Psychological Inquiry 2021 Fall Semester Final Study Guide

A biopsychosocial approach to substance abuse would be most likely to emphasize

the interactive influences of nature and nurture on substance abuse

According to Freud, the unconscious is

the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are largely unaware

The expression toward a therapist of feelings linked with earlier relationships is known as

transference

Which of the following is NOT true regarding adolescent pubertal development? -Puberty follows a surge of hormones -The timing of puberty is predictable -Hormones released during puberty trigger bodily changes -Puberty is related to an intensification of moods

The timing of puberty is predictable

Motivation is defined by psychologists as

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal

When a person has linked a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that now the neutral stimulus triggers the conditioned response, ______ has occurred.

acquistion

Which of the following disorders often co-occurs with savant syndrome? -Practical intelligence -Existential intelligence -Reduce the perception of emotions -Autism spectrum disorder

autism spectrum disorder

A physiological need is a

basic bodily requirement

A descriptive method in which one individual or group is studied in great depth is called a(n)

case study

Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates

central route persuasion

The psychological term for mental processes is

cognition

Which term refers to all the material activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

cognition

Information-processing models compare human memory to a

computer's operation

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n)

concept

The ability to focus our attention in order to learn a complex concept best illustrates the value of

consciousness

Which of the following is a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together? -Extrapolation -Experimentation -Correlation -Replication

correlation

The nature-nature issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ______ make to the development of psychological traits

genes and experience

Attribution theory was designed to account for

how people explain others' behavior

Retaining information over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval best describes

memory

The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of

natural selection

As students prepare for a test, they often believe that they understand the course material better than they actually do. This best illustrates

overconfidence

Which of the following is NOT a psychological influence on drug use? -Lacking a sense of purpose -Experience significant stress -Peer pressure -Depression

peer pressure

The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how

people encode, process, store, and retrieve information

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her

personality

Biological psychology is best described as the scientific study of the links between

physiological activity and psychological events

Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as

psychoanalysis

When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of

reliability

According to Freud, thoughts that are too unsettling for people to acknowledge are

repressed

The main goal of psychoanalysis is to bring _______ feelings and thoughts into conscious awareness

repressed

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to

search for information that supports our preconceptions

Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of

secure attachment

Which brand of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

social psychology

The term homeostasis literally means

"staying the same"

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by

Piaget's cognitive development theory

Which of the following best describes why psychology evolved into direct observations of behavior? -Research indicated that consciousness did not exist by itself -Researchers found it difficult to scientifically study consciousness -The field of neuroscience emerged -The scientific study of behavior was found to be more appealing to current researchers

Researchers found it difficult to scientifically study consciousness

According to drive-reduction theory, a need refers to

a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal

Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of

a positive self-concept

A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of

a theory of mind

Psychologists define learning as the process of

acquiring new information or relatively enduring behaviors

Jamilla systematically tried each successive key on her dad's keyring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem-solving by means of

an algorithm

A drive refers to

an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need

The Harlows' infant monkeys developed ________ their artificial cloth mothers.

an attachment to

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in particular ways to objects, people, and events are called

attitudes

Observing and recording people's behavior as they are conditioned was of most central interest to

behaviorism

The school of thought in psychology that turned away from the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was

behaviorism

Peripheral route persuasion involves

being influenced by unimportant cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

A fundamental problem with the diagnostic labeling of psychologically disordered behaviors is that the labels often

bias our perceptions of the labeled person

While sex refers to our ______ influenced characteristics, gender refers to our ______ influenced characteristics.

biologically; socially

The treatment of serious psychological disorders with prescribed medications or medical procedures that directly influence the nervous system is called

biomedical therapy

According to psychoanalysts, resistance refers to the

blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material during therapy

Displays of humility are most characteristic of those who value

collectivism

Working hard every day of the year for the gratification of a bonus paycheck at the end of the year best illustrates the impact of ______ on behavior.

delayed reinforcers

Which of the following disorders most clearly occurs worldwide? -Depression -Dissociative identity disorder -Bulimia nervosa -Susto

depression

Sensation is the

detection and encoding of stimulus energies by sensory receptors and the nervous system

Alzheimer's disease begins with _______ and progresses into ________.

difficulty remembering new information; an inability to complete daily tasks

ADHD is most clearly characterized by

distractibility

Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and

drive reduction

Cognitive therapy is most likely to

emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events

Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control are called

endorphins

The study of molecular mechanisms by which environments can trigger or block genetic expression is called

epigenetics

The most effective psychotherapists are those who

establish an empathetic, caring relationship with their clients

Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?

evolutionary

Although instincts cannot explain most human motives, the underlying assumption that genes predispose some species-typical behaviors continues in

evolutionary theory

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome

The few people with psychological disorders who do commit violent acts tend to be those who

experience threatening delusions and hallucinated voices that command them to act, have suffered a financial crisis or lost relationship, or abuse substances

Free association is a method designed to

explore the unconscious

Epigenetics is the study of environmental influences on

gene expression

A psychological disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance

in a person's cognitions, emotion regulation, or behaviors

Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are

inconsistent

Psychoanalytic interpretation is designed to promote

insight

A complex, unlearned, and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n)

instinct

The idea that various brain regions have particular functions is known as

localization of function

The Rorschach inkblot test has _______ reliability and _______ validity.

low; low

In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of

nature-nurture interactions

Motivations arise from the interplay between _________, the bodily "push", and ______, the "pulls" from our personal experiences, thoughts, and culture.

nature; nurture

Which of the following refers to a physiological state that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal? -Drive -Incentive -Homeostasis -Need

need

Adaptability is

our capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with our changing world

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called

perception

A dispositional attribution is to _______ as a situational attribution is to _______.

personally traits; assigned roles

Psychophysics is best defined as the study of relationships between

physical stimuli and psychological experience

Freud suggested that pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones as we progress through various

psychosexual stages

If individuals expect someone labeled as mentally ill to be hostile, they may act in unfriendly ways that provoke that person to respond with hostility. This illustrates the dangers of

self-fulfilling prophecies

Janelle experiences difficulty sleeping and is seeking medical help for her lengthy episodes of depression and loss of energy. Effective prescription drugs for treating these symptoms would most likely be designed to increase the availability of the neurotransmitter

serotonin

Heuristics are

simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly and efficiently

Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed first administered the test to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for test

standardization

Jacob has just gotten an interview for a job he really wants. With his excitement, his heartbeat increases, his blood pressure rises, and he begins to perspire. Which nervous system is responsible for these physiological changes?

sympathetic

Among those seeking professional help for psychological disorders, eligibility for treatment is most likely to be guided by the use of the diagnostic criteria and codes provided by

the DSM-5

A boy's sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called

the Oedipus complex

Intelligence is defined as

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

According to Freud, understanding how the id, ego, and superego interact is essential to grasping the nature of

the conflict between impulse and restraint

Culture is best described as

the enduring ideas, values, and traditions shared by a group and transmitted across generations

First agreeing to a small request tends to make it more likely that you will later agree to a larger request. This is known as

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called

the fundamental attribution error

Spearman referred to the general capacity that may underlie all of a person's mental abilities as

the g factor

The conception of psychological disorders as biologically based sicknesses is known as

the medical model

A self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis is known as

the scientific method

Psychotherapy is defined as

treatment involving psychological techniques that consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to achieve personal growth

Free association involves the

uncensored reporting of any thoughts that come to mind

Psychodynamic theorists emphasize the importance of

unconscious mental processes

The participants in Philip Zimbardo's simulated prison study

were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued