate posthypnotic suggestions are unique to hypnosis and contradict Phil's claim that dreams and hypnosis are equivalent states of consciousness.

psychologists define consciousness, and explain how the following "altered" states of consciousness relate to your definition. Psychoactive drugs

Psychoactive drugs by definition alter our perceptions of the world. These altered perceptions influence our awareness of the external and internal worlds. Changes in perception may influence us, causing us to ignore some environmental stimuli, react powerfully to others, or even react to stimuli that we hallucinate because of the influence of the drugs.

According to the biopsychosocial approach, identify a psychological influence on hypnosis

Psychological influence focused attention, expectations, heightened suggestibility, or dissociation between normal sensations & conscious awareness

Ernest, a psychology major, is discussing hypnosis with his roommate, Phil. Phil says: "I can't believe so many people fall for that hypnosis stuff. Hypnosis is just like dreaming. It's just a different state of consciousness, and a dream can affect someone just like a supposed hypnotic state can." Explain how Ernest can use Social influence theory as he discusses the validity of Phil's claims.

Social influence theory explains the impact of hypnosis through the powerful social pressures experienced by people being hypnotized. Some studies show that people pretending to be hypnotized and people who are "really" hypnotized behave in similar ways, indicating that hypnosis may not lead to a different state of consciousness.

According to the biopsychosocial approach, identitfy a social-cultural influence on hypnosis.

Social-cultural influence: either presence of an authoritative person or role-playing a "good subject"

Ernest, a psychology major, is discussing hypnosis with his roommate, Phil. Phil says: "I can't believe so many people fall for that hypnosis stuff. Hypnosis is just like dreaming. It's just a different state of consciousness, and a dream can affect someone just like a supposed hypnotic state can." Explain how Ernest can use Divided-consciousness theory as he discusses the validity of Phil's claims.

Some physiological studies indicate that hypnotic states are associated with unique patterns of activation in the brain. If brain scans indicate specific patterns unique to hypnotic states that are different from those associated with dreaming or others states of consciousness, Phil's claim may not be accurate. Although the divided-consciousness theory of hypnosis is controver- sial, this much seems clear: Our information processing, which starts with selective attention, is divided into simultaneous conscious and nonconscious realms. In hypnosis as in life, much of our behavior occurs on autopilot. We have two-track minds

. Explain the biological changes (if any) typically associated with Tolerance

The brain's chemistry changes when some psychoactive drugs are repeatedly ingested, interfering with the brain's ability to produce or use some neurotransmitters.

describe NREM-1

a brief stage of light sleep that may include hallucinations and sensations of falling.

Explain the biological changes (if any) typically associated REM

causes Brain waves and breathing become irregular, heart rate increases, and eyes dart back and forth beneath the eyelids.

Explain the biological changes typically associated with Sleep deprivation

causes lack of energy, falling asleep during the day, changes in appetite, suppression of the immune system, decreased focus and at- tention, and depressed mood.

Describe NREM- 3

deep sleep, characterized by large, slow delta waves, from which it is difficult to awake.

describe NREM-2

moderately deep sleep that includes rapid bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles

Explain the biological changes (if any) typically associated with Opiates

pupil constriction, slower breathing, lethargy, and eventually, painful withdrawal symptoms as the brain loses its ability to produce "natural" endorphins.