PSYCHOLOGHY FINAL

A small, tightly knit group of between two and twelve friends usually the same age is called:

a clique

Dave knows that kids who drink and drive sometimes get killed, but he believes that he is somehow immune to having such terrible things happen to him. Dave belief is an example of:

a personal fable

Bickering and squabbling between teenagers and their parents is largely cause by:

adolescents ability to formulate counterarguments

Why is parental divorce during early adolescence particularly stressful for the child?

early adolescence is a time during which individuals are particularly sensitive to stress

Which of the following statements is most true of minority familes and parenting styles?

ethic minorites are more likely to live in dangerous areas, parental control may actually be benifical for there adolescents

Many immigrant families place an especially high value on _____________, an orientation in which the needs of one's family takes prededence over the needs of the individual:

familism

According to research, _________ can be an effective way for enhancing the development of adolescents reasoning abilities, moral judgement, and empathy:

family discussions, in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained

According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development that is based on theoretical, abstract principles of logic is called:

formal operations

Adolescents improve their ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, which is one aspect of:

future orientation

The adolescent growth spurt:

generally begins two years eariler for girls than boys

Differences in the timing and rate of puberty among individuals growing up in the same general environment are largely caused by:

genetic factors

Jim and Stacy are the parents of two pre-teen girls. Throughout the girls childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is:

not likely

Why is it difficult to detemine the exact nature (and direction of the effect) of the relations between family charateristics and adolescent development

parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other

According to the research, conformity to peer pressure:

peaks in adolecence realtive to childhood and adulthood

Judy and Jessica hang around people their same age. These people are most accurately described as:

peers

Which of the following factors is the most important predictor of overall self-esteem:

physical appearance self-esteem

The physical transformation from child to adult is called:

puberty

According to the textbook, approximately ______ of american children will experience their parents divorce:

40%

Who of the following is probably a child (and not a adolescent)?

Christine, someone who tends to think about things one aspect at a time

All of the following are features of hypothetical thinking, except: a) applying logical reasoning to anticipate what might be possible b) seeing beyond what is directly observable c) imagining the logic behind another persons agrugment d) greater awareness of concrete, observable events

D

Which of the following adolescence is least likely to engage in false-self behavior:

Emily, who has high support from her parents and peers

According to Erikson, the major crisis of adolescence is called:

Identity versus identity diffusion

During adolescence, individuals IQ scores_____________, where their mental abilities ______________.

Remain stable; increase

Javier spends a great deal of time talking about relationships, politics, philosophy, religion, and morality with his friends, demonstrating his ability to think:

abstractly

Which of the following is common finding of recent cyberbullying studies?

adolescents who engage in traditional bullying also engage in cyberbullying

The process of grouping individuals within socail institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:

age grading

Teenagers may become self-concious because they believe that people are talking about them. which charateristic are they exhibiting?

an imaginary audience

Reasearch on the nature of parent-adolescent relationship reveals that most adolescents:

appear to maintain positvie support and mutually respective relationship with parents

Tammy's father has absolute standards and expects tammy to comfort to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tammy. Instead, his response is. "I'm the father and I love you. I know whats best for you." Her father is described as a:

authoritarian

Optimal development during adolescence appears to be facillitated by the __________ style of parenting:

authoritative

Which of the following girls would probably be least susceptible to feelings of body dissatisfaction due to rapid increase in body fat in early adolescents:

beth; a black adolescent girl

"Druggies" "Jocks" "Nerds" and examples of:

crowds

Why is it so difficult to draw a legal boundary between when someone should be treated like a child and when someone is ready to be treated like an adult?

development is so rapid and so variable between individuals

As adolescence develop, their self-conceptions become more:

differentiated

Divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and american born adolescent is called generational:

dissonance

Taken together, research studies have determined that growing up in a poor neighborhood:

has negative effects on adolescent behavior, achievement, and mental health, and these affect above and beyond those effects attributable to growing up in a poor family

Which of the following statements about self-esteem in children is true?

high achivement in school boots self-esteem

Even though it was clear that another student, Raul, accidentally pushed Noah, he insisted that Raul did it on purpose. What is this called?

hostile attributional bias

An important aspect of having a healthy self-concept and more socially appropriate behavior is to be able to balance one's ______ self with one's ________ self:

ideal; feared

Dan, an adolescent, has more developed congnitive skills than his 6 year old brother timmy because timmy's thinking is:

in general, bound to what he can observe

Over the period of adolescence, individuals perspecives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in persoctive is an _________ in adolescents willingness to lie to their parents

increase

Dr. Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader enviorment influences our conception of adolescence is the most in line with the:

inventionist perpective

One reason for imbalance or disequilibrium in the family during the adolescent years is that parents:

may be expirencing their own type of identity crisis

The ability to think about one's own thoughts is called:

metacognition

Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captin of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept, and notices that Brittney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from other peers than Sarah recieves. Jealous, she decieds to start a rumor about Brittney that she knows will cause people to stop liking Brittney. Sarah's behavior is best known as:

relational agression

In early adolescence, __________ friendships are most common, and in late adolecence, _________

same sex, oppisite sex

Jesse is in the seventh grade at a school that has open classrooms with multiple teachers instructing their classes in one large area. Which of the following congitive processes will help jesse focus on his teacher?

selective attention

During childhood, boys typically associate with boys which girls primary associate with other girls. This separation of boys and girls has been to referred to as:

sex segregation

Amalia is most likely to be adversely affected by her parents divorce if:

she blames herself for her parents problems

The hormonally induced increase in the growth rate of growth in height and weight is reffered to as:

the adolescent growth spurt

Which of the following is not a contribute to the onset of puberty:

the development of primary sex characteristics

Which of the following statements about the impact of hormones on behavior is false?

the direct relation between adolescent moodiness and hormonal changes of puberty is extremely long

Which of the following statements about timing the tempo of sexual maturation is true:

the duration of puberty varies widely from 1.5 to 6 years in girls and 2 to 5 years in boys

what might explain why adolescence has been elongated?

the increase importance of formal education in making a successful transition into adult

According to Vygotsky, adolescents learn best when:

the instructor engages in scaffolding, their lessons are within their zone of proximal development, a more experienced instructor is present.

As alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are expirencing severe relationship problems. These difficulties suggest that:

their problematic relationship relationship has exsisted since alex's childhood

Adolescenys who have more complex self-conceptions become less likely:

to be depressed

Scientists now believe that the transition from concrete operational thought to formal operational thought occurs:

very gradually and unevenly across domains of functioning