Psychology 2 test also on march 10th :[

EEG

A way to image the brain measures electrical activity pros - determining timing, amount of energy cons - locating source of activity

Solve problems make inferences and guide judgment

Concepts and categories help us do what?

certain stimuli are easier to associate than others because of cognition's influence on conditioning.

Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate that:

conditioned stimulus

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ comes after an unconditioned stimulus.

heuristics

Fast & efficient strategy Facilitates decision making, but solution isn't guaranteed

Psychological influences Biological influences Social-cultural influences

What all leads to learning and what are they?

experiences as memories Generalizations as prototypes Factual info. that is codified in terms of rules

What are 3 ways we store knowledge?

top down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

basal ganglia

intentional movement addictive behavior and habits

hemispheres and the left brain controls left side of body and right does its side.

right and left sides of brains and what they control?

Expectation/ CS (bell or tone) -> expectation of food -> salivation, tail wagging, looking for food, and begging,

what are the elements of classical conditioning?

2 hemispheres 4 lobes

what are the levels of the cortex to be understood?

pressure warmth cold and pain

what are touches 4 specialties?

corpus callosum

what connects the left and right hemisphere?

a conditioned response

what does a CS lead to?

language processing

what info is stored in left side of the brain?

picture processing

what info is stored in the right side of the brain?

- Distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli (knowing the difference between similar stimuli)

what is Discrimination

- CR observed with stimulus similar to CS - the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

what is Generalization

- Feelings of stimulus transfer to what its paired with - Advertisements

what is Transfer of affect

- CS-US pairings presented together

what is acquisition?

The neural stimulus (now the conditioned stimulus, CS) elicits salivation (now the conditioned response, CR)

what is after conditioning?

Theoretical propositions - Deals with reflexes = things we have little control over - Unconditioned reflexes = inborn same for all members of species - conditioned reflexes = acquired through experience

what is classical conditioning?

Tone (NS) and the food (US) are paired resulting in salivation.

what is during conditioning?

- Elimination of learned response when only CS presented

what is extinction

displayed later when incentive to display it (RATS IN A MAZE)

what is latent learning?

Learn without direct experience - modeling/imitation

what is observational learning?

- Learned behavior recovers from extinction after rest period

what is spontaneous recovery?

Responses that lead to a desirable effect are repeated

what is the law of effect, part a.?

responses that produce a undesirable response are not repeated

what is the law of effect, part b.?

Natural response (same as NS)

what is the period of time between the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response?

young orphan is presented with white rat rabbit monkey etc. leading to no gear with any stimuli but presented with US (loud noises) 7 pairings and is now afraid or all white things

what is watsons little albert?

Collecting saliva from dogs

what was Pavlovs Classical conditioning?

red

what waves are a long distance

green

what waves are a medium distance

blue

what waves are a short distance

attention, biases, context, and expectations

what we perceive often depends on

contralateral

control movements on opposite side of body

Cell body

coordinates and keeps the cell alive

Hemineglect

damage to right parietal cortex. ask to draw clock and they will forget to draw left side.

sensation

detection of physical energy that is encoded as neural signals

place theory

different pitches trigger different sections of cochlea's basilar membrane Evidence for high pitch sounds

amygdala

emotional process

myelin sheath

fatty material /more quickly then gaps

medulla

heart rate and respiration

detection

Awareness of the presence of a sensory stimulus -absolute threshold

SOMATOSENSORY

-Represents skin areas -separates motor cortex and parietal lobe -contralateral

MOTOR CORTEX

-coordinates movement of muscle groups -separates the frontal lobe and somatosensory cortex -contralateral

temporal lobe

-hearing and language

spinal cord

-response to pain -muscle movement -ambulation -not all behaviors go through brain 1st -reflexes rapidly generates muscle movements (touching a hot stove)

frontal lobe

-sets humans apart -movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, judgment, imaging, etc. -MOTOR CORTEX - coordinates movement of muscle groups -contralateral

parietal lobe

-touch -SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX - Represents skin areas -contralateral

occipital lobe

-visual information

case studies

A century ago, scientists used _______ to help them determine that the right side of the body was connected to the left side of the brain, and vice versa; that damage to the back of the brain resulted in vision damage; and that damage to the left-front part of the brain produced difficulties with speech.

availability heuristic

A few days before flying to San Francisco, Raul watched a documentary about the 1906 earthquake that devastated the city. Even though the chance of getting caught in an earthquake while in San Francisco was relatively minor, Raul decided to cancel his trip. This best illustrates the _____.

concept

A mental collection of related objects and/or events is known as a(n):

amygdala

A person who has difficulty controlling his aggressive responses following a head injury MOST likely suffered damage to the:

simplicity

A photo using a normal background with only one subject, keeping the photo common like.

heuristic

A problem-solving strategy that is usually fast but also is error-prone is known as a(n) _____.

electromagnetic spectrum

A range of energy of various wavelengths

fMRI

A researcher who is interested in measuring both the structure and function of the brain would use which of the following techniques?

Operant conditioning

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

fMRI

A way to image the brain "Gold standard" (for now) Detects oxygenated hemoglobin Good for source location Bad for timing (but better than PET)

PET

A way to image the brain Inject small amount of radioactive matter Areas working require blood flow and more radioactivity Bad for timing Can localize activity

MRI

A way to image the brain Magnetic pulse delivered to brain Help with locating damage, see structure Can't tell function of brain (still images)

CT Scans

A way to image the brain X-ray photographs Shows brain density White = dense Grey = cortex Dark = less dense (lesions ventricles)

Mark is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for disrupting class.

According to B. F. Skinner, which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the BEST method for reducing an undesirable behavior? -Mary is picked up and cuddled whenever she has a temper tantrum. -Mark is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for disrupting class. -Shana and Mia have to stay after school because they talk too much during class. -Because of his unruly behavior, Ron is told that he will not be eligible to get gold stars or stickers for his homework.

The violent behavior is performed by the hero or another attractive, high-status individual.

According to Bandura's theory of observational learning, which of the following characteristics make portrayals of violence on television more likely to be imitated?

gate control

According to Melzack and Wall's _____ theory, the spinal cord contains a neurological mechanism that either blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.

a venturesome personality

According to Sternberg, creativity is characterized by expertise, imagination, intrinsic motivation, and _____ in a creative environment.

trichromatic

According to the Young-Helmholtz _____ theory, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each type is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue.

glucose

Active neurons require _____ the way a car requires fuel.

the right temporal lobe

After she suffered a stroke, Margaret lost the ability to recognize faces, among other things. In fact, she is often unable to recognize her own children and grandchildren. Margaret's stroke MOST likely affected which part of her brain?

the availability heuristic.

After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, many Americans believed that flying was more dangerous than driving. This led to a major increase in traffic fatalities. This flaw in reasoning is known as:

difference

Ahmad asked Reza to turn up the radio, so Reza increased the volume from level 5 to level 7. Reza could hear the difference but Ahmad couldn't. They differed in their _____ threshold.

lightness

Although black paper reflects a tremendous amount of light outdoors, it still appears black. This is an example of _____ constancy.

concepts (anger)

An idea that represents a category of objects or events

Hearing

An invisible sense Impact of hearing loss

confirmation bias

An obstacle to problem solving is the tendency to accept only information that supports existing beliefs, which is called:

operant

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning.

positive

Anne has been working nights and weekends to complete a project at work. She is successful and is awarded a bonus check. This best illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

Reinforcement

Any event that STRENGTHENS or increases the frequency of a preceding response

good at estimating frequencies defining categories similarity judgments we're bad at probability judgments and predicting the future

As humans what are we good and bad at?

MRI

As the result of a car accident, Alexandra suffered a large open wound to her head. The emergency room physician immediately ordered a(n) _____ to rule out any soft tissue damage to the brain.

visual cliff

At Cornell University, Gibson and Walk placed infants on the edge of a glass-covered drop-off to determine whether crawling infants could perceive depth. Their lab device is known as the:

color-deficient vision

At the optometrist's office, Andre failed to distinguish numbers on the color designs shown to him. Andre most likely has _____.

external

B. F. Skinner believed that _____ influences, not thoughts and feelings, shape animal and human behavior.

respondent

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus is called _____behavior.

-Gentic predispositions -unconditioned responses -adaptive responses -neural mirroring

Biological influences are what?

sensorineural hearing loss.

Bob is part of the airport ground crew. He typically takes off his noise-canceling headphones as he finds them cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in:

venturesome

Bonnie moved from her home state so that she could attend graduate school in her desired field of study. She did not know anyone in her new city and quickly spent all the money she had saved. Things cost much more than she had expected. She received little support from her family, but she got a part-time job and continued her studies until she earned her degree. Bonnie has a(n) _____ personality.

objective; observable

Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and _____ psychological phenomena.

EEG

Brain activity produces telltale electrical signals that can be detected by a(n) _____.

lesions

By _______ clusters of brain cells, scientists have discovered that damage to part of the occipital lobe results in a loss of vision.

audition

Camilla has been told her cochlea's hair cell receptors are damaged. This is MOST likely to affect her:

Smell

Chemical sense 20 million receptor cell at top of each nasal cavity No specific receptors for individual odors its a combination and lock/key system 1 trillion smells we can distinguish and recognize

cognitive processes

Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _____ in operant behavior.

mirror neurons

Children with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty learning from observing others, a deficit that is believed to be due to impaired:

prototype

Chris is quicker to agree that apples are a fruit than that tomatoes are a fruit. This is because apples more closely resemble his _____ of fruit.

endorphins

Collin often experiences a "runner's high" during his daily three-mile run. This is most likely produced by _____.

exemplar theory

Compare new items with stored memories of other members of category A theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category

Punishment

Consequence that WEAKENS a RESPONSE Typically involves presentation of an aversive stimulus... (Positive punishment add a spanking) Or removal of a rewarding stimulus (negative punishment take tv away)

taste aversion.

Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is BEST explained by:

mental set

David tends to study the same way for every course, no matter the subject. So far, he has been successful. This is an example of a(n) _____.

impact of framing on decisions

Decision making influences are?

receptor cells

Detect particular kinds of energy energy converted to an electrochemical form and sent to the brain -transduction

Trichromatic theory

Diffrent cones for each primary color -red, green, and blue

Figure ground

Distinguish central image as distinct from surroundings

PET

Dr. Fiero is using neuroimaging technology to determine which part of the brain is active when prejudiced people view photographs of White and Black people. The _______ would be the best neuroimaging technique for Dr. Fiero to use.

MRI

Dr. Penn is a neurologist studying the effects of multiple concussions on the brain. Dr. Penn is MOST likely to use which of the following to get a glimpse of his clients' brains?

Stool

Dr. Render works with split-brain patients. When she presents the word "TOADSTOOL" to one patient, "TOAD" transmits to his left visual field and "STOOL" to his right visual field. She then asks him to tell her what he sees. The patient will say _____.

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Dr. Snell wants to use neuroimaging to detect which part of the brain is active when a person is lying. She asks half her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhood and half to tell a lie about such an event. Which brain imaging technique should she use?

concept

Dr. Williams is designing a new intelligence test. One of the questions asks test-takers to think of all the items that belong to the mental grouping, or _____, for table—for example, surgical table, dining table, and work table.

MRI

Dr. Yen is neurologist studying the effects of multiple concussions on the brain. Dr. Penn is MOST likely to use a(n) _______ to get a glimpse of his clients' brains.

Continuous reinforcement

EVERY instance of a designated response is REWARDED.

the body's right side is connected to the brain's left side, and vice versa.

Early case studies of the brain found that damage to one side of the brain caused numbness or paralysis on the opposite side of the body. This suggested that:

increase the level of ACh

Ed has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He is taking an experimental medication, which is designed to:

pitch

Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much shorter, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the _____ of these sounds.

observational learning.

Five-year-old Debbie watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Debbie's mother saw Debbie singing while brushing their dog. Debbie was modeling a behavior that she acquired through:

variable-ratio

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____ schedule.

Gestalt

Form or whole Perceived whole differs from sum of its parts

theory of mind

Four-year-old Katie observed Charlotte, two years younger, begin to cry when she fell down. Katie immediately ran over to Charlotte and patted her on the back and told her everything would be alright. She even began to cry herself. Katie's ability to infer Charlotte's mental and emotional state is an example of:

generalization

Four-year-old Tommy developed a fear of stairs after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandmother's house he was fearful of climbing the stairs. Much like Little Albert's fear of white rats and other white items, Tommy was demonstrating:

Her vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation.

Fran's 8-year-old cat Minnie was stuck in a neighbor's cellar for two months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When her neighbor returned from her two-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to Fran. How will this sensory deprivation affect Minnie's vision?

mental set

Giles tends to study the same way for every course. So far, he has been successful. This is an example of:

prototype theory Family resemblance theory exemplar theory

How do we acquire concepts?

perceptual constancy.

Humans recognize an object as having a consistent form regardless of how the viewing angle changes. This is the top-down process called:

biological

If Gloria gets violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, she will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where she ate or to the sound of the music she heard there. This illustrates that associative learning is constrained by _____ predispositions.

concept

If Lavender goes to a new restaurant, she will probably recognize the furniture around the tables as chairs even though she may have never seen that particular style of chair before. This is because she has an existing _____ of chairs.

representativeness

If seems to represent a category, ignore probability and place in category. Used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty.

retinal disparity

If you look at a faraway street sign with first your left eye and then your right eye, the images look virtually identical. But if you look at your finger held just in front of your nose one eye at a time, the two images look very different. This phenomenon is an example of which distance cue?

generalization

In Laurie's psychology lab, she and her partner conditioned a rat to press a lever for food when a red light was on. They soon discovered that the rat would also press the lever when a white light was on. Laurie and her partner reported that the rat had exhibited:

that the tone was a signal that reliably predicted that food would follow.

In Pavlov's original experiments, dogs were classically conditioned to salivate to the sound of a tone when it preceded the presentation of food. According to Robert Rescorla, the dogs had learned:

classical conditioning

In _____, an organism develops an expectation that the conditioned stimulus signals the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus.

associating events

In classical conditioning, acquisition of a new behavior involves _____.

conditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, which after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response, is called a(n) _____.

neutral stimulus

In classical conditioning, the _____ elicits no response before conditioning.

involuntary

In classical conditioning, the response should be:

reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur.

In experiments with rats in which rewards were not given to the rats for exploring a maze, experimenters later included rewards after several trials. When rewards were given upon reaching the end of the maze, the time needed to complete the maze decreased immediately. This caused researchers to conclude that:

Liberal response criterion

In signal detection theory who is more likely to have more false alarms?

conservative criterion

In signal detection theory who is more likely to have more misses?

pons

In studies with felines, scientists have discovered that damage to the _____ results in sleep difficulties.

wavelength

In terms of the sensory experience of light, _____ is to hue as wave intensity is to brightness.

cognitive

In their dismissal of mentalistic concepts such as consciousness, Pavlov and Watson underestimated the importance of _____ processes and biological constraints on an organism's learning capacity.

an animal's inborn behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors.

In using operant conditioning principles to train animals to perform tricks, Keller and Marian Breland found that:

intuition

Instead of taking the time to rationally think about every situation we face on a daily basis, we often resort to:

Family resemblance theory

Items in same category share certain features Not every member has exact same features -birds fly but ostrich still a bird

variable-ratio

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will win the next hand, which will enable him to break even. Jack is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

synesthesia

Jackson described his experience of _____, a condition in which the senses become joined. He explained that, when certain types of music are played, he often sees patterns of colors.

dopamine

Jakub has Parkinson's disease. He takes medication that increases the level of_____.

She might have trouble recognizing familiar faces.

Jasmine was in a serious car accident. She suffered damage to her temporal lobe, just behind her right ear. What kind of problems might this cause for her?

habitual behavior.

John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf on Monday morning. That morning he started driving to work instead of the golf course. This is an example of:

the difference threshold.

Just noticeable difference is also known as:

1. Positive Reinforcement PRESENTATION of an desired stimulus STRENGTHENS a response 2. Negative Reinforcement REMOVAL of an aversive stimulus STRENGTHENS a response 3. Positive Punishment PRESENTATION of an aversive stimulus WEAKENS a response 4. Negative Punishment REMOVAL of an desired stimulus WEAKENS a response

Know the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment (On test)

latent learning

Learning that becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it.

subliminal stimuli

Less than the absolute threshold

protoype

Lex has a harder time remembering that tomatoes are a fruit than he does apples. This is because apples more closely resemble his _____ of fruit.

observational learning

Liberty tends to imitate her older brother's behavior. This is an example of:

sunk-cost fallacy

Makeing a decision based on previous investment. If invested feel we should continue

The neurons involved in complex ballet moves will connect with each other to form networks.

Many young children take ballet lessons several times a week. What is likely to happen in the brain as a result of these lessons?

prototype

Matching new items to a(n) _____ provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into existing mental categories

negative

Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This BEST illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement.

prototypes

Mental representation of "best example"

cognition

Mentally processing information

classical conditioning.

Michael noticed that all the fish in his aquarium direct their mouths toward the top of the tank when he walks by. This is most likely an example of:

Taste

More than just pleasure Chemical sense -200+ taste buds in each bump *Each with 50-100 receptor cells -Not regions of the tongue -Reproduce often (burn tongue) -Taste sensitivity decrease with age -Role of expectations (taste test)

rods

Multiple _____ send combined messages to a bipolar cell, whereas a single cone may link directly to a single bipolar cell.

negative punishment

Nanette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room as a protest. Nanette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of a:

feature detection

Nerve cells that respond to particular properties of a stimulus i.e. shape, movement, angle Face recognition area (fusiform gyrus) -damage leads to face blindness

Stimulate

Neuroscientists can _______ various parts of the brain and then see the effect.

She will act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite.

Nicole's parents often say one thing, and do another. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but they are not very polite themselves. How would you expect this contradiction to impact Nicole's behavior?

observation and imitation.

Observational learning involves learning through:

increase; decrease

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, whereas the goal of punishment is to _____ a behavior.

organisms associate their own actions with consequences.

Operant Conditioning is a type of learning in which:

confirmation bias

People tend to search for information that supports what they already believe. This is known as _____.

antagonist

People who suffer from schizophrenia have, among other things, an excess of dopamine. Therefore, medications used to treat this disorder are dopamine:

Frequency theory

Pitch determined by frequency of neural impulses (same rate as sound wave) Evidence for lower pitches -Neurons can't fire more than 1000x per second, upper 1/3 of a piano keyboard

framing

Presenting an issue in a specific way affects judgment and decision making. How the issue is presented is known as:

overconfidence

Prompt and clear feedback regarding a student's performance on a psychology practice test is MOST likely to inhibit:

-Previous experiences -predictability of associations -generalization -discrimination -expectations

Psychological influences are what?

retinal processing, feature detection, parallel processing, recognition

Put the following events in the order in which they occur. feature detection, retinal detection, parallel processing, recognition

Insight

Quick revelations seems to be from out of the blue -Myth : is a sudden flash of inspiration/understanding -Reality : Unconscious incremental process

top down

Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias perceptions of others' behaviors. This best illustrates the impact of _____ processing.

Occipital lobe

Ralph was involved in a bar fight and sustained a blow to the back of the head. He was dazed and could not see for about two minutes. Which lobes were affected?

vestibular

Receptor cells for the _____ sense send messages to the cerebellum.

Fixed-ratio

Reinforcer given after a FIXED # of NONREINFORCED responses (every 2 min.)

Variable-ratio

Reinforcer given after a variable NUMBER of non reinforced RESPONSES (radio giveaways)

Fixed-interval

Reinforcer given for the FIRST response after a fixed TIME interval has ELAPSED

Variable-interval

Reinforcer given for the FIRST response after a variable TIME interval has elapsed

monocular

Relative size, interposition, linear perspective, relative motion, and relative height are examples of _____ cues.

left

Research with split-brain patients led Michael Gazzaniga to conclude that the _____ cerebral hemisphere typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors.

left

Research with split-brain patients suggests that the _____ cerebral hemisphere typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors.

culture

Researchers have found at least 39 local customs related to chimpanzee tool use, grooming, and courtship, which are transmitted to peers and offspring. Because these activities are learned rather than genetic, they illustrate that animals possess _____.

hypothalamus

Reward centers have been discovered in specific regions of the _____, which is located in the limbic system.

cone

Rods share bipolar cells, which send combined messages, whereas a single _____ may link directly to a single bipolar cell.

EEG

Ronald wakes up feeling tired and with a headache. His physician suspects he may have sleep apnea, a sleep disorder. To make a proper diagnosis, the doctor uses a(n) _______ to view Ronald's brain while he is sleeping.

85

Rosette is worried because she knows that her work environment is very loud and that prolonged exposure to sounds above _____ decibels can produce hearing loss.

cognition

Rumi is about to graduate with a B.A. in psychology and is planning to attend graduate school. Her primary interests are in memory storage, problem solving, and communication. She is MOST interested in _____.

Negative reinforcement

STRENGTHENS a response by REMOVING an unpleasant stimulus (i.e. Advil removing a headache, annoying car beeping because no seatbelt)

Positive reinforcement

STRENGTHENS a response by presenting a pleasant stimulus (i.e. good grades, pay checks, compliments)

insight

Scott is a young engineer who just started work at a company that has several seasoned engineers on staff. During a regular meeting, several of these engineers are discussing how to solve a problem. After about 15 minutes of listening to them, Scott jumps up and yells "Eureka, I've got it!" This is an example of:

fixed ratio

Scott received a money-saving credit card offer in the mail complete with a frequent-flyer rewards program. With this program, he will get a $500 airline ticket after he acquires 25,000 miles or spends $25,000. This is a _____ schedule.

perception

Select organize and interpret sensory information Create meaning Experience and expectations influence what we see

concentrate on more important things.

Sensory adaptation helps people:

Sensory adaptation

Sensory sensitivity declines to prolonged stimulus as organism adapts to current conditions -Think: fire alarm, hearing neighbors loud music, smell of garbage, getting used to it. Reactivate at change in prolonged stimulus

signal detection theory

Sensory systems aren't perfect - when signals are weak they may have error Theory suggest a persons response based on both his/her sensitivity to a stimulus as well as personal response criterion -Liberal response criterion = more false alarms -conservative criterion = more misses occur

intrinsic motivation

Shadrah is the editor-in-chief at a local publishing house and is trying to foster innovation and creativity in the workplace. Among other things, she should try to increase the _____ of her employees.

size and shape constancy

Size-An actual size remains the same, even though the size of the image it casts on each retina changes (Train passing

-Culturally learned preferences -motivation, affected by presence of others -modeling

Social-cultural influences are what?

signal detection theory

Some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their child's breathing and seek care accordingly. Other parents do not notice the same small changes. This difference in the parents' reactions is BEST explained by:

belief perseverance

Some people still believe in ghosts despite the fact that the scientific evidence has proven otherwise. They are exhibiting _____.

Pain

Spinal cord acts as a gate Milder, longer pain more preferable than shorter, higher intensity of pain Consider peak and pain levels at end Has multiple levels of influence

damaged his frontal lobes.

Steve had a stroke last year. Although he can remember many things from his childhood, he is unable to remember what he ate for breakfast. It is MOST likely that the stroke:

algorithms

Well defied sequence that guarantees solution to problem EX. recipe or formula

The brain is not neatly organized into structures that correspond to our behavior categories; there is neural activity in many areas of our brain, not just the amygdala.

Studies have found that the amygdala has been linked to fear, others have linked it to criminal behavior, still others to math anxiety. Based on these findings, which of the following assumptions can be made about relating behavior to a particular part of the brain?

desensitizes

Studies have shown that prolonged exposure to violence also _____ people when they later view violence on television or in real life.

absolute

Studying the impact of boredom and fatigue on participants' _____ thresholds would involve research based on signal detection theory.

increase the level of dopamine

Sue has Parkinson's disease. She takes medication that:

to pull in a longer stick, which he used to reach the banana.

Sultan, a chimpanzee studied by Wolfgang Köhler, displayed evidence of animal cognition. He was given a short stick that could not reach a banana but then seemed to have an "Aha!" experience. He used the short stick:

habitual behavior.

Tanya recently retired from her job of 35 years at a local bank. She woke up Monday morning, got dressed, ate breakfast, and, before she realized it, found herself in the bank's parking lot. She did not even remember driving there. This may be an example of:

Functional fixedness

Tendency to perceive functions of objects as fixed This gets in the way of problem solving Framing can also get in the way -we put boundaries that don't exist

cerebral

The _____ cortex covers the two hemispheres and serves as the body's information-processing center.

discrimination

The ability to differentiate between one stimulus and another - Just noticeable difference or difference threshold - Webers law - the paper the paper clip and the 5 pd weight example

temporal lobes

The auditory cortex is located in the:

operant chamber

The box designed by Skinner, which includes a bar that an animal presses to release a reward of food or water, is known as an _____.

right

The brain's _____ hemisphere specializes in making inferences.

memory storage

The brain's circuitry for smell also connects with areas involved in:

Webers law

The difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This BEST illustrates:

acquisition

The formation of a new conditioned response tendency. The period when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response.

Limbic system

The hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala are all parts of the:

interneurons

The largest number of neurons are the:

Right hemisphere

The left side of Stephanie's body is paralyzed as a result of a four-wheeling accident. Stephanie claims that she is able to move both her left arm and leg. The part of Stephanie's brain that was damaged was her:

motor

The neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the body's tissues are the _____neurons.

brainstem

The oldest and innermost part of the brain is the _____.

conditioning

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses is called _____.

Shaping

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response. Breaking things down and rewarding for a desired response

insight

The sudden realization of a problem's solution is called:

lateralization

The term for hemispheric specialization is:

behaviorism

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes is called _____.

imitation; desensitization

The violence-viewing effect seems to stem from at least two factors: _____ and _____.

cochlea

This coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called the _____.

positive reinforcer

This is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

positive punishment.

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

biopsychosocial

Today's learning theorists recognize that learning results from an interaction of biological, psychological, and social-cultural, or _____, influences.

biological, psychological, and social-cultural

Today's learning theorists recognize that learning results not only from environmental experiences but also from an interaction of _____ influences.

right

Toni had a brain tumor removed. Now she has no vision in her left eye. Her tumor was located in her _____ occipital lobe.

concept

Tyler loves dogs. Anytime he sees an animal, he asks his parents whether it is a dog. Eventually, he is able to differentiate dogs from other animals, as well as recognize both large and small dogs as dogs. These experiences are helping to shape his _____ of dogs.

prototype theory

Use prototype to assess new members Compare to prototype

cones

Vanni wakes up while his room is still fairly dark. He looks over and sees his shirt hanging on a hook. Vanni knows it's his red shirt because he hung it there before going to bed, but in the dark it looks gray to him. This is because in the dim light, the _____ in Vanni's eyes are ineffectual.

rod and cone cells of the eye's retina are specialized to respond to the electromagnetic radiation of light.

Visons receptor cells

algorithm

We sometimes use trial and error to solve a problem. However, if we want a guaranteed solution, we should use a methodical, step-by-step procedure, called a(n) _____.

ticking metronome and salivation - metronome (NS) became CS Odor of vanilla before placing lemon juice-like solution on mouth - 20 pairings Rotating object - 5 pairings

What are other pavlov experiments?

frontal lobes(front) parietal lobe(middle) occipital lobe(back) temporal lobe(sides)

What are the 4 lobes names?

rods and cones

What are the color receptors vision receptor cells?

representativeness anchoring availability and adjustment

What are the different types of heuristics?

Unconditioned reflexes formed by unconditioned stimulus producing unconditioned response - US = Food; UR = Salivation Conditioned reflexes formed by conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response - CS = foot steps; CR = salivation Neutral stimulus (NS) is conditioned stimulus before learning - Prior to learning, footsteps had no meaning

What are the factors of classical conditioning using examples?

Spontaneous Recovery Transfer of affect Acquisition Generalization Extinction Discrimination

What are the principles of classical conditioning?

Continuous reinforcement,

What are the reinforcement schedules?

Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

What are the types of reinforcement?

Conditioned stimulus

What becomes a neutral stimulus becoming conditioned after enough pairings?

allows 1 side of brain to communicate with the other occasionally severed to relieve severe seizures (split brain)

What does the corpus callosum do?

Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

What happened after Watson classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat?

Linking 2 events that occur close in time -Conditioning : Process of learning associations -Classical conditioning : Associate 2 stimuli occurring together and anticipating events. -Operant conditioning : associates response and consequence (guides future events)

What is Associative learning?

Objectively looks at changes in behavior Didn't care about mental processes wen proposed

What is Behaviorism?

Food in mouth (unconditioned stimulus, US) leads to salivation (unconditioned response, UR) Hearing a tone does not (Neutral stimulus, NS)

What is before conditioning?

Change in behavior due to experience -relatively permanent -acquired knowledge -linked to memory

What is learning?

Neuron

What is the basic unit of processing in the nervous system that communicate with one another?

Eventually, he was able to reach for an object in the right direction.

What was the ultimate result of Stratton's experiment on perceptual adaptation?

perceptual set.

When John learned that Sara had been abused by her ex-husband, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

transduction

When Lisa opens her eyes in the morning, she sees flowers by her bedside. Lisa's eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called _____.

Intermittent Reinforcement

When a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

Intermittent Reinforcement

When a designated response is reinforced only some of the time 4 types... Ratio schedules 1 -Fixed ratio *Reinforcer given after a fixed # of non reinforced responses 2 -Variable-ratio *Reinforcer given after a variable number of non reinforced responses Interval Schedules 3 -Fixed-interval *Reinforcer given for the first response after a fixed time interval has elapsed 4 -Variable-interval *Reinforcer given for the FIRST response after a variable TIME interval has elapsed

inhibitory

When a neurotransmitter communicates mostly _____ messages to a receiving neuron, the receiving neuron is less likely to have an action potential.

It works when it immediately follows a behavior, is mild rather than harsh and is consistent It doesn't work when a recipient responds with anxiety, fear, rage or does not immediately follow a behavior, does not inform how could have been avoided in the future, or when "punishment" ends up being reinforced.

When does punishment work and not work?

availability

When examples that are more available to memory seem more likely

top down processing

When people look at a picture of the Moon's surface, some report seeing a human face. This is to the result of:

framing

When we attempt to persuade someone to do something, we should focus on the positive rather than the negative. This is characteristic of:

Part of the frontal lobes enables judgment, planning, and processing of new memories.

Which of the following accurately characterizes the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.

Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?

hypothalamus

Which of the following is important to the endocrine system but is not an endocrine gland?

classical conditioning.

While 5-year-old Hope was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, her brother took a pin and popped the balloon, causing Hope to flinch and blink. Later during the party, when her mother approached her with a balloon, Hope blinked and flinched. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

a cochlear implant

Wilson was born deaf. When he was 3, his parents arranged to have this hearing device inserted.

extrinsic motivation.

Working for money illustrates:

Shaping

_____ is an operant conditioning method of guiding an organism to perform a complex behavior using successive approximations of the behavior.

Plasticity; neurogenesis

_____ is/are to new brain pathways as _____ is/are to new brain cells.

Conduction hearing loss

_____ occurs when the mechanical systems that conduct sound waves to the cochlea are damaged.

Sensorineural hearing loss

_____ refers to damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or their associated nerves.

CS

a neutral stimulus becomes the what?

neural impulse

action potential; the firing of a nerve cell; the entire process of the electrical charge (message/impulse) traveling through inner on; can be as fast as 400 fps (with myelin) or 3 fps (no myelin)

perception

as aspects of sensory signals change (i.e. size, friend growing mustache), it remains constant

cerebellum

balance/fine motor skills

hypothalamus

body temp, hunger, thirst, sex

Image based (template)

can't account for novel objects

similarity

close to same color lightness shape texture perceived as same object

proximity

close together are grouped

synapse

gap between axon of one neuron and dendrites of another

pituitary gland

homones

Placebo, distraction and endorphins

how do you control pain?

adjustment

how easy it is to adjust something to change outcome

purity (saturation)

how vivid vibrant or rich the hue appears rich and beautiful color to muddy and dark

Proteins to grow and repair tissue

if something taste Umami it indicates?

Potential poisons

if something taste bitter it indicates?

sodium essential to physiological processes

if something taste salty it indicates?

potential toxic acid

if something taste sour it indicates?

energy source

if something taste sweet it indicates?

framed positively -> positive decision framed negatively -> negative thoughts sunk - cost fallacy - make a decision based on previous investment. If invested feel we should continue

impact of framing on decisions

amplitude

light wave that controls brightness

length

light wave which is a hue we perceive as color

hippocampus

memory

perception

mental processes that organizes and interprets sensory info

Subcortical structures

near center of brain

part based

only identify as categories not individual object

opponent process theory

perceive color in terms of paired opposites -blue inhibits yellow and vis versa -red inhibits green and vis versa -white inhibits black and vis versa

trainings at work parents media when actions/words consistent, most effective interaction of nature/nurture

pro and anti-social models

Gyri

raised part in brains

Dendrites

receive info and relay to soma

thalamus

relays and filters sensory info

top down influences as well as bottom up

sensual leg caress example

visual perception

size and shape constancy

bottom up (simplest)

starts with sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing

top down

takes our experiences and expectations and constructs perceptions from the sensory input

grouping

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent parts

closure

the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

common fate

the tendency to perceive objects that are moving together as belonging together

acquisition and shaping

to shape a behavior what is needed?

axon

transmittes info to other neurons muscles glands

sulci

valleys in brain

cones

vision in bright light receive color fine detail

rods

vison in dim light lacking color (grey) peripheral vision

continuity

we tend to look at /draw things/percieve things in a begin again way, rather than a blocky way

bottom up and top down

what are the 2 types of processing? both types work together to create our moment to moment experiences

Brain

what are the components of the CNS?

humans being more likely to be aversive to taste of food birds to sight of food Natural selection (Bitter and poisons?) Red and sexuality OC: Within reason and reinforcer should relate

whats an example of biological constraints?

-more surface area -more info -laid out flat it would cover as much as a newspaper page

why is there gyri and sulci?