Psychobio Quiz 2
What is the gray matter of the cortex?
usually divided into lobes, each of which contain different primary processing areas and association areas
Where is cerebrospinal fluid contained?
within the subarachnoid space, the ventricles, the aqueduct of sylvius and the central canal.
How many ventricles are there?
3
What is Arachnoid Matter?
Between the dura and pia matter.
What are the three layers of the meninges?
Dura Matter Arachnoid Matter Pia Matter
What is Pia Matter?
innermost of the meninges. thin and delicate
What area of the brain is the Cerebral Cortex in?
The Telencephalon
What are the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex?
The occipital lobe, the temporal lobe, the parietal lobe and the frontal lobe
What is the blood brain barrier?
a barrier that exists between substances in the systemic blood vs. substances in the blood that enter the brain
What is the ventricular system?
a series of hollow, interconnected chambers, that include ventricles and the aqueduct of sylvius
What are astrocytes?
a type of glia cell. Implicated in the maintenance of the blood brain barrier.
How do you treat meningitis?
antibiotics and steroids to reduce inflammation
According to Brodmann, what area is the primary motor ara (precentral gyrus/motor homunculus)?
area 4
What Brodmann areas represent the prefrontal cortex?
areas 9 to 12
Besides the capillaries, what else is implicated in the maintenance of the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes (a type of glia cell)
Which is the most lethal kind of meningitis?
bacterial meningitis
What are the four structures and/or mechanisms that protect the central nervous system?
bone; meninges; blood-brain-barrier; cerebro-spinal fluid
How is CSF reabsorbed into the blood supply?
by arachnoid granules
How can meningitis be caused?
by bacteria directly invading the meninges, as a result of an ear or sinus infection or a skull fracture
Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?
continuously by the choroid plexus, a highly vascular tissue.
How does bone protect the central nervous system?
for brain is the skull, for spinal cord is the spinal column (aka vertebral column, spine or backbone)
What lobe of the brain is the precentral gyrus in?
frontal lobe
What operations does the prefrontal cortex carry out?
higher order aspects of cognitive and emotional functions. Important in understanding of social rules in context, judgment, monitoring of behavior, cognitive flexibility, abstraction abilities, planning, organization, and working memory
What are the mechanisms behind the blood brain barrier?
in most of the body, the cells that line the capillaries have small gaps between them. this allows the free exchange of the most substances between the blood and the cells of the body. In the CNS, the cells that line the capillaries are joined so tightly that many substances cannot leave the blood to enter the neural tissue.
Where is the lateral ventricle located?
in the cortical areas
How is diagnosis of meningitis done?
includes cerebro-spinal fluid examination via lumbar puncture. the diagnosis is usually made by growing the bacteria from a sample of csf.
What is meningitis?
inflammation of the meninges, usually due to the spread of a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection
How does the blood-brain-barrier protect the central nervous system?
it is selectively permeable and only allows certain substances to enter into the blood that is in the brain
How does the cerebro-spinal fluid protect the central nervous system?
its a clear fluid, similar to blood plasma, that fills the ventricular system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Provides a cushion and takes away some toxins.
What does the nucleus basalis of meynert do?
its the primary cholinergic input to the cerebral cortex (neurons that are rich in acetylcholine)
What types of substances can cross the blood brain barrier?
many molecules that are small (oxygen), ionized (H20) or fat soluble are able to cross the blood brain barrier. molecules such as caffeine, nicotine, ETOH, and cocaine are highly lipophilic. they cross the barrier readily.
What element usually represents the primary motor area (precentral gyrus)?
motor homunculus
What is Dura Matter?
thick and tough membrane, outermost of the meninges
What does the frontal lobe contain?
primary motor area (aka precentral gyrus) which is usually represented as the motor homunculus
What is Hydrocephalus?
results from obstruction of flow of CSF. Usually requires the placement of a shunt.
How does meninges protect the central nervous system?
three layers of tissue that encase the brain and the spinal cord
What are some characteristic symptoms of meningitis?
symptoms usually develop over a peroid of one to two days and initially resembles a flu. The swelling associated with meningitis triggers the classical symptoms including headache, fever, and a stiff neck. additional symptoms may include vomiting, confusion, mental status changes, photophobia and phonophobia, and seizures.
Where is the third ventricle located?
the diencephalon
What are the three ventricles where CSF is produced?
the lateral ventricle, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle
Where is the aqueduct of sylvius (cerebral aqueduct) located?
the mesencephalon
Where is the fourth ventricle located?
the metencephalon
What does the frontal lobe contain besides the primary motor area and the prefrontal cortex?
the nucleus basalis of meynert
Besudes the primary motor area, what else does the frontal lobe contain?
the prefrontal cortex
What are the two main player in the blood brain barrier in the CNS?
the walls of the capillaries and the astrocytes