Psychology 100: Exam 2

Heritability estimates for the big five personality traits are around _____ percent. Multiple choice question. 5 20 50 80

50

Which of the following statements about phenotypic expression of genotypes is correct? Multiple choice question. - A range of phenotypes may be expressed, depending on environmental experiences. - Each genotype has one possible phenotype that may or may not be expressed, depending on environmental influences. - The phenotype that is expressed is genetically programmed and cannot be modified.

A range of phenotypes may be expressed, depending on environmental experiences.

Which of the following statements are true with respect to Piaget's theory of schemas? - A schema renders us unable to distinguish between our own perspective and someone else's perspective. - A schema organizes information. Schemas can be utilized only once someone develops wisdom. - A schema assists us in making sense of experience.

A schema organizes information. A schema assists us in making sense of experience.

___________ genetics is the study of the inherited underpinnings of our characteristics.

Behavioral

If the goal is to predict how an individual will behave in a specific situation, which model of personality would contend that we need to know the individual's thoughts, emotions, and beliefs, details of the situation, and how all of those factors are interrelated? Multiple choice question. CAPS theory trait theory psychodynamic theory

CAPS theory

_____ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes a sense of personal responsibility. Multiple choice question. Deindividuation Persuasion Obedience Conformity

Deindividuation

Which statements about development in adulthood are true? Multiple select question. - Development in adulthood may mean maintaining an openness to change and to being changed by experience. -Piaget's concept of accommodation can help us understand how people make sense of changes in their lives. - Development in adulthood is a much more passive process than in childhood. - People who face difficulties in life are inherently more mature than those who don't.

Development in adulthood may mean maintaining an openness to change and to being changed by experience. Piaget's concept of accommodation can help us understand how people make sense of changes in their lives.

What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis state? Multiple choice question. Frustration leads to aggression about 50 percent of the time. Aggression is always caused by frustration. Frustration always leads to aggression. Frustration is the first level of aggression.

Frustration always leads to aggression.

The social cognitive approach to personality has been criticized for which of the following? Multiple select question. Ignoring the role of biology in shaping personality Making overly specific predictions that are difficult to generalize Overestimating the role of the unconscious in shaping personality Underestimating the role of the environment in shaping personality Underestimating the role of enduring qualities in personality

Ignoring the role of biology in shaping personality Making overly specific predictions that are difficult to generalize Underestimating the role of enduring qualities in personality

What is true of Mischel's cognitive affective personality system (CAPS)? Multiple choice question. It reconceptualizes personality as a collection of traits. It reconceptualizes personality as an organization of cognitive and affective activities. It places more emphasis on static personality traits than on personality processes. There are six units of explanation for people's reactions.

It reconceptualizes personality as an organization of cognitive and affective activities.

Which theorist coined the term collective unconscious to refer to the transpersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past? Multiple choice question. Horney Adler Jung Freud

Jung

_____________ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way a person adapts to the

Personality

Unconditional positive regard is the term that _____ used for being valued, accepted, and treated positively regardless of one's behavior. Multiple choice question. Maslow Adler Rogers Freud

Rogers

Identify a projective test. Multiple choice question. Rorschach PTAT MMPI Stanford--Binet

Rorschach

_________ __________ is the area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information.

Social cognition

What is the purpose of defense mechanisms? Multiple choice question. To enable the superego to develop more effectively To prevent fixations in Freud's stages of development To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality To allow the superego to mediate between the id and ego

To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Which of the following are core principles of psychodynamic theories? Multiple select question. Personality and adjustment are not important topics of psychological inquiry The mind is fully conscious. We mentally transform our experiences, which allows them to shape our personalities. Personality is determined by current and early experiences.

We mentally transform our experiences, which allows them to shape our personalities. Personality is determined by current and early experiences.

Social cognitive theorists are most interested in which of the following? Multiple choice question. a person's ability to reason a person's capacity for personal growth a person's broad personality traits a person's genetic heritage

a person's ability to reason

An example of an empirically keyed test is Multiple choice question. a self-report measure that is given to individuals and has never been administered to groups of people known to differ in a specific way. a self-report measure that is given to individuals and has also been administered to groups of people who differ in a specific way. a narrative of an individual's life story. an assessment of an individual's spiritual well-being.

a self-report measure that is given to individuals and has also been administered to groups of people who differ in a specific way.

The humanistic perspective believes that people are Multiple choice question. unable to change because genes are destiny. able to change by modeling other people's behavior. able to achieve what they want through personal growth. unable to change because unconscious conflicts drive behavior and are difficult to resolve.

able to achieve what they want through personal growth.

Gray stated that there are two neurological systems responsible for personality, the behavioral ___________ system, and the behavioral _________ system.

activation, inhibition

A person's role in their own development is best characterized as genetic. idle. passive. active.

active

Self- _____________ , is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential.

actualization

Which of the following is a big entity that is the consequence of the interaction of multiple low-level factors? a teratogen a schema an emergent property an assimilation

an emergent property

Psychologists from the _____ perspective use brain imaging, genetic research, and twin studies to learn more about personality. Multiple choice question.

biological

Mischel conceptualized personality as a set of interconnected CAPS, or __________ affective processing systems.

cognitive

What was Jung's term for the transpersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past? Multiple choice question. superego collective unconscious ego collective archetype

collective unconscious

According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ deals with reality. Multiple choice question. superego id unconscious ego

ego

Social cognitive theory focuses on the interaction of individuals with their _____. Multiple choice question. personalities environments emotions families

environments

Intergroup contact is more effective at improving group relationships if the people involved in intergroup contact believe which of the following? Multiple select question. they will face a serious consequence if they don't participate friendship might emerge from the interaction an authority figure sanctions their positive relationships they are of equal status

friendship might emerge from the interaction an authority figure sanctions their positive relationships they are of equal status

One theory of aggression suggests that __________ (the reaction to the thwarting or blocking of goals) produces anger, leading to a readiness to display ___________

frustration, agression

Unlike other psychological perspectives, humanism focuses on Multiple choice question. growth and meaning. the brain as mind. unconscious processes. conscious processes.

growth and meaning.

What are an individual's unconscious drives and reservoir of sexual energy called? ego id psyche superego

id

In so-called cultures of honor, a man's reputation Multiple choice question. for being level-headed is crucial to his family's honor; and a man who is overly aggressive brings shame to his family. is not as critical as a woman's reputation. is an essential aspect of his (and his family's) economic survival. is tied to his altruistic behavior.

is an essential aspect of his (and his family's) economic survival.

The bystander effect makes it _________ (more/less) likely an individual will help someone in need when other people are around.

less

According to social exchange theory, the objective of relationships is to Multiple choice question. minimize costs and minimize benefits. minimize effort and maximize rewards. minimize costs and maximize benefits. maximize costs and minimize benefits.

minimize costs and maximize benefits.

Which approach to aggression emphasizes the environmental conditions that teach individuals to be aggressive? Multiple choice question. frustration-anger theory psychodynamic approach observational learning instinct approach

observational learning

Person _________ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.

perception

According to Jeffrey Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory, the behavioral activation system (BAS) Multiple select question. predisposes people to having positive feelings. underlies the trait of extraversion. predisposes people to learning connections between behaviors and rewards. underlies the trait of neuroticism.

predisposes people to having positive feelings. underlies the trait of extraversion. predisposes people to learning connections between behaviors and rewards.

The idea that personality is determined by current and early experiences, and the idea that we mentally transform our experiences, are core principles of __________ theories.

psychodynamic

_____ researchers prefer to use projective techniques and case studies. Multiple choice question. psychodynamic social cognitive life story trait perspective

psychodynamic

The _________ _________ perspectives on personality emphasize conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

social cognitive

The ____________ learning approach to aggression emphasizes that social and environmental conditions can teach individuals to be aggressive.

social or observational

The humanistic perspective Multiple choice question. Considers how people and nonhumans function biologically. Argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness. Focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world. Suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior. Suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study.

suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior.

According to Freud's personality structure, the _____ is the harsh internal judge of our behavior. Multiple choice question. consciousness superego ego id

superego

An important feature of intergroup contact is ________-________ cooperation—working together on a shared goal.

task oriented

Person perception is which of the following? Multiple choice question. the way in which individuals think in social situations the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others the study of human societies, organizations, and institutions the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others

The _____ perspective views personality as a collection of broad, enduring dispositions that lead to characteristic behaviors. Multiple choice question. trait humanistic psychoanalytic behaviorist

trait

What is Rogers's term for being valued and accepted regardless of one's behavior? Multiple choice question. humanism achievement of self-actualization condition of worth unconditional positive regard

unconditional positive regard

Attribution theory is the Multiple choice question. tendency for observers to overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations. view that an individual can have fast-acting, self-fulfilling fears of being judged on a negative stereotype. processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others. view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior in order to make sense of that behavior.

view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior in order to make sense of that behavior

Social cognition is the Multiple choice question. processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others. way in which individuals think about social situations and other people. study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people. study of human societies, organizations, and institutions.

way in which individuals think about social situations and other people.