Psychology 203: Chapter 1

Which significance level indicates that chance alone would produce the results obtained in a study once in 100 times? 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.001

.01

A researcher finds a moderate effect of heat stress on problem-solving performance among a sample of elementary school children. Which of the following effect sizes did the researcher probably find? .05 .53 .78 .24

.53

Dr. Jones is conducting a study on the impact of playing violent video games and childhood aggression. He has administered more than 500 questionnaires to parents and has interviewed almost 100 children. He has also observed 50 children playing violent video games and then playing with toys afterward. Dr. Jones has concluded that children who play violent video games will become aggressive. What is a potential problem with his research? Dr. Jones is using quantitative data only. Dr. Jones misunderstands experimental research. Dr. Jones has misinterpreted the results of his correlational study. Dr. Jones is conducting unethical research.

Dr. Jones has misinterpreted the results of his correlational study.

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between income and socioeconomic status? Income is an element of socioeconomic status. Income is the same thing as socioeconomic status. Income is only slightly related to socioeconomic status. Income is the most important part of socioeconomic status.

Income is an element of socioeconomic status.

Dr. Wurster decides to repeat an experiment that was previously conducted by his colleague in another country. He is MOST likely: avoiding the development of his own hypothesis. advancing science by allowing previous findings to be refined, refuted, and replicated. generalizing the findings to a different population. staying true to the scientific method.

advancing science by allowing previous findings to be refined, refuted, and replicated.

Most educational and medical institutions have an internal group that monitors research to ensure it follows certain guidelines. What is this group called? a legal group a professional society on ethics an Ethics Review Committee (ERC) an Institutional Review Board (IRB)

an Institutional Review Board IRB

A cohort refers to people: who live in the same neighborhood. born within a few years of one another. with the same level of education. who share the same religion.

born within a few years of one another

A critical period of development is a time when: developmental progress is linear. certain things MUST occur for normal development. a certain type of development happens most easily. development persists and is unchanging from one age to the next.

certain things MUST occur for normal development

Which is unethical research behavior? reporting results to participants halting the study if potential harm is suspected changing the data to support the hypothesis offering a modest incentive to participate

changing the data to support the hypothesis

In an experiment, the group that does not receive the "special" treatment is called the _____ group. dependent variable experimental correlational comparison

comparison

A research team wishes to examine whether a county's potential investment in perinatal care programs is likely to yield savings in health care and public assistance costs over the coming decades. The research team is MOST likely to perform a: significance test. meta-analysis. cost-benefit analysis. factor analysis.

cost-benefit analysis

Americans share certain beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations. Americans, therefore, make up a: social construction. cohort. dynamic system. culture.

culture

Research on how people change physically, mentally, and socially across the life span is MOST often conducted by _____ psychologists. industrial-organizational cognitive developmental social

developmental

Dr. Murray seeks to understand how and why people change over time. She studies all kinds of people from different age groups, cultures, orientations, and backgrounds. She is MOST likely a(n): medical doctor. developmental scientist. geneticist. epidemiologist.

developmental scientist

Dr. Murphy studies a cohort of schoolchildren and follows their progress through college. Dr. Murphy is MOST likely a: developmentalist. neurobiologist. cognitive psychologist. medical doctor.

developmentalist

Marjorie has just completed an introductory course in psychology at a local community college. She would like to take another psychology course next semester. The college offers courses in developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology. Marjorie is especially interested in change and growth across the life span. Based on this information, Marjorie should consider the course in _____ psychology MOST strongly. social developmental industrial-organizational personality

develpomental

Marisol is using a software program to perform statistical tests on her experimental data to determine whether her hypothesis is supported. With respect to the steps of the scientific method, Marisol is: developing a hypothesis. testing a hypothesis. drawing conclusions. reporting results.

drawing conclusions.

The interaction of every person with other people and the effects of experiences and conditions on one another over time is known as: reciprocal determinism. the interactive effect. dynamic systems. developmental change.

dynamic systems

Marigold is 5 years old. Lily is 7 years old. Marigold is in the _____ stage of development. Lily is in the _____. early childhood; middle childhood stage early childhood; early childhood stage as well middle childhood; middle childhood stage as well middle childhood; early childhood stage

early childhood; middle childhood stage

Dr. Wright believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. DeJong believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. One might say they are on different sides of the heredity versus _____ debate. genetics environment maturation nature

environment

As compared to their likelihood at public schools, child homicides are _____ likely at private schools. equally much less more less

equally

A developmental scientist is investigating impulsivity in adolescents. She wishes to determine whether impulsivity is part of a cluster of related traits. The scientist will probably conduct a: meta-analysis. significance test. cost-benefit analysis factor analysis.

factor analysis

Nature is to nurture as _____ is to _____. stability; change genes; experience stages; continuity onscious; unconscious

genes; experience

What do developmental psychologists seek to understand? the enduring traits that distinguish one person from another the connections between the body on the one hand and thought and behavior on the other thought and behavior in the workplace growth and change across the life span

growth and change across the life span

Dr. Vreeland believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. Abshire believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. One might say they are on different sides of the _____ debate. heredity versus environment intelligent design versus evolution genes versus development traits versus state

heredity versus environment

Dr. Snodgrass has been adjusting light intensity in the presence of birds to see how it affects their perception of colors. Which type of variable is light intensity? control comparison dependent independent

independent

In order to investigate the effects of a new technique for teaching math, Dr. Miller plans to study a group of first-graders over the course of the next five years. What kind of research is Dr. Miller conducting? a survey cross-sectional longitudinal research cross-sequential

longitudinal research

Which of the following refers to the influence of genetics? maturation learning the environment experience

maturation

Dr. Unruh believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. Brand believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. One might say they are on different sides of the _____ debate. intelligent design versus evolution traits versus state maturation versus learning genes versus development

maturation versus learning

This is considered a "study of studies." significance factor analysis meta-analysis odds ratio

meta-analysis

Differential susceptibility means that some people are: less likely to develop specific problems. more vulnerable than others to certain experiences. not vulnerable to genetics. not vulnerable to their environments.

more vulnerable than others to certain experiences

As compared to their likelihood at high schools, juvenile homicides are _____ likely at elementary and middle schools. equally less more much less

much less

Dr. Towne believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. One might say they are on different sides of the: genes versus development debate. intelligent design versus evolution debate. nature versus nurture debate. nature versus nurture debate. traits versus state debate.

nature versus nurture debate.

Which is NOT an example of a cohort? people who share the same religion baby boomers Generation X people who served in World War II

people who share he same religion

Which traditional discipline is NOT mentioned in the text as an element of the multidisciplinary field called behavioral economics? sociology psychology economics political science

political science

A researcher finds that mothers who breast-feed longer have children with better eyesight. This is an example of a: positive causation. negative correlation. negative causation. positive correlation.

positive correlation

Dr. Kilbey is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which would she be MOST interested in examining? religious organizations and the workplace family, friends, and school cultural values and economic processes the development of the skeletal structure in children under age 10

religion organizations and the workplace

Franz is presenting his data and conclusions to an audience of scientists at a Society for Research in Child Development conference. With respect to the steps of the scientific method, Franz is: testing a hypothesis. developing a hypothesis. drawing conclusions reporting results.

reporting results

Cohort labels, such as Generation X or the Millennials, are based as much on social assumptions as on reality. These cohorts may be seen at least in part as: cultures. social constructions. ethnicities. dynamic systems.

social constructions

A hypothesis is best defined as a: conclusion. theory. replication of a scientific study. specific prediction that can be tested.

specific prediction that can be tested

Because people from the Caribbean do not consider themselves of the same race as African Americans, it can be said that: ethnicity and race are the same. the concept of race is a social construct and can change over time and place. race should be based on physical characteristics. regardless of culture, all similar-skinned people are of the same race.

the concept of race is a social construct and can change over time and place

A group of cancer patients are given an experimental treatment. Which of the following is the independent variable? the experimental treatment cancer The experiment lacks an independent variable. lifestyle

the experimental treatment

The BEST example of discontinuity is: the fact that each person is born with and dies with about 20,000 genes. the rapid changes or shift in puberty when a child becomes a man or a woman. language acquisition in children. the development of motor skills in toddlers.

the rapid changes or shift in puberty when a child becomes a man or a woman.

What does it mean when a correlation exists between two variables? One variable caused the other to change. A relationship between two variables was not established. There is a relationship between two variables. Cause and effect have been established.

there is a relationship between two variables.

Which of the following is the primary role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)? to make sure that only research that follows appropriate ethical guidelines is conducted to double check the statistical analysis of research studies before they are published to decide what topics should be studied in different academic departments to decide what research will be funded and how much to allocate

to make sure that only research that follows appropriate ethical guidelines is conducted

Imagine that June is studying the acquisition of language in children. What would be June's first step in designing her research study? to pose a research question to develop a hypothesis on the way language is acquired in children to draw conclusions on the way language is acquired in children to recruit children and their parents as participants

to pose a research question

When there is no relationship between two variables, the correlation coefficient is: inverse. negative. zero. perfect.

zero