Psychology 1

biological perspective

Psychologists with a _____ seek the relationships between the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution, on the one hand, and behavior and mental processes on the other.

venture into the realm of mental processes to understand human nature.

Psychologists with a cognitive perspective are most likely to:

stratified sample

Researchers use a _____ so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.

naturalistic observations

Veronica, a psychology student, is analyzing a person with dissociative identity disorder as part of her thesis. However, she is not allowed to interact with the subject as the individual tends to get very hostile. She is allowed to watch how the individual behaves and goes about his daily activities. Given the situation, which method of research would be most appropriate for Veronica?

pure

research is best described as research that is undertaken because a researcher is interested in a research topic and not because it provides any immediate solution to personal or social problems.

humanist

Simon is a psychologist who believes that self-awareness, experience, and choice permit people to invent themselves and their ways of relating to the world as they progress through life. His belief is slightly cognitive, but it emphasizes the role of subjective experience. Based on the information given in this scenario, Simon is a

conditioned stimulus

When Greta was five years old, she was pecked by one of the chickens in her grandparents' farm. The next year, Greta's mother took her to see chickens in a petting zoo. There, Greta was scared to go into the enclosure and started crying when she saw several chickens walking around the pen. In this scenario, the chicken is the

Contemporary psychologists who follow theories derived from Freud

Which of the following groups of psychologists is likely to call themselves neoanalysts?

It attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations.

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of structuralism?

Classical conditioning focuses on how organisms form anticipations about their environments, whereas operant conditioning focuses on what they do about them.

Which of the following is a difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence.

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

Both are aversive events.

Which of the following is a similarity between positive punishments and negative punishments?

hypothesis

Which of the following is a statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research?

It is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable behavior.

Which of the following is true of behaviorism?

They indicate whether behavior will be reinforced.

Which of the following statements is true of discriminative stimuli?

They may require only one association for conditioning to occur.

Which of the following statements is true of taste aversions?

. Wilson should use the principles of critical thinking

Wilson is a senior manager in a multinational company. He has several organizational decisions to make and has to facilitate growth. However, Wilson thinks that he is not capable of efficiently managing his employees, especially during times of crisis. He wants to improve his problem-solving skills. Which of the following should Wilson do to deal with such situations?

cognitive psychologists

suggest that people choose whether or not to imitate aggressive and other forms of conduct they observe, and that people are most likely to imitate behaviors that are consistent with their values.

only when they believe the benefits of the research outweigh its potential harm.

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbook of Ethics in Psychology, psychologists may use deception in their experiments:

higher-order conditioning

Carly feared hypodermic needles because she associated them with pain. She associated nurses, doctors, and even clinics with needles. A few days later, Carly's father drove her to a grocery store that was in the same building as a clinic. She became fearful and refused to go inside the building. In this scenario, Carly's fear illustrateshig

learning

From the behaviorist point of view, _____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.

Media violence triggers aggressive ideas and memories.

In the context of the effects of media violence, which of the following statements is true?

operant conditioning

Michael helps his mother wash dishes after supper, and she praises his thoughtfulness. As a result, Michael continues to volunteer to help with the dishes. This scenario illustrates

behavior modification

Patricia, a new elementary school teacher, has discovered that raising her voice does not decrease her students' misbehavior. Instead, it seems to increase misbehavior. Now, she practices a new method of reinforcing good behavior and ignoring bad behavior. In this scenario, Patricia is using a method called _____.

when researchers believe that the benefits of the research justify the harm

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbook of Ethics in Psychology, psychologists may harm animals in their experiments:

observational learning

Daniel, a 10-year-old boy, loves to cook. He has been watching his mother cook since he was very young and has learned to prepare many dishes. In this scenario, Daniel has acquired cooking skills though _____.

negative reinforcement

David is always criticized for his poor performance at work. His boss, Tina, gives him bad feedback on a daily basis. Tina notices that David's work continues to be poor despite the bad feedback, and she stops criticizing his work. She observes that his work has improved after she has stopped disapproving of it. This scenario exemplifies the _____ of David's behavior.

unconditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning, when a dog is presented with meat powder, it salivates in response to doses of meat powder. In this scenario, the meat powder is a(n)

independent

In an experiment to determine whether marijuana abuse causes aggression, participants are given varying amounts of marijuana and its effects are measured. In this case, marijuana is a(n) _____ variable

shaping

Jessica is teaching her dog to roll over four times in a row. First, she gives her dog a treat for lying on his side, then his back, and then rolling over once. Once he learns to do a complete rollover, she gives him a treat after he rolls over twice, three times, and finally, four times. In this scenario, Jessica is teaching her dog by _____.

clinical

Mary Ann, an 18-year-old, has been depressed since she lost her sister in a car accident. She has frequent depressive episodes; these episodes last for days. She often turns hostile. Her family has decided that she needs professional help. The professional who would be most appropriate for Mary Ann is a(n)

continuous reinforcement

Shelly, a three-year-old girl, is told by her mother to wear a woolen sweater when she feels cold. She takes her mother's advice and wears a sweater. She observes that it makes her warm and stops her from shivering due to the cold. She repeats this every time she feels cold and observes that it makes her feel warmer each time. In this scenario, Shelly's behavior is reinforced using _____.

psychoanalysis

The school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior is called

spontaneous recovery

When Kyle was a young boy, he was chased by his neighbor's large dog. For a few years, Kyle was afraid of large dogs, but this fear gradually extinguished when his parents got him a puppy, which grew up to be a large dog. Later, when Kyle was riding his bike near the house his family used to live in, he saw a large dog running toward him. Kyle felt his old fear resurfacing, but the dog stopped and started wagging its tail. In this scenario, the momentary resurfacing of Kyle's old fear exemplifies

functionalism

founded by William James, is a school of psychology that focuses on behavior as well as the mind or consciousness.

systematic desensitization

is a behavioral fear-reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed.

counter-conditioning

is a fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities.

the correlational method

is best described as the method used by psychologists to investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another variable.

generalization

is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

personality psychologists

primarily identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior.