Psychology 1000 Chapter 1
The American Psychological Association was formed in 1892 on the campus of _____ University.
Clark
What type of psychologist deals with workplace issues?
an industrial-organizational psychologist
The use of _____has made it possible for psychologists to watch what happens inside the brain when a person performs tasks.
brain scans
Ade thinks human behaviors can be explained on the basis of their adaptive value over time. He is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.
evolutionary
Garret thinks human behaviors can be explained on the basis of their adaptive value over time. Which term best describes his view?
evolutionary psychology
When a computer takes in information and stores it on a hard drive, it is like a human:
experiencing something and placing the experience in their memory.
The psychologist Kurt Lewin developed a(n) _____ theory view in which social behaviors were the product of both internal and external forces.
field
Most psychologists today work:
in clinical or health-related fields.
When a computer retrieves information that is already stored on a hard drive, it is like a human:
recalling their memories.
"Personality disorders are expressed differently across cultures; this is an important factor to consider during diagnosis and treatment." Which school of thought would most likely agree with this statement?
relativism
The subdiscipline of _____ psychology studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior.
social
About what percentage of doctoral degrees in psychology were awarded to women in 1950?
15 percent
The American Psychological Association was founded in _____ on the campus of Clark University.
1892
Of American psychologists who are member of the APA, about _____ percent worked in academia in 2010.
20
From 1985 to 2010, the number of PhDs earned by "racial minorities" in psychology:
24
In 1954 the American psychologist _____ suggested that prejudice was the result of a perceptual error.
Allport
The _____was formed in 1988 because the membership of the American Psychological Association was made up predominantly of clinical and health-related psychologists.
American Psychological Society
The murder of 6 million European Jews by the Germans in World War II was a historical event that brought to light the harmful effects of conformity and obedience. This event influenced the social psychologist _____ to study conditions that can persuade humans to think and act irrationally.
Asch
_____ psychology refers to the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.
Cognitive
The first African American to receive a doctorate in psychology (1920) was _____.
Francis Cecil Sumner
Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology?
Francis Cecil Sumner
The _____ psychological perspective would agree with the statement, "The whole is more than the sum of its parts."
Gestalt
In 1954, the American psychologist _____ suggested that prejudice was the result of a perceptual error.
Gordon Allport
Although cognitive processes depend on the brain, humans (and their behaviors) are also a product of their environment. How does cultural psychology deal with this viewpoint?
It examines how behavior is influenced by the cultural values, traditions, and beliefs shared by a group.
The psychologist _____ argued that segregation creates great psychological harm and influenced public policy in outlawing segregation in public schools.
Kenneth Clark
The psychologist _____ developed a "field theory" in which social behaviors were attributed to both internal and external forces.
Kurt Lewin
The psychologist _____ developed a "field theory" in which social behaviors were the product of both internal and external forces.
Lewin
The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was _____.
Mary Calkins
To be a counseling psychologist, one needs a:
Master's Degree in Social Work (MSW). Doctorate in Counseling Psychology (PhD). Master's Degree (MA) in Counseling Psychology. any of these degrees.
A psychologist develops a new treatment for depression in the United States that involves teaching people techniques to increase their self-esteem. Assuming that the treatment is successful in the United States, should the same treatment be used to treat depression in Japan?
No, because depressed people in Asian cultures do not devalue themselves as do depressed people in the United States.
A city planner is finalizing plans for a new park in Chicago. A friend of hers is developing plans for a city park in Osaka, Japan. Should the same plan be used in both cities without further research?
No, because the plan was based on a park in the United States; there are cultural differences that should be accounted for when considering the usefulness and design elements for each park.
Monica has worked with inner-city youth in Los Angeles, California for 13 years. After budget cuts, she lost her job and plans to move back in with her parents who live in Georgia, where she will be working at a school in Savannah. Should she assume that the youths she will work with in Savannah will be the same as those she worked with in Los Angeles?
No, because there are differences in the ways of living between these two places; young people in each city deal with different problems.
Jasmine has been studying how stereotype threat affects minority children's learning in school in the United States. She would like to do some research in South Africa. Should she plan on doing the same type of research she did in the United States in South Africa?
No, because there are different types of minorities that have been affected by different events in the United States and South Africa; there are cultural differences that should be accounted for when considering the research she will perform while in South Africa.
The origins of social psychology can be traced to _____, who showed that the mere presence of other people can influence performance.
Norman Triplett
Which is FALSE regarding the proportion of doctorates in psychology earned by women?
The percentage declined between 2000 and 2013.
The origins of social psychology can be traced back to _____, who showed that the mere presence of other people can influence performance.
Triplett
Which psychologist believed that a complete discipline of psychology would have a laboratory component supplemented by a cultural perspective?
Wilhelm Wundt
The early psychologist _____ believed that a complete discipline of psychology would have a laboratory component supplemented by a cultural perspective.
Wundt
Wilhelm Wundt believed that a complete discipline of psychology would have a laboratory component supplemented with:
a cultural perspective
When a psychologist goes for more specialized training after receiving a PhD, he or she is pursuing:
a postdoctoral fellowship
This type of psychologist offers guidance to students, parents, and teachers.
a school psychologist
Judgments of facial attractiveness seem to be similar across many cultures, whereas the age at which a person can recall his or her earliest memories vary widely from culture to culture. Judgments of attractiveness could be labeled as _____, while earliest memories are _____.
absolute; relativistic
"Anxiety is expressed the exact same way across cultures; therefore diagnosis and treatment can be studied anywhere." Which school of thought would most likely agree with this statement?
absolutism
"Attention deficit disorder is expressed the exact same way across cultures; therefore diagnosis and treatment can be studied anywhere." The school of thought called _____ would most likely agree with this statement.
absolutism
"Seasonal affective disorder is expressed the exact same across cultures; therefore diagnosis and treatment can be studied anywhere." The school of thought called _____ would most likely agree with this statement.
absolutism
Ludwika began her research by examining the care of older people within the United States, thinking it was universal. When she traveled to Asia, she noticed that the care of elders was different than what she observed in the United States. She then shifted her research to examine differences in the care of the elderly across the world. Ludwika's view about the care of elders changed from _____ to _____.
absolutism; relativism
A psychologist develops a new treatment for anxiety in the United States that involves teaching people techniques to decrease their stress levels. Assuming that the treatment is successful in the United States, someone with a(n) _____ point of view would believe that the same treatment can be used to treat anxiety in Japan.
absolutist
A psychologist develops a new treatment for depression in the United States that involves teaching people techniques to increase their self-esteem. Assuming that the treatment is successful in the United States, someone with a(n) _____ point of view would believe that the same treatment can be used to treat depression in Japan.
absolutist
According to Kurt Lewin, a person's _____ of a situation will influence their subsequent behavior.
analysis
The _____ style of processing information involves paying more attention to the object or person rather than the surrounding context.
analytic (or analytical)
Cultural psychologists have found that, in general, people from European cultures have a _____ style of processing information while people from Asian cultures have a _____ style of processing information.
analytic; holistic
Psychologists and _____ often exchange ideas to further the field of cultural psychology.
anthropologists
Psychologists and those that work in the field of _____ often exchange ideas to further the field of cultural psychology.
anthropology
Someone who takes an absolutist stance on the issue of arranged marriages and marital satisfaction might state that:
arranged marriages usually lead to marital dissatisfaction in all cultures.
A psychiatrist:
assists or treats people with psychological problems and is able to prescribe medication.
A clinical psychologist:
assists or treats people with psychological problems.
A counseling psychologist:
assists people in career issues, changes, or common crises.
Lisa is an evolutionary psychologist. She would say that the reason humans have developed the ability to walk is:
because it once served as an adaptive function and was preserved through natural selection.
Evolutionary psychologists believe that emotions such as jealousy emerged from early human ancestors; the ones who experienced jealousy might have been more likely to guard their mates, kill their rivals, and thus been more likely to reproduce their "jealous genes". According to evolutionary psychologists, jealousy developed:
because it once served as an adaptive function that was preserved through natural selection.
Cameron scans people who have had brain damage and then has these patients perform behavioral tasks. His approach to studying the brain would be considered a _____ approach.
behavioral neuroscience
Michael uses animals to model what would happen behaviorally in the human brain if a part of the brain was damaged. His approach to studying the brain would be considered a _____ approach.
behavioral neuroscience
Psychological states and experiences that occur most commonly across the world are usually _____ based, whereas those that are the least universal are rooted in _____.
biologically; culture
Psychological states and experiences that occur most commonly across the world are usually based on _____.
biology
Brain scans have made it possible for psychologists to observe what happens inside the _____ when a person performs a task.
brain
Most people who call themselves psychologists are in the subfield of _____ psychology.
clinical
When Michelle tells people she wants to be a psychology major, they probably imagine that she wants to be a(n) _____ psychologist. Based on the distribution within the field, they are probably right.
clinical
Dylan works with people who have psychological illnesses. Dylan is not allowed to prescribe medications to patients. Dylan is probably a:
clinical psychologist
Mason is a psychologist interested in determining what areas of the brain are involved in attention. He would probably describe himself as a(n) _____ neuroscientist.
cognitive
Reiko uses animals to model the behavioral defects that occur when certain parts of the brain are removed. Matthew scans humans as they perform an attentional task to see what areas of the brain they are using. Reiko would be considered a behavioral neuroscientist, while Matthew would be considered a(n) _____ neuroscientist.
cognitive
Scientists such as Hermann Ebbinghaus, Jean Piaget, and Kurt Lewin paved the way for _____ by renewing interest in mental events such as perception, memory, and subjective experiences.
cognitive psychology
To better understand Nazi atrocities in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, social psychologists began to study:
conformity and obedience.
Angie just lost her job and is having a hard time dealing with her loss of income. Angie needs a(n) _____ psychologist.
counseling
People in the field of _____ psychology assist people in dealing with work or career issues or common crises.
counseling
This type of psychologist assists people in dealing with work or career issues or common crises.
counseling psychologist
While some psychologists engage in research, many psychologists, such as _____, are involved in clinical and other work focused on helping people dealing with family or career issues.
counseling psychologists
The subdiscipline of _____ psychology studies how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members.
cultural
The subdiscipline of _____ psychology studies how societies reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members.
cultural
The age at which people begin to have romantic relationships varies across cultures, but the number of items people can hold in their short-term memory is relatively similar across cultures. The course of romantic relationships is _____ based, while memory span is _____ based.
culturally; biologically
Psychological states and experiences that are the least universal are usually rooted in _____.
culture
Studies by anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson revealed that practices or rituals serve as important functions in a(n) _____.
culture
Studies by anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson revealed that practices or rituals serve as important functions in a:
culture
The values, traditions, and beliefs that are shared by a particular group of people is known as a group's _____.
culture
The values, traditions, and beliefs that are shared by a particular group of people refer to:
culture.
Cultural psychologists try to:
determine whether a phenomenon is variable or consistent across groups of people.
In studies on the style of processing information with Americans who live in Japan, and Japanese who live in the United States, it was found that Americans who live in Japan:
developed a holistic style of information processing, while the Japanese who live in the United States developed an analytic style of information processing.
Ginger believes that the mind is a collection of specialized modules that developed to do a few things very well. Ginger would most likely consider herself a(n) _____ psychologist.
evolutionary
The field of _____ psychology explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection.
evolutionary
The _____ style of processing information involves attending to the relationship between the object and person and the surrounding context.
holistic
The subdiscipline of cultural psychology studies:
how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members.
Kevin Boyack used data from more than 1 million articles, with more than 23 million references, published in more than 7,000 journals, to create a map showing the similarities and interconnectedness of different areas of science based on how frequently journal articles from different disciplines cite each other. The results of this research demonstrated that psychological science is a _____ science.
hub
Sarah, an evolutionary psychologist, believes that the fear of clowns can be traced to a distant fear of certain types of primates. One of the biggest problems she runs into with her research is testing her _____.
hypothesis
People in the field of _____ psychology deal with workplace issues.
industrial-organizational
Sandy wants to improve the training she gives to her employees to increase their job satisfaction. Sandy needs to hire a(n) _____ psychologist.
industrial-organizational
Wendy works for a business and her job is to assess productivity and find ways to improve it. What kind of psychologist is Wendy?
industrial-organizational psychologist
Clayton is studying self-esteem using a field theory point of view. This means that he should take into account:
internal and external forces.
The psychologist Kurt Lewin developed a "field theory" view in which social behaviors were the product of both _____ and _____ forces.
internal; external
Cognitive psychology tried to understand the _____, an area that behaviorists ignored.
mind
The field of evolutionary psychology attempts to explain:
mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection.
The invention of computers made psychologists wonder if they could:
model mental processes scientifically.
Danielle is having spells during which she begins to breathe heavily and suffers extreme agitation. She goes to see a therapist about her problems and that person prescribes her medication. What type of health professional did Danielle see?
psychiatrist
"Post traumatic stress disorder is expressed differently across cultures; this is an important factor to consider during diagnosis and treatment." The school of thought called _____ would most likely agree with this statement.
relativism
Jamal is a psychoanalyst who is interested in depression. He believes that depression is expressed differently depending on a person's culture. This represents the philosophical position of:
relativism
Ekundayo began her research by examining the care of older people within the United States. When she traveled to Asia, she noticed that the care of elders was different than what she observed in the United States. She then shifted her research to examine differences in the care of the elderly across the world. Ekundayo's research now takes on a(n) _____ point of view.
relativist
A psychologist develops a successful new treatment for anxiety in the United States that involves teaching people techniques to decrease their stress levels. Someone with a(n) _____ point of view would be skeptical that the same treatment would be useful to treat anxiety in Japan.
relativist (or relative)
The age at which people begin to have romantic relationships varies across cultures, but the number of items people can hold in their short-term memory is relatively similar across cultures. The course of romantic relationships could be labeled as _____, while memory span could be labeled as _____.
relativistic; absolute
Angel helps students choose the correct classes to prepare for college. She also talks to parents about their children and helps teachers prepare classes that will advance student learning. Tricia is a(n) _____ psychologist.
school
Juan wants to go to college but he is not sure what classes he should take. Juan needs to visit a(n) _____ psychologist.
school
People in the field of _____ psychology offer guidance to students, parents and teachers.
school
Which of the following is something that Mary Whiton Calkins did NOT accomplish?
set up one of the most distinguished laboratories in the United States
Historical events such as the rise of Nazism in Germany in the 1930s, the Holocaust in the 1940s, and the U.S. Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s helped to shape the subdiscipline of _____ psychology.
social
Janelle is a psychologist interested in studying how people solve problems in groups. She is a(n) _____ psychologist.
social
Marcie is a psychologist interested in studying how people solve problems in groups. She would be considered a(n) _____ psychologist.
social
Historical events such as the rise of Nazism in Germany in the 1930s, the Holocaust in the 1940s, and the U.S. Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s helped to shape which subdiscipline of psychology?
social psychology
Which subdiscipline of psychology studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior?
social psychology
Helena began her research by examining the care of older people within the United States. When she traveled to Asia, she noticed that the care of elders was different than what she observed in the United States. Helena then shifted her research to examine differences in the care of the elderly across the world. Helena's research began as _____ research and then became _____ research.
social; cultural
Academic careers in psychology usually involve a combination of:
teaching and completing research.
The subdiscipline of social psychology studies:
the causes and consequences of interpersonal behaviors.
According to Kurt Lewin, a person's subsequent behavior is dependent upon:
their analysis of the situation.
It is important to study the events that change how people interact socially because:
these changes can affect people's social networks and their mental schemas for who should be included in their social groups.
It is important to study how culture influences how people interact socially because:
these cultural influences affect people's social networks and their mental schemas for who should be included in their social groups.
Culture refers to the:
values, traditions, and beliefs that are shared by a particular group of people.
The American Psychological Society was formed in 1988 by people who believed that the membership of the American Psychological Association:
was made up predominantly of clinical and health-related psychologists.