PSYCHOLOGY 2301
Be prepared to recognize symptoms of: erectile disorder
(see Table 10.3)
Be prepared to recognize symptoms of: female orgasmic disorder
(see Table 10.3)
Be prepared to recognize symptoms of: female sexual interest/arousal disorder
(see Table 10.3)
Be prepared to recognize symptoms of: male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
(see Table 10.3)
Be prepared to recognize symptoms of: premature ejaculation
(see Table 10.3)
Be prepared to recognize symptoms of: substance/medication-induced sexual dysfunction
(see Table 10.3)
Be prepared to recognize symptoms of: vaginismus
(see Table 10.3)
What correlation indicates the STRONGEST relationship?
-0.1 or lower
Know the common thought distortions (be able to identify examples)
1. "Should" statements: imposing a rule on another person who may not know your rules or does not care about your rules. 2. Mind reading: impossible to be accurate- may be right or may be wrong, but you don't know. 3. Predicting the future. 4. Magnifying: catastrophizing or horroblizing, making a mountain out of a mole hill. 5. Labeling: name-calling, towards someone other than yourself. 6. All or none thinking: seeing yourself or someone else as an extreme.
What are 5 contributing factors or causes of prejudice?
1. Dissimilarity and social distance: in group- group in which an individual identifies; out-group- those outside the group. 2. Economic competition: pacific northwest- timber workers vs. environmentalists. 3. Scapegoating: blaming an innocent person or a group for one's own troubles; ex- German Jews were the scapegoats for the Nazis in WWII. 4. Conformity to social norms: attempt to maintain conditions the way they are, even when unfair; ex- women in the workplace. 5. Media stereotypes: film, print, television reinforces prejudicial social norms.
What are the 5 signs of psychological disturbance?
1. Distress 2. Maladaptiveness\dysfunction 3. Irrationality 4. Unpredictability\danger 5. Unconventionally and undesirable heavior\deviance.
What are the 3 main components of therapy?
1. Identifying the problem. 2. Identifying the cause of the problem or the conditions that maintain the problem. 3. Deciding on and carrying out some form of treatment.
What are the 7 conditions that promote groupthink?
1. Isolation of the group. 2. High group cohesiveness. 3. Directive leadership. 4. Lack of norms requiring methodical procedures. 5. Similar social background and ideology. 6. High stress of external threats. 7. Low hope of a better solution (other's than leader's).
Identify the 5 explanations for why we obey authority
1. Its peer modeled obedience. 2. The victim was remote from the "teacher" (not seen or heard). 3. The "teacher" was under the direct surveillance of the authority figure (aware of presence). 4. A participant acted as an intermediary bystander (assisting). 6. The authority figure had higher relative status (Professor or Dr.).
What are the 2 believed causes of Intellectual Disability?
1. Organic- genetic disorder or by brain damage 2. Cultural-familial- no evidence of organic brain damage, below-average intellectual environment
Identify the 3 criticisms of polygraph testing
1. accuracy is not 100% 2. no standardized way of administration 3. u.s congress hs outlawed most uses of polygraph testing in industry and government
Identify and describe the 3 stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (3 phase pattern of physical responses to an ongoing stressor)
1. alarm reaction- an increase of adrenal hormones; the reaction of the sympathetic nervous system. body resources are mobilized to cope with the stressor. 2. resistance- if stressor remains, leads to further resistance; physiological arousal remains higher than normal. body adapts and maintains resources to cope with the stressor. 3. exhaustion- powerful parasympathetic reaction. body's resources become depleted
What are the defining characteristics of Intellectual Disability (ID)?
1. an IQ below 70- intellectual function deficits (reasoning, problem-solving, abstract thinking, academic learning) 2. social impairment- does not meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility (communication, independent living; school, work, home) * first exhibited these characteristics during the developmental period and prior to 18
Identify and describe the three environmental factors that are related to stress
1. approach-approach conflict: choose between two attractive stimuli, least stressful, either choice leads to a positive result 2. avoidance-avoidance conflict: choose between two unattractive stimuli, more stressful, usually delay choice till the last minute 3. approach-avoidance conflict: a single circumstance has both positive and negative characteristics, can be highly stressful, often waiver before deciding
What are the 4 criteria for the Bulimia Nervosa diagnosis?
1. binge eating episodes- eating more than normal in one sitting, lack of control while eating 2. recurrent, inappropriate compensatory behavior- purging and non purging behavior 3. both occur at least 1x a week for 3 months 4. self-evaluation is based on shape and weight
Identify 4 ways to prevent sexual violence
1. education- facts, concrete explanation. 2. personal boundaries- right to your own body, no one has the right to sex; consent must always be given 3. personal empowerment- you always have the right to say no, consent is not an absence of "no", assertiveness 4. risk reduction
what is the sequence identified by William Masters and Virginia johnson; consists of four phases
1. excitement. 2. plateau 3. orgasm. 4. resolution
Identify and describe James Marcia's 4 paths to career development
1. identity diffusion- no exploration of meaningful career options and has not made a commitment. 2. identity foreclosure- made a commitment before adequately exploring (do what parents do) 3. identity moratorium- exploring alternative paths but has not made a commitment 4. identity achievement- explored alternative paths and made a commitment
identify the order of Maslow's hierarchy of human needs from most basic on up
1. most basic- biological: needs for food, water, oxygen, rest, sexual, expression, release from tension. 2. safety: needs for security, comfort, tranquility, freedom from fear. 3. attachment- needs to belong, to affiliate, to love, and to be loved 4. esteem- needs for confidence, sense of worth and competence, self-esteem and respect of others. 5. self actualization- needs to fulfill potential, have meaningful goals
Define the four-part process of emotion.
1. physiological arousal. 2. cognitive interpretation 3. subjective feelings 4. behavioral expression
What are the two types of bulimia (describe both types)?
1. purging type- vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas. 2. non-purging type- fasting, excessive exercise, no purging activities
What are the 4 criteria for the Anorexia Nervosa diagnosis?
1. refusal to maintain body weight at a normal weight, specifically BMI _< 17 (<85% of ideal body weight). 2. intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat. 3. denial of the seriousness of low body weight. 4. absence of at least 3 consecutive menstrual cycles
What are the two types of anorexia (describe both types)?
1. restricting type: fasting, not eating, has not engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior. 2. binge-eating/purging type: regularly engaged in binge eating or purging behavior, delf induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas, not the same as bulimia, the key feature is the body weight (85% below normal body weight)
what are the 5 stages of sleep and their main characteristic? (in order)
1. theta waves, lasts up to 10 minutes; 2. theta waves, sudden increase in wave frequency, lasts up to 20 minutes; 3&4. delta waves, our deepest sleep, lasts up to 40 minutes; 5. REM (rapid eye movement), dreaming occurs, lasts about 90-100 minutes
Identify the three qualities of the preoperational stage
1. thought is symbolic, egocentric, and intuitive rather than logical 2. symbolic- represent the world through words, images, and drawings. ex- all animals are dog 3. still can't form operations
Identify the 6 categories of symptoms for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and provide examples for the categories that have examples identified
1. traumatic event- death or serious injury or fear from an event (mass shooting, war). 2. event is reexperienced- images or thoughts, dreams, flashbacks, distress with a similar situation, physiological reactivity. 3. avoidance of stimuli- thought or conversation, activities, places, or people, dissociative amnesia, loss of interest in previously interesting things, detachment or estrangement, restricted affect, sense of a foreshortened future. 4. increased arousal- insomnia, irritability or anger, difficulty concentration, exaggerated startle response. 5. length of the disturbance is more than 1 month 6. distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Describe each of Erik Erikson's 8 stages of socioemotional development.
1. trust vs mistrust- infancy; basic needs met, virtue: hope 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt- early childhood; independence, self-sufficiency, virtue: will 3. initiate vs guilt- preschool/kindergarten; practicing skills, trying new activities, virtue: purpose 4. industry vs inferiority- elementary school age (prepubescent), need for achievement; entrepreneurship, virtue: skill 5. identity vs identity confusion- puberty/adolescence; a sense of self or experience role confusion, virtue: fidelity 6. intimacy vs isolation- young adulthood; making commitments (could be non-romantic) to others/suffer isolation and self-absorption, virtue: love 7. generativity vs stagnation- adulthood; giving back, leaving a legacy, contributing to next-generation/ personal impoverishment, virtue: care 8. integrity vs despair- late adulthood; reflecting on the good old days, acceptance of death/inability to relive life, virtue: wisdom
What is the average IQ score?
100
define and explain 3rd variable and illusory correlations
3rd variable- refers to the fact that any time we observe a relationship among two variables, there's always the possibility that some third variable which we don't know about is responsible for the relationship; illusory correlations- the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists
Describe the historical course of psychological diagnoses - Hippocrates
400 B.C., declared abnormal behavior has physical causes; mental problems had natural, not supernatural causes.
The average memory span (AKA digit span) is ____ digits:
7 +/- 2
Who is at risk for bulimia nervosa?
90% are female, 1-2% of females develop bulimia nervosa, about 70% recover from it.
How frequently is the perpetrator of sexual violence a familiar person to the victim?
90% of the time
What is a schema?
A concept or framework that exists at a given moment in a person's mind. Recognizes and organizes and interprets information.
Define intersex
A condition in which the individual has a mixture of male and female reproductive structures, so that it is not clear at birth whether the individual is a male or a female.
Drive reduction theory, what is the goal of the drive reduction theory?
A drive is aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need. A need is a deprivation that energizes the drive to illuminate or reduce the deprivation. Goal = homeostasis Ex: temperature, blood sugar level, oxygen
female orgasmic disorder
A dysfunction in which a woman persistently fails to reach orgasm, experiences orgasms of very low intensity, or has very delayed orgasms
Which of the following is considered negative reinforcement, According to the concept of operant conditioning?
A parent taking away chores/housework from a child for earning good grades.
3 environmental factors that are related to stress: Approach/avoidance Conflict
A single circumstance that has both positive and negative characteristics. Can be highly stressful. We often waiver before deciding.
Define acute stress
A temporary pattern of stressor activated arousal. A distinct onset and limited duration.
Define catharsis.
A theory suggesting that emotional pressure can be relieved by expressing feelings directly or indirectly. Research says it doesn't really work. Actually prolongs the feelings. Ex: Hitting a punching bag, watching a violent movie.
Causes of Autism
Abnormal brain functioning: larger than average brains, reduced activity in social and emotional areas, abnormal brain wave patterns or seizures. Genetic factors Mutations: missing or duplicated pieces of DNA on chromosome 16 can raise risk
Describe the formal operational stage.
Abstract thinking. Also includes hypothetical-deductive reasoning (develop hypotheses about ways to solve a problem and to systematically deduce the best solution)
Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development: Stage 2 Instrumental Exchange
Achieve/receive rewards or mutual benefits; "I'll scratch your back if you scratch mine." Still concerned about reward and punishment, but may seek personal gain by appealing to another person's interest. Moral decisions are based on what we think we might get out of it. Individuals pursue their own interests, but let others do the same. What is right involves equal exchange
What are the steps of RSA (Rational Self Analysis) (ABCD model)?
Activating event (what happened), Belief (thoughts), Consequence (at a feeling level), Dispute.
Define resilience.
Adapting. Achieving well-being. Coping with stress. In spite of threats to development.
Bulimia Nervosa: Who is at risk for bulimia nervosa?
Adolescence onset. About 90% of bulimics are females. 1 to 2% of females develop bulimia nervosa.
Erik Erikson's 8 stages of socioemotional development: Generativity v. Stagnation
Adulthood; giving back, leaving a legacy, contributing to next generation/personal impoverishment Virtue: care
Describe the 4 attachment styles: Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment
After separation from primary giver, shows contradictory, repetitious, misdirected behaviors on his or her return. Seem confused and afraid. 10% of infants. Most prevalent in babies with moms who are insensitive, intrusive, or abusive. Risk factors: maternal insensitivity, marital discord, parenting stress.
Define temperament.
An individuals behavioral style and characteristic way of responding. The New York longitudinal study of temporal patterns.
What does anal-retentive and anal expulsive mean?
Anal retentive: parents were too strict, as an adult = neat, cold, aloof. Anal expulsive: parent not strict enough, as an adult = dirty, messy, a slob.
What is an STI?
And infection transmitted by vaginal, oral, or anal sex. Term used to describe disorders associated with more than 25 infectious organisms transmitted through sexual activity.
Define sexual assault
Any non-consensual sexual act proscribed by federal, tribal, or state law, including when the victim lacks the capacity to consent; child sexual assault, fondling, groping, and rape.
Considering accepting a job that is better-paying, but further from home is what type of conflict?
Approach-avoidance
Define aphrodisiacs
Arouse a persons sexual desire and increase his or her capacity for sexual activity. Ex: oysters, bananas, celery, tomatoes, potatoes.
Define the 5 terms related to sexual orientation: Bisexual
Attracted to both men and women
bisexual
Attracted to both men and women
Define the 5 terms related to sexual orientation: Heterosexual
Attracted to people of another biological sex
Define the 5 terms related to sexual orientation: Lesbian/Gay
Attracted to people of the same biological sex
What is the most frequent type of hallucination experienced by psychotic patients?
Auditory.
Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development: Stage 1 Heteronomous Morality
Avoid pain or avoid getting caught orientation; no concern shown for others; fear punishment is involved in the decision making; seen in childhood, but also in some adults.
Maslow's hierarchy of human needs- explain the concept of the theory and identify the order of needs from most basic on up.
Basic needs must be satisfied before higher needs can become motivating. Physiological/biological needs, safety, love and belongingness, steam, self actualization (the development of one's full potential as a human being).
Define the 5 terms related to sexual orientation: Pansexual
Being attracted to all genders; even those who do not feel they have a gender
What was the myth about nocturnal emissions from the Victorian era?
Believed nocturnal emissions (wet dreams) were due to sexual intercourse with spirits.
Main ideas of David Reimer's story
Born as a twin boy named Bruce. Genital mutilation after circumcision mistake. Dr. money believed in gender neutrality. Sex reassignment surgery; raised as a girl from 22 months to 14 years old. Secrecy. Training/therapy. Returned to male sex. Family had mental health problems. Married single mother. Brother overdosed. Committed suicide at age 38.
Who developed these (Collective Unconscious and Archetypes) concepts?
Carl Jung
The personality theorist and emphasized the concept of archetype and the collective unconscious is:
Carl Jung.
Who is responsible for developing this (Person-Centered aka Client-Centered) approach?
Carl Rogers
3 environmental factors that are related to stress: Approach/approach Conflict
Choose between two attractive stimuli. Least stressful. Either choice leads to a positive result.
3 environmental factors that are related to stress: Avoidance/avoidance Conflict
Choose between two unattractive stimuli. More stressful. Usually delay choice until last minute.
Define attachment.
Close emotional bond between an infant and it's caregiver. Each contributes to the quality of relationship.
Define Collective Unconscious and Archetypes.
Collective unconscious: inherited; common to a species. Archetypes: universal, inherited, primitive, symbolic representations; explain similarities in religion, art, and dream imagery cross-culturally; ex- light is good and black is bad, etc
what are the qualities of a "good model" in observational learning?
Competent- know what they're talking about?, attractive/ prestigious- tend to learn better from models we find attractive or prestigious, appropriate (gender, age, etc)- asking a female friend for shopping advice, or asking someone your age for music recommendation, something relevant to a situation- learning something that will be relevant to you in life or apply to your life (algebra vs psychology).
Describe each of the three components and identify different variations.
Components: passion (erotic attraction), intimacy (sharing feeling and confidence), commitment (dedication to putting the relationship first in life. Different variations: romantic love, friendship, infatuation (a crush), complete love (consummate love) has all variations and components.
According to the Human Development perspective, how long is the lifespan? (When does life begin and end?)
Conception to death
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a tuning fork. The tuning fork is called what?
Conditioned stimulus.
define standardization
Consistency, and objectivity of how tests are administered and scored
Plateau phase
Continuation and heightening of the arousal. Breathing rate, pulse rate, and blood pressure become more intense. Penile erection and vaginal lubrication more complete.
What is chronic stress?
Continuous stressful arousal persisting overtime.
Why can't most people recall memories prior to age 3-5?
Cortical immaturity and language isn't as developed.
What is the DSM-V and what is it used for?
DSM-V is the diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (5th edition), and it's a book clinicians use to diagnose mental health disorders.
6 categories of symptoms for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Traumatic Event
Death or serious injury. Fear.
Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development: Stage 6 Ethical Principle Orientation
Decisions are based on universal principles of conscience that he or she would apply to all people in all situations. These rules include consideration of dignity and worth. When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, the person reasons the conscience should be followed, even though the decision might bring risk. *Most of us don't make moral decisions in this way...
What is the definition and purpose of therapy?
Definition- a general term for any treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder. Purpose- aimed at dealing with mental disorders or coping with problems of living.
What is punishment?
Delivering the unpleasantness in an effort to cease behavior; NOT the same as negative reinforcement!; ex- time out.
Explain the difference between delusions and hallucinations. Know the definition of each.
Delusions: severe disturbances in thought; persistent false beliefs. Hallucinations: severe disturbance of perception; auditory (#1 type), visual, tactile, olfactory.
What are the potential psychological, physical, and behavioral problems from sexual assault, sexual harassment, and rape?
Depression, anxiety, guilt, fear, sexual dysfunction, PTSD, withdrawal, acting out, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, poor academic performance.
What is taste aversion? Identify an example.
Developing a distaste for a previously enjoyed food or drink; ex- getting sick while eating something and never wanting to eat the food again. Ex- getting the flu after eating a specific food, and then, long past the incident, avoiding the food that you ate prior to getting sick
Which book do mental health clinicians use to diagnose mental health disorders?
Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental health disorders, 5th edition (DSM-V)
What are physical observations thought to detect deception?
Dilation of pupils, longer pauses in speech, constrained movement in gesturing, more physically and behaviorally aroused, speech errors, nervous gestures, shrugging. Poker face: averted gaze, reduced blinking, and less smiling.
Define psychosexual disorders
Disorders that involve impairments in the sexual response pattern. Desire for gratification or the ability to achieve gratification.
Which neurotransmitter is released during orgasm?
Dopamine
Which neurotransmitter is released during orgasm?
Dopamine.
The inverted U function, what is optimal level of arousal to produce optimal performance?
Drives the relationship between arousal and performance. Low and high levels of arousal produced lower performance in a moderate level of arousal. Moderate = most effective. Ex: different sports
Compare and contrast Dysthymia and Major Depression Disorder.
Dysthymia: symptoms- mild to moderate depression, an adult has depression for a minimum of 2 yrs, adolescents have depression for a minimum of 1 yr, don't feel much excitement or happiness, but NOT suicidal, feels like it has been going on all their life, go to work\shool, good periods are very brief. Treatment- difficult to treat, depression part of their identity, anti-depressants, and psychotherapy. Major depression disorder (MDD): symptoms- within a 2-week period- sadness most of the day, nearly every day; anhedonia (loss of energy); appetite disturbance; sleep disturbance; anergia (loss of energy); feelings of worthlessness or hopelessness; difficulty concentrating or indecisiveness; recurrent suicidal ideation. Treatment- anti-depressants, psychotherapy, light therapy, and electroshock therapy (ECT).
Erik Erikson's 8 stages of socioemotional development: Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
Early childhood; independence, self sufficiency Virtue: Will
Identify 4 ways to prevent sexual violence
Education, personal boundaries, personal empowerment, risk reduction.
Erik Erikson's 8 stages of socioemotional development: Industry v. Inferiority
Elementary school age (prepubescent) Need for achievement; Entrepreneurship Virtue: skill
What is burnout?
Emotional exhaustion, deep personalization, and reduced personal accomplishment, often related to work (or school).
Describe the 4 parenting styles: Authoritative
Encourages independence while still placing limits and setting guidelines. High acceptance and involvement. Extensive verbal give and take. Warm and nurturing. Children are cheerful, achievement oriented, self controlled, self-reliant.
Cognitive approach to motivation- explain the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.
Examines thoughts behind motivations. Intinsic = based on internal factors, such as self determination, curiosity, challenge and effort Extrinsic = based on external incentives. Rewards and punishments.
James Marcia's 4 paths to career development: Identity Achievement
Explored alternative paths and made a commitment.
James Marcia's 4 paths to career development: Identity Moratorium
Exploring alternative paths but has not made a commitment.
how accurate is eye witness testimony?
Eyewitness testimony is not very accurate, if you witness something, take a picture or write it down right away
Define the facial feedback hypothesis
Facial expressions influence emotions, as well as reflect them. Facial muscles send signals to the brain. Feel happier when we smile and sadder when we frown.
Explain the difference in male and female route to orgasm
For men, the time between the idea of sex and their ability to orgasm is 2.8 minutes. The problem is that for women, the average time is just over 14 minutes.
Explain the difference in male and female route to orgasm
For men, the time between the idea of sex and their ability to orgasm is 2.8 minutes; timeframe: idea, penis erects, testis rise, facial/chest flush, ejaculation heavy breathing, penis relaxes, loss of erection. For women, the problem is that the average time is just over 14 minutes; timeframe: idea, need more lol
Anorexia Nervosa: Who is at risk for anorexia nervosa?
Genetic and environmental, fear of developing body, desire for control, adolescence onset, Caucasian young adults, men can be affected too.
What is the most common STI?
HPV (human papilloma virus)
What is the most common STI?
HPV (human papillomavirus)- half of all infections
Identify the 7 universally recognized emotions
Happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, surprise, contempt.
Define transgender
Having a gender identity that does not match one's biological sex. Being born with a biological characteristics of one sex but feeling psychologically as if one belongs to the other gender. Differs from gender bending or cross dressing.
Freud and the Psychoanalytic theory: What was the original claim Freud made?
He claimed that the people (adults) who were having these unexplainable (psychological) symptoms must have been sexually abused by their parents when they were children.
Know the main ideas of David Reimer's story
He was born as a twin boy named Bruce, he had genital mutilation after a bad circumcision. Dr. Money believed in gender neutrality so he had sex reassignment surgery and was raised as a girl from 22 months to the ripe age of 14. He then went through training and therapy and returned to the male sex. His family had mental health problems, married a single mother. Brother overdosed and David committed death at age 38
What initially motivated Havelock Ellis' research and what discoveries/contributions came about as a result?
He was motivated in large part by a desire to erase the stigma surrounding public discussion of human sexual behavior, and he viewed education as the cure for the pervasive misunderstandings and misconceptions about sexuality.
Describe the 4 parenting styles: Indulgent
Highly involved, but place few limits. Warm and accepting. Try to be the cool mom or dad. Children rarely learn to respect others, have difficulty controlling behavior, domineering, ego centric, non-compliant.
3 stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome: Stage 2: Resistance
If stressor remains- further resistance; physiological arousal remains higher than normal. Body adapts to and maintains resources to cope with stressor.
6 categories of symptoms for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Event is re-experienced
Images or thoughts. Dreams. Flashbacks. Distress with similar situations. Physiological reactivity.
Describe Autism
Impaired verbal and/or nonverbal communication, social skill impairment, repetitive behaviors, may show atypical responses to sensory experiences. It varies in severity. It affects 1 in 54 children. 4x more common in boys.
what is the story of HM?
In 1953, a 27-year-old man had a severe case of epilepsy, he underwent psychosurgery and they removed the hippocampus and a portion of the temporal lobes of both hemispheres of the brain, his epilepsy was improved but he could not form new memories that outlive STM (did remember past memories), his memory time frame was only a few minutes long, he now lives in a perpetual present and can't create new explicit memories, he is able to learn some procedural tasks (implicit memory- nonverbal; ex- knitting), he died in 2008.
Describe the 3 temperament styles: Easy Child.
In a positive mood. Quickly establishes regular routines and adapts easily to new experiences. 40%.
3 stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome: Stage 1: Alarm Reaction
Increase of adrenal hormones; reaction of sympathetic NS. Body resources are mobilized to cope with the stressor.
Erik Erikson's 8 stages of socioemotional development: Trust v. Mistrust
Infancy; basic needs met. Virtue: hope
Define imprinting
Infant animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees or hears. Humans have a longer sensitive period for attachment than animals.
Describe the sensorimotor stage.
Infant understands the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. Object permanence is accomplished here.
What are the potential consequences of untreated STI's?
Infertility, ectopic pregnancy, cancer, or death.
Describe the main elements of Rorschach
Inkblot tests; created in 1921 by the Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach; a widely used projective test.
6 categories of symptoms for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Increased arousal
Insomnia. Irritability or anger. Difficulty concentrating. Exaggerated startle response.
What is the difference between Internal Locus of Control and External LOC? (identify examples)
Internal LOC (locus of control): own behaviors and actions are responsible for the consequences that happen to them. External LOC: regardless of how they behave, they are subject to whims of fate, luck, or other people.
what structures make up the central nervous system?
It consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord
What were the initial Victorian period beliefs about masturbation?
It was believed to be both a moral and physical evil.
Orgasm
Last only about 3-15 seconds. Explosive discharge of neuromuscular tension. Intensely pleasurable feeling. Females show three different patterns in this phase (multiple orgasms, no orgasm, excitement rapidly leading to orgasm by passing the plateau phase).
Erik Erikson's 8 stages of socioemotional development: Integrity v. Despair
Late Adulthood: reflecting on the good old days; acceptance of death/inability to relive life Virtue: wisdom
Define rape
Legal definition varies from state to state. Generally defined as unlawfully coercing oral, anal, or vaginal penetration upon a person through force, or threat of force, or without consent or upon someone who is in capable of giving consent.
How is Intelligence Quotient (IQ) calculated?
MA (mental age) / CA (chronical age) x 100 = IQ
Bipolar disorder: how does it differ from Major Depression?
MDD is just depression and Bipolar disorder has different phases- a manic phase and a depression phase. Manic phase- elated, grandiose beliefs, bizarre decisions, crazy relationships, invincibility, need little sleep, spending sprees, promiscuity, sometimes hallucinations, and delusions. Depression phase- just like MDD.
James Marcia's 4 paths to career development: Identity Foreclosure
Made commitment before adequately exploring (do what parents do).
Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development: Stage 3 "Good child" Orientation
Main concerns in this stage include seeking social approval and keeping everyone happy. Decisions are based on personal relationships, rather than on principle. At this stage individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments. Children and adolescents often adopt to their parents' moral standards at this stage, seeking parental approval as a "good girl" or "good boy."
What are the three Mood Disorders we learned about?
Major Depression Disorder, Dysthymia, and Bipolar Disorder
What is the sex chromosomal makeup for Men and Women?
Male = XY chromosomes and having a penis or Female = xx chromosomes and having a PUSSSS.
What is the sex chromosomal makeup for Men and Women?
Male: XY Female: XX
What is a flashbulb memory?
Memories of an emotionally significant event, events we recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events, exquisitely good about some moment in history; ex- Kennedy assassination, September 11, 2001. * flashbulb memory doesn't stand up to scientific rigor
What do the statistics say about men vs women with suicide?
Men tend to use more lethal methods of suicide and are thus more successful.
What are the secondary sex characteristics for men and women?
Men: facial hair, adams apples Women: pubic hair, enlarged breasts, widened hips
What are the primary sex characteristics for men and women?
Men: penis and testes Women: vagina and ovaries
What is Savant Syndrome?
Mentally slow in most domains, however, posses a remarkable talent in a given area (computing numbers, naming dates etc), limited talent; ex- Raymond from the movie "Rain Man"
How severe is ID for a majority of the ID population?
Mild ( for around 80% of the population)
Describe the 3 temperament styles: Slow to Warm up Child.
Mildly negative about new situations and change, but given time, they warm up. Low activity level. In between easy and difficult. Display a low intensity of mood.
Define BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)
Minimal amount of energy in individual uses in a resting state.
Describe the purpose and abilities of a polygraph test.
Monitors the changes in the body thought to be influenced by emotional states. Heart rate, breathing, perspiration, and blood pressure. Heart rate and breathing can change for reasons other than lying.
Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development: Stage 4 Law-and-order Orientation
Moral decisions emphasize laws, rules, policies, promises, duty, or respect for authority. Maintaining social order is important. The idea that in order for a community to work effectively it needs to be protected by laws that community members obey.
6 categories of symptoms for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Length of disturbance
More than one month.
What is the argument about nature vs. nurture? Specifically define nature and nurture in context to development. Which is most influential in development?
Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance (genetics). Nurture refers to an organism's environmental experiences. They work together to produce temperament, weight, ability to play a sport, reading ability.
Identify the 3 criticisms of polygraph testing
Nervous because they have been named a suspect. Some people can learn to distort emotional responses.
James Marcia's 4 paths to career development: Identity Diffusion
No exploration of meaningful career options and has not made a commitment.
what does normal distribution mean?
Normal distribution- (symmetrical, bell-shaped curve), majority of scores falling in the middle of the possible range, few scores falling towards the extremes of the range.
Identify common obsessions and common compulsions of OCD.
Obsessions: intrusive, unwanted, persistent thought - may lead to compulsion; ex- germs, death, safety, and scrupulosity. Compulsions: behavior that is done to reduce the anxiety; ex- checking, counting, magic numbers, washing, hoarding, cleaning; time consuming- more than 1 hour a day; significantly interferes with activity.
Define pheromones
Odorous substances released by animals that are powerful in sexual attraction.
What does OCEAN stand for regarding trait personality theory?
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (emotional instability).
What is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
Describe the 4 attachment styles: Avoidant Attachment
Outwardly unaffected by the caregiver leaving (unresponsive to parent, not distressed, react to strangers same way they would to parent). Slow to greet the parent (might ignore, reject, or deliberately turn away from parent). Failed to cling to parent when picked up. Show little emotion: positive or negative. Seen in about 15 to 25% of North American babies.
What are the five Anxiety Disorders we learned in class?
Panic Disorder, Phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, PTSD, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Define the 5 terms related to sexual orientation: Asexual
People who do not experience erotic, sexual attraction, but may experience emotional or romantic attraction
Which of the is false about the hypothesized cause of autism spectrum disorder?
People with Autism Spectrum Disorder typically have smaller than average brains.
what are some more examples of classical conditioning?
Phobias; agoraphobia= UCS anxiety attack--UCR fear--CS HEB-- CR fear. Vicarious learning; fear of lying= UCS death/terrorism--UCR fear--CS flying on a plane--CR fear. Taste aversion; UCS riding on a carnival ride--UCR nausea--CS funnel cake--CR nausea. Taste aversion; UCS intoxication--UCR nausea/hangover--CS tequila--CR nausea
Define stress
Physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening situation
Define the four part process of emotion.
Physiological arousal, cognitive interpretation, subjective feelings, behavioral expression.
3 stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome: Stage 3: Exhaustion
Powerful parasympathetic reaction. Body's resources become depleted.
Erik Erikson's 8 stages of socioemotional development: Initiative v. Guilt
Preschool/kindergarten; Practicing skills; trying new activities Virtue: Purpose
What is the difference between Projective tests vs. Self-Report Tests?
Projective tests: psychologist, ambiguous stimulus; therapist asks the patient to describe it (ambiguous stimulus) or tell a story about it; project their personalities onto answers. Self-Report test: directly ask people whether items describe their personality traits or not.
This is a form of therapy that involves the use of drugs to relieve or control the major symptoms of psychological disorders:
Psychopharmacology.
Define paraphilic disorders
Psychosexual disorders involving disturbing and repetitive sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors that lead to distress or impairment to the person or harm or risk of harm to others.
Erik Erikson's 8 stages of socioemotional development: Identity v. Identity Confusion
Puberty/adolescence; sense of self or experience role confusion Virtue: fidelity
Bulimia Nervosa: What are the two types of bulimia (describe both types)?
Purging type: vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas. Non-Purging type: fasting, excessive exercise, no purging activities.
Bulimia Nervosa: What are the 4 criteria for the diagnosis?
Recurrent episodes of binge eating. Recurrent, inappropriate compensatory behavior (purging and non-purging behavior). Both occur at least one time a week for three month. Self evaluation is based on shape and weight.
Anorexia Nervosa: What are the 4 criteria for the diagnosis?
Refusal to maintain body weight at normal weight, specifically BMI under 17 (under 85% of ideal body weight). Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat. Denial of seriousness of low body weight. Absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles.
what is primary reinforcement?
Reinforcers are innately satisfying, don't need learning for the reward to be pleasurable; ex- food, water, physical contact
what is secondary reinforcement?
Reinforcers that acquire their positive value through experience, they are learned, does not meet bodily needs; ex- praise, eye contact, money, token economy
The refractory period for men occurs in which stage of the sexual response pattern?
Resolution.
Anorexia Nervosa: What are the two types of anorexia (describe both types)?
Restricting type: fasting/not eating. Has not engaged in binge eating or purging behavior. Binge-eating/purging type: regularly engaged in binge eating or purging behavior. Self induced vomiting, miss use of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas. Not the same as bulimia. Key feature is the body weight (85% below normal body weight).
Describe the 4 parenting styles: Authoritarian.
Restrictive and Punitive. Firm limits, very little verbal exchange. High in coercive control. You do it my way or else. The children are unhappy, fearful, anxious, failed to initiate activity, weak communication skills.
Answering this question right now is an example of what memory future?
Retrieval.
Resolution phase
Return of blood vessels to their normal state. Females may be able to orgasm again. Males enter a refractory period, lasting several minutes to an entire day in which they cannot have another orgasm. Length of refractory period increases as men age.
How did Ronald cotton respond to Jennifer when they met in church upon his release from prison?
Ronald forgave Jennifer.
What are two Psychotic disorders we learned in class?
Schizophrenia, Delusional Disorder
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of human needs says that our most advanced need (at the top of the hierarchy) is:
Self-actualization.
Explain the concept of fight or flight
Sequence of internal processes preparing an organism for struggle or escape. Situation appears to be threatening. Feel an urge to: fight, escape, address the threatening situation. Pushes us to make a decision.
Excitement
Several minutes to several hours. Engorgement of blood vessels, increased blood flow to genital areas, lubrication of the vagina and partial erection of the penis.
Describe the 4 attachment styles: Ambivalent/Resistant Attachment
Severe distress at leave (usually anxious while parent is still there). May display anger and aggression. Show ambivalence/frustration upon reunion. Seen in about 10 to 15% babies.
Define Sex and Gender. How are they different?
Sex: Sexual activities like masturbation and sexual intercourse. The state of being biologically male or a female. Gender: psychological and sociocultural traits typically associated with a persons biological sex, such as masculinity or femininity.
Define Sex and Gender. How are they different?
Sex: The state of being biologically, Sexual activities such as masturbation and intercourse. gender: psychological and sociocultural traits typically associated with one's biological sex such as masculinity or femininity.
Identify appropriate stress coping strategies
Social support, counseling, proper diet, exercise, sleep and meditation, avoid alcohol and drug use, examining negative self talk and cognitive behavioral therapy.
6 categories of symptoms for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Distress or impairment
Social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Describe the historical course of psychological diagnoses - Psychological Models (today)
Social-Cognitive-Behavioral-Approach; views psychological disorder through social, cognitive, and behavioral perspectives.
Define display rules
Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed are not culturally universal.
main concerns of this Kohlberg's stage includes seeking social approval and keeping everyone happy. Decisions are based on personal relationships, rather than on principle. Someone at this stage would say, "Yes Haynes should steal the truck. People won't blame him for stealing the drug, but everyone will think he is a bad husband if he lets his wife died".
Stage 3 "good child" orientation.
Describe the 4 attachment styles: Secure Attachment
Start from mom as secure base (explore room, come back to touch base with mom). Mildly protests when mom leaves (can be calmed down, reuniting when mom returns). Needs are met in appropriate fashion. Resilient in the face of stress. Seen in about 60-75% of North American babies.
Define stressor
Stressful stimulus. Positive and negative situations.
Which ego defense mechanism involved redirecting socially unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities?
Sublimation.
Identify the three qualities of the preoperational stage
Symbolic: Represent world through words, images, and drawings. Egocentric: Inability to see a situation from another person's point of view. Intuitive: Lack of logic in thinking. Still cannot form operations.
What are the health risks of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?
Teeth rot, gastrointestinal problems, hair falling out, ruptured stomachs.
Describe the 3 temperament styles: Difficult Child.
Tends to react negatively and cries frequently. Engages in irregular daily routines and slow to accept new experiences. 10%.
What was the myth about a bland diet and how did graham crackers & corn flakes relate to that?
That a bland diet could curb sexual appetite.
Define double standard
The beliefs, values, and norms that subtly encourage male sexuality and discourage female sexuality.
what is the history of intelligence testing regarding Binet & Simon.
The first modern intelligence test in IQ history was developed in 1904, by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon. The French Ministry of Education asked these researchers to develop a test that would allow for distinguishing mentally retarded children from normally intelligent, but lazy children. The Stanford-Binet intelligence test used a single number, known as the intelligence quotient (or IQ), to represent an individual's score on the test. The IQ score was calculated by dividing the test taker's mental age by his or her chronological age and then multiplying this number by 100.
Define gender expression
The gender you express yourself as
What is anterograde amnesia?
The inability of a person to create new memories subsequent to whatever trauma they underwent, tends to be permanent (HM, 50 first dates, momento), biological trauma
Define sexual scripts
The learned, socially constructed guidelines for our sexual interactions.
explain production
The process of imitating the model's actions, you've got to put it in production
What is the difference between the stress and stressor?
The stressor is the event/situation. Stress is the response or reaction.
What is negative reinforcement?
The subject is rewarded by the removal of unpleasantness; ex- a child doesn't have to do chores because they earned an A in school.
What is positive reinforcement?
The subject is rewarded for performing the desired or target behavior; ex- praise, money
Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development: Stage 5 Social Contract Orientation
This stage emphasizes the idea that rules and laws are flexible and can be changed by social consensus and legislation. This stage focuses on fairness, rather than on blind obedience of the previous stage. Individuals reason that values, rights, and principles transcend the law. A person evaluates the validity of the actual laws, and social systems can be examined in terms of degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values.
Describe the concrete operational stage
Thought becomes operational, mental operations applied to objects and events, classification skills present, but abstract thinking is not yet developed.
6 categories of symptoms for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Avoidance of stimuli
Thoughts or conversations. Activities, places, or people. Dissociative amnesia. Loss of interest in previously interesting things. Detachment or estrangement. Restricted affect. Sense of foreshortened future.
What is the goal of psychoanalysis? (test question)
To make what is unconscious become conscious.
Define object permanence.
To understand that objects and events continue to exist even when they are not directly observed. "Peek a boo"
Explain Transference and Counter-transference
Transference: client treats the therapist like someone in their personal life (something in their life is bad (son is disappointing them) and they react to it by being mean to the therapist (telling the therapist that they always disappoint them)); sometimes seen in group therapy; positive or negative. Counter-transference: strong feelings that the analyst has toward the client (client reminds therapist of someone that therapist really likes so therapists immediately likes the client- shouldn't do that); positive or negative.
What are the main classes of anti-depressant drugs? Which of the types is the most effective?
Tricyclis- increase the level of certain NTs (norepinephrine and serotonin); ex- Tofranil and Elavil. MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors aka MAOIs- increases norepinephrine; potential interactions with certain foods and drugs. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)- interfere with the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain; serotonin remains in the synapses longer and can lift depressed mood; fewer side effects than other antidepressants; ex- Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Lexapro, Celexa. SSRIs are the most effective.
Identify and describe the two personality factors that are related to higher and lower levels of stress
Type A: excessively competitive, intense ambition, exaggerated time urgency. Cynical, hostile outlook. Thought to be related to the incidence of heart disease. Type B: less competitive/aggressive, relaxed. Easy-going.
what is the classical conditioning format?
UCS----UCR CS+UCS---UCR CS----CR
Define abstract thinking.
Understanding the future concepts, idealistic and logical, can concieve hypothetical possibilities.
Describe the 4 parenting styles: Neglectful
Uninvolved. Children believe other aspects of parents life are more important. Socially incompetent. Children have poor self control, don't handle independence well, have low self-esteem, immature, truancy or delinquency in teens.
Define sexual-harassment
Unwelcome sexual advances, request for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of sexual nature. Creating a hostile environment, repeated sexual jokes and comments, and body language that makes an individual feel uncomfortable.
what is token economy?
Using a symbol or object as an intangible reward that will add up to a privilege or a tangible reward that you can "purchase" or earn with your symbols or objects; ex- chore charts.
Provide examples of stressors.
Watching intense movie, going on a date, anticipating call or text.
Instinct theory
We are driven by instincts. Instinct: an innate (unlearned), biological pattern of behavior assumed to be universal throughout a species. Ex: sex, aggression, achievement, competitiveness
Define set point
Weight maintained with no effort is made to gain or lose weight. Average weight.
Who is most at risk for an STI?
Women
what is extrinsic reinforcement?
You are given something (food, star, etc) from an outside source
what is intrinsic reinforcement?
You are rewarded from within- self-gratification/ selfless act
Erik Erikson's 8 stages of socioemotional development: Intimacy v. Isolation
Young adulthood; making commitments (could be nonromantic) to others/suffer isolation and self-absorption Virtue: love
Identify and describe the 3 prenatal stages. What is the order of the 3 stages and what are the main features of each stage (see text).
Zygote: sperm has fertilized the ova (egg) Embryo: implantation in uterine lining Fetus: 9 - 40 weeks
know the definition and provide an example of spontaneous recovery
a CR (conditioned response) recurs after a delay without further conditioning
what is the definition of theory?
a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain certain observation
provide a complete definition/description of the cornea (in the eye)
a clear membrane just in front of the eye, it bends light to help with fine tuning
define population
a complete group of individuals or things that research aims to describe.
What is a schema?
a concept or framework, exists at a given moment in a person's mind, recognizes and organizes and interprets information. active construction of schema involves two processes- assimilation (new information) and accommodation (modifies existing)
premature ejaculation
a condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before, or shortly after, penetration of the female
define and explain correlation coefficient (use the terms magnitude and direction in your explanation)
a correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables. The correlation coefficient is usually represented by the letter r. The number portion of the correlation coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship.
What is the diffusion of responsibility?
a dilution or weakening of each group member's obligation to help or become personally involved; the responsibility is shared with all group members; "surely someone else will help" mindset.
Describe the main idea of each theory of Motivation: Drive reduction theory
a drive is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need; need- a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation. ex- food and hunger
female sexual interest/arousal disorder
a female dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and low sexual activity, as well as, in some cases, limited excitement and few sexual sensations during sexual activity
know the definition of operant conditioning
a form of learning in which the consequences of behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
how is theory different from hypothesis?
a hypothesis proposes a tentative explanation or prediction, and a theory is a substantiated explanation for an occurrence. theories rely on tested and verified data, and scientists widely accepted theories to be true
male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
a male dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and hence a low level of sexual activity
What is the definition of personality?
a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world. Only fully develops when they are 18 or older.
Describe the main idea for Agoraphobia
a person restricts their life tremendously; fear of market place; fear you are going to have a panic attack in those places; may remain in their homes for long periods of time; can lose a job, affect relationships, and affect health.
what is semantic memory?
a person's knowledge about the world, a recollection of random facts
Define gender identity
a person's perception of having a particular gender, which may or may not correspond with their birth sex.
describe humanistic approach
a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization
define physical dependence
a physiological need for a drug- causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, physical pain, and craving when the drug is discontinued
what does a positive vs negative correlation mean?
a positive correlation is a relationship between two variables in which both variables move in the same direction; a negative correlation is a relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other.
define sample
a relatively small number of participants drawn from an entire population.
define/explain the unconscious (aka unconscious thought)
a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness
describe developmental view
a scientific approach which aims to explain growth, change and consistency in a lifespan
Explain the concept of fight or flight
a sequence of internal processes preparing an organism for struggle (fight) or escape (flight), which happens when a situation appears to be threatening. the person feels the urge to fight, escape, or address the threatening situation. this helps us cuz it pushes us to make a decision
what is the general concept of reinforcement?
a stimulus or an event strengthens the probability of a behavior or an event that it follows.
define stressor
a stressful stimulus, can be positive or negative. stressor = event or situation
Define acute stress
a temporary pattern of stressor-activated arousal. has a distinct onset and limited duration.
describe evolutionary perspective
a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits such as memory, perception, or language as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection.
Define catharsis.
a theory suggesting that emotional pressure can be relieved by expressing feelings directly or indirectly. ex- when aggressive- hitting a punching bag or watching an aggressive movie. research say it doesn't really work and it actually prolongs the feeling
provide a complete definition/description of the lens (in the eye)
a transparent and somewhat flexible disk-like entity filled with gelatinous material
describe biological view
a way of looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior
Define the 5 terms related to sexual orientation
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Define/Describe the following terms: Intersex, Gender Identity, Gender Expression, Gender Roles, and Gender Role Stereotypes, Transgender.
aa
Describe the main idea of each of Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development
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What are the primary sex characteristics for men and women (see table 10.1)?
aa
What are the secondary sex characteristics for men and women?
aa
What initially motivated Havelock Ellis' research and what discoveries/contributions came about as a result?
aa
What is the correct order of stages of the Human Sexual Response Pattern?
aa
What was the myth about a bland diet and how did graham crackers & corn flakes relate to that?
aa
What was the myth about nocturnal emissions from the Victorian era?
aa
What were the initial Victorian period beliefs about masturbation?
aa
What is the argument about nature vs. nurture?
aaa
How long is Short Term/Working memory?
about 30 seconds
According to the separate memory systems, short-term memory is:
about 30 seconds.
An overwhelming needs to use a drug and to secure its supply is called:
addiction
Describe the 4 attachment styles- disorganized-disoriented attachment
after separation from the primary giver, shows contradictory, repetitious, or misdirected behaviors on his or her return. seem confused and afraid. 10% of North American babies. most prevalent in babies with moms who are insensitive, intrusive, abusive, are fearful, and frightening, who have suffered unresolved loss or have unresolved feelings about their own childhood attachment. risk factors include maternal insensitivity, marital discord, parenting stress
What is not a characteristic of a "good" mode?
age
A substance that binds to a receptor and mimics or enhances in neurotransmitter is effect is called:
agonist drug
This anxiety disorder is characterized by fear of having a panic attack in public places and results in the individual severely limiting their social interactions; sometimes never leaving their home:
agoraphobia.
What is involved with Electroconvulsive Therapy?
aka shock therapy; treat severely depressed clients; how- small electric current (lasting for 1 second or less) passes through two electrodes placed on the individual's head, the current stimulates a seizure which lasts for approximately 1 minute; the patient is given anesthesia and muscle relaxants; wakes up 30 minutes later with no memory of the seizure or events preparing them for treatment; been used for more than 40 years; used to treat up to 60,000 individuals a year; beneficial side effects appear in a matter of days (faster than meds which take weeks); it is the fastest acting treatment for depression.
Explain short term memory
aka working memory, pay attention to some things
What psychoactive drug is considered a depressant?
alcohol
what are some examples of agonist/antagonist drugs of GABA?
alcohol, GHB, Rohypnol, valium
what are some examples of agonist/antagonist drugs of glutamate?
alcohol, PCP, ketamine
My teacake cookie recipe that produces tasty cookies every time if the formula is filed step-by-step is an example of:
algorithm.
Describe the symptoms and characteristics of Dissociative Identity Disorder
also known as multiple personality disorder; an individual has 2 or more distinct personalities; each personality has its own memories, behaviors, and relationships; one personality dominates at one time; stress triggers personality shifts. Relationship to early childhood sexual or physical abuse (mostly sexual abuse, about 56%); it's rare; treatment- integration therapy.
describe behavioral approach
an approach to psychology that focuses on how one's environment and affects a person's mental state and development, and how these factors specifically "train" a person for the behaviors they will be exhibiting later in life.
describe trait view
an approach to the study of human personality
know the definition of unconditioned response and provide an example
an automatic, reflexive response to a UCS; ex- dog salivated when presented the meat powder.
define Sexual onion
an enduring emotional romantic and/or erotic attraction
What is the definition of a trait (on test)?
an enduring personality characteristic that tends to lead to certain behaviors
what is the definition of hypothesis?
an idea that is a testable prediction, predicts an outcome
Define temperament.
an individual's behavioral style and characteristics way if responding.
How is an STI transmitted?
an infection transmitted by vaginal, oral, oral sex.
define addiction
an overwhelming need to use the drug and to secure its supply, dopamine levels are often increased
define and explain wish fulfillment
an unconscious attempt to fulfill a need that can't e expressed or that is ungratified during waking hours
What is the main difference(s) between anorexia and bulimia nervosa?
anorexia- not eating, bulimia- binge eating
define sensation
any conscious experience resulting from stimulation of a specific sense organ, sensory nerve, or sensory area in the brain.
what is the definition of variable?
any factor that can vary or change and can be observed, measured, and verified
Define and provide examples of sexual assault
any nonconsensual sexual act proscribed by federal, tribal, or state law, including when the victim lacks the capacity to consent; child sexual assault, fondling, groping, and rape
How long is Long Term Memory?
anything beyond 30 seconds
According to the separate memory systems, long-term memory is:
anything beyond 30 seconds.
What are the 3 responsibilities of a clinician?
assessment, diagnosis, and treatment.
____ is the closest emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver:
attachment.
what is the function of norepinephrine?
attention, arousal, learning, memory, dreaming, emotion, stress
what are the four main processes involved in observational learning?
attention, retention, production, reinforcement
Heterosexual
attracted to people of another biological sex
lesbian/gay
attracted to people of the same biological sex
What is the most common type of hallucination?
auditory
Which parenting style is most successful in raising respectful and well-adjusted children?
authoritative
______ is typically characterized by the following symptoms: impaired verbal and/or nonverbal communication, poor social skills, restricted affect, and repetitive stereotyped behavior:
autism spectrum disorder.
explain the 2 types of lower level awareness
automatic processing- requires minimal attention and it doesn't interfere with other ongoing activities; daydreaming- which is between active consciousness and dreaming while asleep
what are the 4 aspects of scientific thinking?
be curious, be skeptical, be objective, and thinking critically
According to the Human Development perspective, how long is the lifespan? (When does life begin and end?)
begins at conception and ends in death
Explain the Genital stage of the Psychosexual stages of development
begins at puberty and lasts throughout life, libido is focused on genitals, no real conflict, psychic or sexual energy needs to be channeled into mature sexual relationships. If there are issues at any stage = child will need therapy.
pansexual
being attracted to all gender; even those who do not feel they have a gender
what is overconfidence bias?
being more confident in judgments and decisions than we should; ex- A person who thinks his sense of direction is much better than it actually is
What are the hypothesized causes of depression?
biological (certain areas of the brain not working properly), psychological, socio-cultural, familial link, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), grief, drugs, alcohol
what is the area of the retinal that contains rods and cones and where the optic nerve leaves the eye on its way to the brain?
blind spot
World-renowned neurosurgeon, Dr. Derek Shepherd, is known for his intricate, controlled surgical technique in the operating room. He has exceptional fine motor skill ability and incredile hand dexterity and precision. Howard Gardner would identify Dr. Shepherd as excelling in which intelligence?
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.
What is the difference between fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias?
both are errors and create bias. Fundamental attribution error = other people's problems are because of then as a person, not because of circumstance vs. Self-serving bias = my problems are because of circumstance and not because of me as a person.
Define prejudice and discrimination and explain the difference between the two.
both are learned behavior, no one is born with them. Prejudice: a negative attitude toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group. Discrimination: a negative action or behavior taken against an individual as a result of his or her group membership. Difference- prejudice = negative attitude, and membership in a group vs. discrimination = negative action or behavior, and group membership.
what is amnesia usually caused by?
brain injury, disease, infection, drug, and alcohol abuse, reduced blood flow to the brain, psychological trauma, or stress
how is sleep measured? (on what machine)
by an electroencephalography (EEG)
what is the way to prevent STI?
by education, contraception, and testing.
what is the most used drug in the world?
caffeine
What are the potential consequences of untreated STIs?
can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, cancer, or death
explain long term memory
capable of holding huge amounts of information, relatively permanent
This type of schizophrenia is characterized by a frozen stance (rigid muscles):
catatonic
Identify the 5 types of schizophrenia and briefly describe each type.
catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual
Briefly describe the stage of schizophrenia - Undifferentiated.
catch-all category; symptoms don't meet another type.
Who is at risk for anorexia nervosa?
caucasian young adults
What are the symptoms of OCD?
characterized by obsessions and compulsions, often unaware of disorder and are troubled by it. OCD is a doubting disorder- never sure that you are sure. Onset- adolescence and early childhood; seen in males earlier than females. Prevalence- 2.5%. Etiology- high degrees of control; serotonin imbalance (improper serotonin level = message that something is not right).
define psychoactive drugs
chemical substances that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods
what are the 3 main classes of sensory receptors in the brain?
chemoreceptors- detection of chemical stimuli, perceived as smell or taste; mechanoreceptors- detection of pressure, vibration, and movement, perceived as touch, hearing, and balance; photoreceptors- detection of light, perceived as sight.
What is the healthy outcome of the phallic stage?
child gives up the fight for mom and starts to favor dad.
Describe the Oedipus-Electra complex.
child has a special attraction and a need for attention from their opposite sexed parent, Oedipus = boy, Electra = girl.
What is the Bobo doll experiment?
children allowed to explore toy room, children observe adults hit bobo, children allowed back into the room and they hit bobo (ignoring other toys), days later children still would hit bobo (latent learning), this may lead to kids being more aggressive (also later in life)
Learning by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response is called:
classical conditioning
Define attachment.
close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver, each contributes to the quality of the relationship
what are some examples of agonist/antagonist drugs for dopamine?
cocaine, meth, LSD, GHB, PCP, marijuana, ecstasy
what are some examples of agonist/antagonist drugs of norepinephrine?
cocaine, meth, amphetamine, ecstasy, adderall
where does transduction occur in the ear?
cochlea (of the inner ear)
The _____ approach emphasizes mental processes involved in knowing, including attention, perception, memory, and problem-solving.
cognitive
describe cognitive and cognitive behavioral approach
cognitive- the term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension. cognitive behavioral approach- focuses on changing the automatic negative thoughts that can contribute to and worsen emotional difficulties, depression, and anxiety.
provide a brief explanation of color blindness
color confusion, where people can see some colors but not all colors. complete color blindness is rare. it is a genetic deficiency in the red-green system, the blue-yellow system, or both
A(n) __________ ss an action/behavior performed by people with obsessive-compulsive disorder to reduce their anxiety:
compulsion
explain the tip of the tongue phenomenon (TOT)?
confident that we know something, but can't quite pull it out of memory, can't remember the name of people or objects, experience it about once a week, after giving it some time it will come back to you
What are the 6 common decision-making errors addressed in this unit?
confirmation bias, belief perseverance, overconfidence bias, hindsight bias, availability heuristic, representatives heuristic
What is the Asch effect?
conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgments
what is explicit /declarative memory?
conscious recollection of information, specific facts or events, verbally communicated
what is the definition of rehearsal?
conscious repetition of information, useful if you want to remember something quickly.
define reliability
consistency of a research study or measuring test.
What are the main characteristics of each of the 4 stages of the Human Sexual Response Pattern- plateau.
continuation and heightening of the arousal, breathing pulse rate, and blood pressure become more intense, penile erection and vaginal lubrication more complete
What is chronic stress?
continuous stressful arousal persisting over time
The brain structure connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres of the brain, allowing the two hemispheres to communicate is the:
corpus callosum
Why can't most people recall memories prior to age 3-5?
cortical immaturity, and language isn't as developed.
What is the treatment for depression?
counseling, medication, and support
Describe the main elements of TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)
created by Henry Murray and Christina Morgan in the 1930s; elicit stories; describe what the characters in the scenes are doing or thinking, what led up to each event, and how the situation will end.
Explain Rationalization
creating a socially acceptable excuse to justify unacceptable behavior.
Define gender roles
culture expectations of how males and females should behave. Generally over time, these are decreasing
Provide examples of stressors
death of a loved one, divorce, war, mass shootings, sexual abuse, loss of a job, etc
Identify a description of the Ego (definitely on test)
decision-maker, it's the referee between id and superego, redirects id impulses acceptably, ego has a tough job.
what are some known or suspected effects of endorphins?
decreases pain perception, improve or increase mood, memory, learning, blood pressure, appetite, sexual activity
what are the four relaxation techniques?
deep breathing, deep muscle relaxation, visualization, autogenic training (person say calm things to themselves)
explain motivated forgetting
deliberately forget something, it is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable
Briefly describe the stage of schizophrenia - Paranoid.
delusions of persecution or grandiosity (exaggerated self-importance); illogical, defensive.
Describe the main symptoms of Schizophrenia.
delusions, hallucinations, speech disturbance- loose associations, clang associations, neologisms-, inappropriate emotion- either blunted affect or opposite of appropriate emotion-, disturbances in movement (catatonic (frozen in position for long periods of time; urinates and defecates on self), shuffling along, flailing of arms.
Describe the historical course of psychological diagnoses - Middle-Ages
demons and witchcraft; unusual behavior was the work of Satan; cured by driving demons out; tortured and executed mentally disturbed Europeans; 1962 in Salem Massachusetts- probably suffering from poisoning by fungus growing on rye; hallucinogen found in LSD.
What are the potential psychological, physical, and behavioral problems from sexual assault, sexual harassment, and rape?
depression, anxiety, guilt, fear, sexual dysfunction, PTSD, withdrawal, acting out, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, poor academic performance
Describe the main idea of each theory of Motivation: The inverted U function (optimal arousal)
describes the relationship between arousal and performance, low and high levels of arousal produce lower performance than a moderate level of arousal. ex- different sports
what are the 3 types of research data collection methods?
descriptive, correlational, experimental
What are physical observations thought to detect deception?
dilution of pupils, longer pauses in speech, constrained movement in gesturing, more physically and behaviorally aroused, speech errors, nervous gestures, shrugging (as to dismiss the lie)
describe social cognitive theory
directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influence
Define/Explain psychosexual disorders.
disorders that involve impairment in sexual response pattern; desire for gratification, or the ability to achieve gratification
A woman was a victim of sexual assault and does not remember the attack nor anything prior to the attack. She did not have any head trauma or brain injury, although appears to be suffering from anxiety and psychological distress. Based on this information, the woman would likely be diagnosed with:
dissociative amnesia.
Describe the main ideas of the Stanley Milgrim study. What did it intend to do? What are the details of the study? What were the consequences of the study?
done at Yale in 1963; Milgram interested in obedience related to Holocaust; there were 3 people in the experiment- a teacher, learner, and experimenter; only the teacher was the actual participant; the goal was for the learner to "learn" a series of word pairs; for each wrong answer the learner received a shock; if the teacher felt weary, they were redirected by the experimenter; results- 65% administrated the greatest shock.
Describe the main ideas of the Stanford Prison Study. What did it intend to do? What are the details of the study? What were the consequences of the study?
done in 1971, by Phil Zimbardo at Stanford University; 70 students selected; prison was set up in the basement of phycology department; coin toss determined guard or prisoner; personality traits of prisoners and guards were key to understanding abusive prison situations; the experiment got out of hand; guards became sadistic and humiliating; prisoners left with severe emotional disturbances - internalized roles.
An excessive amount of this neurotransmitter is seen in schizophrenia and inadequate levels are seen in Parkinson's disease.
dopamine
Which neurotransmitter is released during orgasm?
dopamine
What is the solution for experimenter bias and/or research participant bias?
double-blind experiment
what are the reasons for an altered state of consciousness?
dugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis
Explain the Latency stage of the Psychosexual stages of development
during childhood (pre-puberty), lack of any specific sexual conflicts, conflict takes a rest.
Explain the phallic stage of the Psychosexual stages of development
during early childhood (kindergarten), pleasure is derived from touching the genitals, the child has Oedipus complex (boy) or Electra complex (girl), the child realizes if the child gets in the way of dad being with mom, dad can metaphorically castrate (cut off testicles) him, and the kid may get castration anxiety, so the child gives up seeking o special attention, and the child turns attention to same-sexed parent, Freud says- child realizes he can't compete with dad and acknowledges that dad is "cool" and so he decides to favor dad over mom, however, if the child loses the battle to dad and they end up getting more attention than the same-sexed parent they will live in guilt and will feel undeserving for the rest of his life.
Explain the oral stage of Psychosexual stages of development
during infancy (infant), pleasure, stress, and tension reduction are the mouth, lips, and tongues (sucking on a pacifier), main conflict, and the issue is weaning (getting the infant to stop sucking on a pacifier), if weaning isn't handled in an appropriate way then as an adult they may have an orally fixated or biting personality, wish may to them to become a smoker, nail biter, teeth grinder, or an overeater as an adult.;
Explain the anal stage Psychosexual stages of development
during toddlerhood (toddler), the anal sphincter is the source of pleasure, conflicts arise around the issue of self control (potty training- the kid in the middle of playing, doesn't want to stop so won't go to the restroom), if weaning (potty training) is not handled well child may grow to become anal retentive or anal expulsive as an adult.
what are some examples of agonist/antagonist drugs of serotonin?
ecstasy, LSD, cocaine, SSRI's (like Prozac)
The _____ Is the decision-maker and acts as a referee trying to redirect the impulses and demands of the other aspects of personality:
ego
what type of rehearsal is best for solid long-term memory?
elaborate rehearsal
Identify the symptoms of the Manic Phase of Bipolar Disorder.
elated, grandiose beliefs, bizarre decisions, crazy relationships, invincibility, need little sleep, spending sprees, promiscuity, sometimes hallucinations, and delusions.
What is the fastest acne treatment for major depression disorder?
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
What is burnout?
emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment, often related to work or school
what is the function of serotonin?
emotional states, dreaming, impulse control, appetite, sensory perception, arousal, temp regulation, pain suppresion
What are the 3 memory features
encoding, storage, retrieval
Describe the 4 parenting styles- Authoritative
encourages independence while still placing limits and setting guidelines. high acceptance and involvement. extensive verbal give and take. warm and nurturing, children are cheerful, achievement-oriented, self-controlled, and self-reliant
Describe the historical course of psychological diagnoses - Medical Model
end of 18th century, disease view reemerged; mental disorders are diseases of the mind; like an ordinary physical disease; have objective causes; require specific treatments; the patient becomes a passive recipient of medicine and advice; not an active role in recovery.
The decay theory states that memory is really an electrochemical trace in the brain called an:
engram.
what are the two sub categories of explicit /declarative memory?
episodic memory and semantic memory
define sample bias
errors that can occur in research studies by not properly selecting participants for the study
Describe the main idea of each theory of Motivation: Cognitive approach to motivation
examine though behind motivation
describe sociocultural approach
examines the influences of social and cultural environments on behavior
what are examples of drugs and their desired and undesired effects of depressants (sedatives)?
examples- alcohol, xanax, ketamine, and flunitrazepam (date-rape drug) desired effects- reduces social anxiety, self consciousness, stress, and depression; increases confidence, happiness, carefree feelings and disinhibition undesired effects- impaired vision and hearing, reflexes, motor function, increased BP and HR, nausea, vomiting, disorientation, coma, death
what are examples of drugs and their desired and undesired effects of stimulants?
examples- cocaine, amphetamine (crystal meth), MDMA (molly) caffeine, nicotine desired effects- exhilaration, euphoria, high physical, and mental energy, reduced appetite, sociability; for caffeine- increased awareness; for nicotine- relaxation, increased awareness, and sociability undesired effects- irritability, anxiety, sleeplessness, paranoia, hallucinations, psychosis, convulsions, death; for caffeine- insomnia, restlessness, rapid heartbeat, ringing in ears, mild delirium; for nicotine- irritability, increased BP, stomach pains, cancer, heart disease, emphysema
what are examples of drugs and their desired and undesired effects of hallucinogens (psychedelics)?
examples- lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin (magic mushroom), marijuana desired effects- heightened aesthetic response, euphoria, mild delusions, hallucinations, distorted perceptions and sensation; for marijuana- relaxation, mild euphoria, nausea relief undesired effects- panic, nausea, longer and more extreme delusions, hallucinations, psychosis, perceptual distortion (bad trips); for marijuana- perceptual and sensory distortions, hallucinations, fatigue, increased appetite, lack of motivation, paranoia, possible psychosis
what are examples of drugs and their desired and undesired effects of opiates (narcotics)?
examples- morphine, heroin, codeine, oxycodone desired effects- euphoria, rush of pleasure, pain relief, prevention of withdrawal, sleep undesired effects- nausea, vomiting, constipation, painful withdrawal, convulsions, coma, death
What is the correct order of stages of the Human Sexual Response Pattern?
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Which type of research is most likely to include a control group, placebo, and random assignment?
experimental
what type of research can determine cause and effect?
experimental design research
This type of research intends to determine causation through the use of the independent and dependant variables
experimental research
what is experimenter bias and how can it be alleviated?
experimenter bias, also known as research bias, occurs when a researcher unconsciously affects results, data, or a participant in an experiment due to subjective influence. ways of avoiding experimenter's bias include standardizing methods and procedures to minimize differences in experimenter-subject interactions (using blinded observers or confederates as assistants)
what are 2 ways circadian rhythms can be reset in a healthy way?
expose yourself to sunlight throughout the day and taking naps
Ali joined the psychology Club so that she can add participation in the Club to her resume. Al's decision to join the psych club demonstrates:
extrinsic motivation.
Define the facial feedback hypothesis
facial expressions influence emotions, as well as reflect them. facial muscles send signals to the brain. feel happier when we smile and sadder when we frown
what is the monocular visual cues that aids in depth perception
familiar size, height in the field of view, linear perspective, overlap, shading, texture gradient
What is considered to be a non-purging type of inappropriate compensatory behavior that might be utilized by someone with anorexia or bulimia nervosa?
fasting (skipping meals or not eating several meals at a time).
While out hunting for dewberries, Bradley hears what sounds like a rattlesnake. The sequence of internal processes preparing Bradley to struggle or escape this potentially threatening situation is called :
fight or flight.
what is functional fixedness?
fixated on an object's usual functions, and failing to see other options; ex- don't realize that you can use paper clips to pick locks or create jewelry instead of just using them to bind papers together.
describe health psychology
focuses on how biological, social and psychological factors influence health and illness.
what is selective attention?
focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others, it is influenced by one's motivation and interests. size, color, and movement also influence our attention.
explain absent mindedness
forgetting caused by lapses of attention, we all do this; ex- magic trick on PowerPoint
explain transience
forgetting that occurs with the passage of time, suggests memories gradually fade in strength over time; ex- high school peers
Which Piaget stage is characterized by the presence of abstract thinking?
formal operational stage.
what are the 3 characteristics of sound?
frequency, amplitude, complexity.
When baking cookies Jill couldn't find her a rolling pin. She looked around the kitchen but did not recognize the long cylinder can of cooking spray as a replacement tool to roll out the cookie dough. This demonstrates that Jill has:
functional fixedness.
Beliefs about appropriate thoughts, feelings, and actions of men and women are called:
gender roles
what are the four characteristics of learning?
generalization, discrimination, extinction, spontaneous recovery
This anxiety disorder is characterized by 6 or more months of excessive anxiety and worry, irritability, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, speak disturbance, but lacks a specific anxiety trigger:
generalized anxiety disorder.
causes of anorexia nervosa
genetics and environment, fear of developing body, desire for control, adolescence onset, men can also be affected
This is the first prenatal developmental period, beginning at conception and ending with implantation:
germinal period/period of a zygote.
explain encoding
getting information into memory; ex- listening to and making sense of a lecture
Describe Person-Centered aka Client-Centered therapy.
good therapists should have unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of benzodiazepine use?
good- typically fast-acting; bad- can become addicting.
define tolerance
greater dosage of drugs are required to achieve the same effect (as lower dosages)
what is chunking?
grouping/packing information into units that can be remembered as single units, grouping makes more sense out of foreign stimuli; ex- to remember social security number, separate them into three groups of numbers (123 12 1234)
what are the 4 reasons for why we need sleep?
growth, restoration, adaptation, memory
Identify the 7 universally recognized emotions
happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, surprise, contempt
what are the basic duties of a psychologist?
have a Ph.D., conduct therapy, research, projective testing
what are the basic duties of a psychiatrist?
have an MD, can prescribe medication, light therapy
What is retrograde amnesia?
having difficulty remembering things from the past, can bounce back, biological trauma
who is Phineas Gage?
he is an American railroad foreman known for having survived a traumatic brain injury caused by an iron rod that shot through his skull and obliterated the greater part of the left frontal lobe of his brain.
define circadian rhythm
he natural cycle of physical, mental, and behavior changes that the body goes through in a 24-hour cycle
what happened to Phineas Gage and what was the result?
he suffered a traumatic brain injury when an iron rod was driven through his entire skull, destroying much of his frontal lobe. Gage miraculously survived the accident but was so changed as a result that many of his friends described him as an almost different man entirely.
what are some examples of agonist/antagonist drugs for endorphins?
heroin, morphine, oxycodone
what is our most alert stage/level of awareness?
higher level consciousness; lower level awareness
Describe the 4 parenting styles- Indulgent
highly involved, but place few limits. warm and accepting. try to be the "cool" mom and dad. children rarely learn to respect others, have difficulty controlling behavior, domineering, egocentric, non-compliant
Someone who says the morning after the football game, "I told you the Astros would win! I knew it all along!" is an example of:
hindsight bias.
what s belief perseverance?
holding on to a belief in the face of contradictory evidence; ex- someone who is extremely thin but who persists in believing that he or she is too fat
what is the goal of the drive reduction theory?
homeostasis, the body's tendency to maintain a steady state. ex- temp, blood sugar level, oxygen
what are the 3 important properties of vision?
hue- color; amplitude- the height of the wave brightness; purity- mixture, saturation (richness)
______ is a state of altered attention and awareness in which the individual is unusually responsive to suggestions. It is thought to be a deep state of relaxation, in which brain waves change from beta to alpha waves.
hypnosis
What are the 3 components of personality?
id (want now!), ego (referee), and superego (superhero)
what is recognition memory?
identify which alternative is correct, encoding and storage, judge whether a stimulus is familiar; ex- multiple choice test
what are some known or suspected effects of glutamate?
improves learning and memory; low levels linked to anxiety, depression, migraines, and seizures
Describe the 3 temperament styles- easy child
in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts to new experiences. 40% of babies
describe psychodynamic approach
includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality
Briefly describe the stage of schizophrenia - Disorganized.
incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior.
The _____ variable is observed and measured for change. It is the factor that might be effected within the experiment.
independent variable
define, explain, and give examples for the independent variable and dependent variable
independent variable (IV)- the characteristic of a psychology experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment. for example, in an experiment looking at the effects of studying on test scores, studying would be the independent variable; dependent variable- the variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment. for example, in a study looking at how tutoring impacts test scores, the dependent variable would be the participants' test scores, since that is what is being measured.
_____ involves reasoning from the specific to general. This involves drawing conclusions and is utilized when researchers study examples and then applying results to a population:
inductive reasoning.
Define imprinting.
infant animal forms an attachment to the first moving object is sees or hears. humans have a longer "sensitive period" for attachment than animals
Describe the sensorimotor stage.
infant understands the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. object permanence is accomplished here
what are the four ethical considerations in research and counseling?
informed consent, confidentiality, deception, and debriefing
explain the four ethical considerations in research and counseling (informed consent, confidentiality, deception, and debriefing)
informed consent- the permission human participants give prior to taking part in a research study or treatment program; confidentiality- the requirement that therapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and most other mental health professionals protect their client's privacy by not revealing the contents of therapy; deception- refers to misleading or tricking participants about the purpose or direction of the study; debriefing- the procedure that is conducted in psychological research with human subjects after an experiment or study has been concluded
Explain Denial
insisting that things aren't what they seem, or at least less extreme.
what is the most common sleep disorder we discussed?
insomnia
what are the four sleeping disorders? (that we learned about in chapter 5)
insomnia, somnambulism, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea
explain sub goals
intermediate goals, put you closer to a solution; ex- rough draft
explain the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
intrinsic: based on internal factors, such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort. extrinsic: based on external incentives such as reward and punishment
what are the 4 characteristics of the nervous system?
it is made up of numerous nerve cells, nerve cells are excitable and respond to external stimuli, nerve cells show conductivity by transmitting signals from one cell to the other, transmission of signals is through neurotransmitters, the brain is the major organ.
What was the initial reaction to Freud's seduction theory? What happened afterward?
it was flatly rejected by his colleagues. It affected his reputation, so Freud recanted and revised his theory to what we know as psychosexual stages of development which means that they weren't necessarily physically abused by they were abused psychologically (in their minds).
how does "noise" interfere with absolute threshold?
it's an irrelevant and competing stimuli that can impair our ability to perceive accurately
What are the main characteristics of each of the 4 stages of the Human Sexual Response Pattern- orgasm.
lasts about 3-15 seconds, explosive discharge of neuromuscular tension, intensely pleasurable feeling, female show 3 different patterns in this phase- multiple orgasms, no orgasm, excitement rapidly leading to orgasm bypassing the plateau phase
what is the definition of classical conditioning?
learning by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
what is the function of GABA?
learning, anxiety, major role in inhibitory messages
what is the function of glutamate?
learning, movement, memory, major role in excitatory messages
Define and provide examples of rape
legal definition varies from state to state; generally defined as unlawfully coercing oral, anal, or vaginal penetration upon a person through force, or threat of force, or without consent or upon someone who is incapable of giving consent
what are some known or suspected effects of serotonin?
linked with impulsivity, undersupply- deppresion
Explain Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love.
love can have three components: passion (erotic attraction), intimacy (sharing feeling and confidence), and commitment (dedication to putting the relationship first in life.
what are some known or suspected effects of of norepinephrine?
low level associated with depression; high levels linked with agitated, manic states
what are the two types of rehearsal?
maintenance rehearsal and elaborate rehearsal
what is representative heuristic?
making judgments based on how ell an object or event matches an existing prototype; ex- assuming that a relatively young, female teacher teaches elementary school. (assuming shit based on stereotypes)
What is the availability heuristic?
making judgments based on info that is readily available in memory; ex- after seeing several news reports about car thefts, you might make a judgment that vehicle theft is much more common than it really is in your area
define transduction
means transportation and it is what takes place when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system.
define achievement tests
measure what has been learned, skills you have mastered; WRAT, TAKS, SAT (measure both), Psyc Unit 2 exam
What is the most effective treatment plan for depression?
medication and therapy.
what is misattribution?
memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person.(watch the eye witness testimony (part 1 and 2) in the unit 2 weblinks)
what is procedural memory?
memory for skills; ex- typing, writing, tying shoes
What is implicit memory?
memory involving behavior, does not have to be consciously recollected
what is decay theory?
memory is really an electrochemical trace in the brain called an engram, over time the pathway fades and is thus decayed. This disputes the notion that memories last forever (you don't use it you lose it)
Describe the 3 temperament styles- slow to warm up child
mildly negative about new situations and change, but given time they warm up, low activity level, in between easy and difficult, display a low intensity of mood
In observational learning, modeling is _____ + cognitive factors
mimicry.
define absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimulus energy that an individual can detect
what is misinformation effect?
misleading information presented after an event can change the way we remember the past.
what techniques are ideal for long, deep memory?
mnemonic devices (one word for the order of something- g.r.a.m), analysis, application
what is the optimal level of arousal to produce optimal performance.
moderate = most effective
Describe the purpose and abilities of a polygraph test.
monitors the changes in the body though to be influenced by emotional states, (heart rate, breathing, perspiration, and blood pressure), HR and breathing can change for reasons other than lying
Which psychoactive drugs is considered an opiate because it provides pain relief, Euphoria, and a rush of pleasure?
morphine
Briefly describe the stage of schizophrenia - Residual.
most healthy of any of the types; no current, major symptoms; mild disturbance, entering remission.
Describe the main elements of MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personally Inventory)
most widely used and researched self-report personality test; data collection and statistical analyses are amazing; standardized; faking good\bad, lying, defensiveness can be seen on this test.
Briefly describe the stage of schizophrenia - Catatonic.
motor dysfunction; common catatonic- motionless, rigid, statue-like positions.
what is the function of dopamine?
movement, emotion, learning, attention
explain attention
must be attentive to what the model is saying or doing
explain retention
must code the information and keep it in memory so that it can be retrieved
explain reinforcement
must have adequate reinforcement- negative or positive
identify and explain the 5 types of descriptive research
naturalistic observation- studying the spontaneous behavior of participants in natural surroundings; surveys- a method for collecting information or data as reported by individuals; case study- in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event, or community; standardized tests- a test administered to a group of subjects under exactly the same experimental conditions and scored in exactly the same way; meta-analysis- pooling data from multiple studies to arrive at one combined answer
define nature and nurture in context to development.
nature- refers to an organism's biological inheritance (genetics). nurture- refers to an organism's environmental experiences
How frequently is the perpetrator of sexual violence a familiar person to the victim?
nearly 90% of the time
______ are the cells specialized for process and are the basic unit of the nervous system.
neurons
why are neurons important?
neurons are responsible for carrying information throughout the human body; using electrical and chemical signals, they help coordinate all of the necessary functions of life.
define neurons and glial cells
neurons- one of two major types of nervous system cells, they are electrically excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses. glial cells- non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system that do NOT produce electrical impulses.
what is the difference between night terrors and nightmares?
nightmare- frightening dreams that can wake dreamers up, happens during REM, dreamers will remember the nightmare; sudden psychological arousal during sleep and intense fear, usually happens to children, dreamer won't remember it.
what is recall?
no choices are given, everything is generated from you, requires all 3 memory features, thought to be more difficult than recognition; ex- essay tests
in testing, _____ occurs when most scores fall in the middle of the positive range with few scores falling at extremes:
normal distribution.
Explain Reaction Formation
not acknowledging unacceptable impulses and overemphasizing their opposite.
According to Jennifer and Ronald's cotton story and memory powerpoint. Eyewitness testimony is:
not as believable as most people think it is.
Within storage techniques, what is the average memory span?
number of digits an individual can repeat back in order after a single presentation, it is usually around 7 +/- 2 (between 5 to 9)
what are the 6 steps of the scientific method?
observation and literature review; develop a hypothesis; research deign; gather objective data and analyze results; publish, criticize, and replicate results; theory development
A(n) _______ Is an intrusive, unwanted thought that triggers/increases anxiety for people with obsessive-compulsive disorder:
obsession.
what are the symptoms of somnambulism (sleepwalking)?
occurs during the deepest stages of sleep (3&4), unlikely to be dreaming, should be cared for so they won't harm themselves.
what are the concepts of observational learning and modeling?
occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior; synonym: modeling; lean morals/values of society through observations; modeling = mimicry + cognitive factors (don't mimic everything, only see we cognitively want to do); observe both competent and incompetent
what are the critics f the decay theory?
once we learn something, we've always got it. It takes a more radical stimulus
Identify a description of the Id (definitely on test).
operates on pleasure, "pleasure principle"- wants what they want right now, source of biological needs and desires.
What is the order of the stages and what is going on in each Psychosexual stage of development?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
The facial feedback hypothesis says:
our facial expressions can influence as well as reflect our emotions.
Describe the 4 attachment styles- avoidant attachment
outwardly unaffected by the caregiver leaving, unresponsive to parent, nor distressed, react to stranger same way they would to parent, slow to greet the parent, might ignore, reject, or deliberately turn away from the parent. fail to cling to parents when picked up. show little positive or negative emotions. seen in about 15-20% of North American babies
what are the symptoms of narcolepsy?
overpowering urge to sleep- might fall asleep while talking, sitting, or standing up
what are some known or suspected effects of dopamine?
oversupply- schizophrenia; undersupply- Parkinson's disease; key role in addiction and reward system. (feel-good drug)
what is the function of endorphins?
pain perception, positive emotions
Someone might be anal-retentive later in life this happens in the anal stage:
parents are too strict in potty training.
What is the unconscious mind?
part of our mind that we are not in touch with or aware of a lot of what we do. Ex- iceberg in water; we are only able to see or know the tip of the iceberg and the part that is in the water is our unconscious.
what is participant bias and how can it be alleviated?
participant bias occurs when individuals involved in an experiment act or respond in ways they believe correspond with what the researchers are looking for. participant bias can be avoided by using blind studies and reducing demand characteristics.
some would argue that Edward and Bella have consummate love because they have all three components of Sternberg's triangular theory of Love which are:
passion, commitment, and intimacy
What is a fugue state?
people end up somewhere and don't know how they got there, usually lasts about a week, psychologically caused amnesia
What is state-dependent memory?
people recall things best if they are in the same geographical location, in the same emotional-psychological condition, and are in the same state as when they first began learning it, it's true to an extent, isn't an all or none thing; ex- sitting in the same desk in a class while learning for the test and when taking a test
asexual
people who don't feel erotic sexual attraction but may experience emotional or romantic attractions #virgins
The _____ is the network of nerves that execute various muscular and glandular activities and carry out commands of the brain and spinal cord.
peripheral nervous system
Describe the main idea for Specific phobias
persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable. Cued by presence or anticipation of a specific object; exposure provokes immediate anxiety; animal, natural, blood-injection-injury, situational; prevalence- phobia common, but may not warrant diagnosis; onset- usually childhood; familial pattern- increased rish]k in family members; ex- claustrophobia (phobia of small spaces), dentophobia (phobia of the dentist), aichmophobia (phobia of needles\shots), arachnophobia (phobia of spiders).
substance/medication induced sexual dysfunction
persistent or recurrent sexual dysfunctions entirely due to the use of a substance or medication
Describe the main idea for Social phobia
persistent, excessive fear of public embarrassment; stage fright; public speaking; eating, using the bathroom or signing your name in front of others; extreme nervousness; unwillingness to be in those situations; prevalence- 3-13%; onset- mid-teen, childhood; familial pattern.
Define/Explain pheromones and aphrodisiacs
pheromones- odorous substances released by animals that are powerful in sexual attraction. aphrodisiacs- arouse a person's sexual desire and increases his or her capacity for sexual activity
What is the main difference between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and phobias?
phobias are focused on a specific object or situation, generalized anxiety disorder is much more broadly based (anxiety about everything). GAD is more difficult to treat than a phobia.
Define stress
physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening situation. stress = response or reaction to the event
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of human needs says that our most basic need ( at the base of the hierarchy) is:
physiological and biological needs.
provide a complete definition/description of the blind spot (in the eye)
place in the retina that doesn't contain rodes or cones, it's the place where the optic nerve leaves the eye on its way to the brain
According to the human sexual response pattern, the _____ phase is characterized by the continuation and heightening of arousal begun in the previous stage and involves increased breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
plateau
Define groupthink.
poor judgments and bad decisions made by members of groups that are overly influenced by perceived group consensus or the leader's point of view.
what are the three consequences of behavior?
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment
Jane was able to talk a car salesman into cutting her a deal on a new car, talked her way out of a speeding ticket when driving home, and convinced her and instructor to give her an extension on her assignment. Sternberg would identify Jane as having high:
practical intelligence.
define aptitude tests
predict how an individual will be able to learn a skill, what you can accomplish without training; SAT (measure both) or GRE, ASVAB
What is confirmation bias?
preferring information that confirms our preexisting belief and ignoring contradictory information; ex- people who support or oppose a particular issue will not only seek information to support it, they will also interpret news stories in a way that upholds their existing ideas
define backward masking
presenting one visual stimulus immediately after a brief "target" visual stimulus resulting in a failure to consciously perceive the first stimulus.
know the definition of conditioned stimulus and provide an example
previously neutral stimulus that becomes meaningful by virtue of its association with the UCS; ex- tuning fork/ bell noise, when presenting the dog with meat powder. Acquisition- the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.
what are the two sub categories of implicit memory?
procedural memory and priming
know the definition of conditional response and provide an example
provide a CS, don't reintroduce the UCS, the same response occurs, usually repetitious but one-time learning can occur; ex- salivation to tuning fork/ bell noise only, no meat powder being presented.
what are the basic duties of a licensed professional counselor?
provide therapy, research testing
What is dissociative amnesia?
psychologically caused amnesia, traumatized by an experience and block out what happened
Define/Explain paraphilic disorders
psychosexual disorders involving disturbing and repetitive sexual fantasies, urges, or behaviors that lead to distress or impairment to the person or harm or risk of harm to others
When a person is performing an undesirable behavior, _____ should be administered to reduce the probability of them performing that behavior again.
punishment
explain repression
pushing away from awareness something that is too troubling, similar to denial, except operates exclusively on an unconscious level, not generally positive events; things to consider- does this happen? If it does, can the repressed events come back at a later time? If they come back are they accurate? Are they more trustworthy than other memory? False memory? can come back when given time and recovery
what are the five components of experimental research?
random assignment, experimental group, control group, placebo, and placebo effect
explain each component of experimental research (random assignment, experimental group, control group, placebo, and placebo effect)
random assignment- the equal chance for participants to be assigned to either group; experimental group- a group of participants who are exposed to the experimental treatment (independent variable); control group- a group of participants who do not receive the experimental treatment (dependent variable); placebo- treatment or substance that has no known effects, e.g. sugar pill; placebo effect- when an improvement of symptoms is observed, despite using a placebo treatment.
How often is psychosurgery performed?
rarely, used as a last resort.
what is inductive reasoning?
reasoning from specific to general, drawing conclusions, studying a sample, and then applying results to a population, is the sample representative?
What deductive reasoning?
reasoning from the general to the specific, theories make predictions and then evaluate predictions, certain considering the general rule is true, syllogisms (a logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true; ex- something is barking at me, dogs bark, therefore this thing is a dog)
the last song I listened to before arriving at work is now stuck in my head. This example supports the ___ effect:
recency.
provide a complete definition/description of the rods (in the eye)
receptors in the retina that are sensitive to dim light, we have 120 million rods
provide a complete definition/description of the cones (in the eye)
receptors in the retina that process information about color and detail, require more light than rods do, and they operate best in the daylight under huge illumination, we have about 6 million cone cells in the eye
define Bulimia Nervosa
recurrent episodes of binge eating
vaginismus
recurring involuntary muscle spasms in the outer third of the vagina that interfere with sexual intercourse
what are the 3 types and colors of cones in the trichromatic theory?
red, blue, green, and the combinations of all three colors
Explain Displacement
redirecting a threatening or unacceptable impulse from the original source to a less threatening person or object.
Explain Sublimation
redirecting socially unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
what is the primacy effect?
remembering information that you are exposed to first the best, no competition in STM, so it's more easily rehearsed
What is the recency effect?
remembering information that you are exposed to last the best, still be in STM (working memory)
What is maintenance rehearsal?
repeating of information for the purpose of recalling it soon, no strategies are required
define eye witness testimony
reporting what you saw or heard in relation to a crime. The longer the time between event and report, the less accurate the report is likely to be.
What are the 8 different ego defense mechanisms?
repression, denial, displacement, rationalization, reaction formation, projection, sublimation, and regression
Describe the 4 parenting styles- Authoritarian.
restrictive and punitive. firm limits, very little verbal exchange. high in coercive control. (you do it my way or else!) children are unhappy, fearful, anxious, fail to initiate activity, weal communication skills
explain storage
retaining information over time; ex- studying
what are the three main types of amnesia?
retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia, dissociative amnesia
Explain Regression
reverting to immature ways of responding.
what techniques are ideal for shallow memory?
rote memorization (repeating words to memorize them)
what are the three main "parts" of the parts theory of memory?
sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory
What are the main characteristics of each of the 4 stages of the Human Sexual Response Pattern- excitement
several minutes to several hours, engorgement of blood vessels, increased blood flow in genital areas, muscle tension, lubrication of the vagina, and semi-erect dick.
Describe the 4 attachment styles- ambivalent/resistant attachment
severe distress at the leave of parent, usually anxious while part is still there. may display anger and aggression. show ambivalence/ frustration upon reunion. shown in about 10-15% of North American babies
____ is the rewarding of successive approximations (baby steps) to the desired behavior and operant condition. It helps the person/subject learning get closer to the target behavior.
shaping.
This common thought distortion state(s) that the person is imposing a rule on another person who may not know your rules or does not care about your rules:
should statements
What is tardive dyskinesia?
side effect of the long-term use of neuroleptics; licking lips all the time; affects facial muscles.
This sleep disorder is characterized by stopping of breathing throughout the night, numerous brief awakenings the sleeper is unaware of, and reported extreme daytime fatigue and sleepiness.
sleep apnea
what process maximizes odor detection?
sniffing
Identify appropriate stress coping strategies
social support, counseling, proper diet, exercise, sleep, and mediation, avoid alcohol and drug use, examining negative self-talk, and cognitive behavioral therapy
Define display rules
sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed are not culturally universal
what is mental set?
solve a problem in a way that worked in the past, and failing to see better options; ex- last time your computer froze you restarted it and it helped, next time it freezes it might be the only solution you can think of.
what are the 6 parts of a neuron?
soma, nucleus, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and synapses
define the 6 parts of a neuron (soma, nucleus, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and synapses)
soma- the cell body of a neuron and contains the nucleus of the cell; nucleus- contains the bulk of the cell's genetic material in the form of chromosomes; dendrites- a branching threadlike extension of the cell body that increases the receptive surface of a neuron; axon- the long, thin, hollow, cylindrical extension of a neuron that normally carries a nerve impulse away from the cell body; myelin sheath- the insulating layer around many axons that increases the speed of conduction of nerve impulses; synapses- a structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.
Define resilience.
someone who is adapting, achieving well being, and coping with stress in spite of threats to development
how long is sensory memory?
split second
which stage of sleep is the darkest and the most dreaming occurs?
stage 5- REM
identify and describe the 2 stages of wakefulness
stage one- theta waves, lasts up to 10 minutes; stage two- theta waves continues with a sudden increase in wave frequency, lasts up to 20 minutes
which stages of sleep are the lightest?
stages 1 and 2
Describe the 4 attachment styles- secure attachment.
start from mom as a secure base, explore the room, come back to touch base with mom, mildly protests when mom leaves, can be calmed down, reuniting when mom returns. needs are met in the appropriate fashion. they are resilient in the face of stress. seen in about 60-75% of North American babies
define hypnosis
state of altered attention and awareness, unusually responsive to suggestions
what are the 4 classes of drugs?
stimulants, depressants, opiates, hallucinogens
know the definition of unconditional stimulus and provide an example
stimulus brings about a response the first time it is given, no prior exposure is needed, it makes something happen by itself; ex- presenting dog with meat powder.
explain algorithm
strategy such as a formula, set of instructions, a small number of solutions; ex- recipe, instructions
What is the difference between a stressor and stress?
stressor = event or situation, stress = response or reaction to the event or situation.
define psychological dependence
strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons- feeling of well being and reduction of stress
what are the three problem solving strategies?
sub goals, algorithm, and heuristics
This is the ability to detect information below the absolute threshold/level of conscious awareness:
subliminal perception
explain heuristics
suggest an answer to a problem but no guaranteed answer, a rule of thumb, many possibilities; ex- wheel of fortune
what are the 5 classes of taste seen in basic taste?
sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami
Explain sensory memory
take in information from our senses, pay attention to some things
Define self-serving bias.
taking credit for success but denying responsibility for failure
explain retrieval
taking information out of storage; ex- taking an exam
what is the difference between papillae and taste buds?
taste buds are sensory organs that are found on your tongue and allow you to experience tastes; papilla are the small, nipple-like structures on the upper surface of the tongue that give it its characteristic rough texture.
what are the components of systematic desensitization addressed in the lecture?
teach relaxation techniques, brainstorm about the fear, build a hierarchy, work through the hierarchy
What are the health risks of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?
teeth rot, gastrointestinal problems, hair can fall out, ruptures stomachs
what are the names, location, and function/responsibilities of the 4 lobes of the brain?
temporal lobe- located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain, it is involved in processing sensory input for retention of visual memory, language comprehension, and emotion association. frontal lobe- the most anterior part of the brain, it is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as memory, emotions, impulse control, problem solving, social interaction, and motor function. occipital lobe- located at the back portion of the brain and is associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information. parietal lobe- located near the center of the brain, behind the frontal lobe, in front of the occipital lobe, and above the temporal lobe, it contains an area known as the primary sensory area.
Define conformity.
tending to adopt the behavior and opinions presented by other group members (also when the group was wrong).
Describe the 3 temperament styles- difficult child
tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and slow to accept new experiences. 10% of babies
What is an STI?
term used to describe disorders associated with more than 25 infectious organisms transmitted through sexual activity
Identify a description of the Superego (definitely on test)
the 'superhero', the "conscience", internalized parent, right and wrong.
define subliminal perception
the ability to detect information below the absolute threshold (level of consciousness)
Define crystallized intelligence
the accumulation of general knowledge, facts, and skills that are acquired throughout life
what is priming?
the activation of information people already have in storage, helps remember new information better and faster (lightbulb clicking in the head)
What is the conscious?
the area of our minds that we are aware of and are in control of; the tip of the iceberg, that part that we can see
what is the responsibility/function of the autonomic nervous system?
the autonomic nervous system regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing, and regulates the body's unconscious actions.
define double standards
the beliefs, values, and norms that subtly encourage male sexuality and discourage female sexuality
Define fluid intelligence
the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge
provide a complete definition/description of the iris (in the eye)
the colored part of the eye which contains the muscles that control the size of the pupil
explain Maslow's hierarchy of human needs
the concept of the theory is that our basic needs must be satisfied before our higher needs can become motivating
how is the first half of a full night's sleep different from the second half?
the deep sleep is greater in the first half of the night than the second half of the night
define and explain latent content with dreaming
the dream's hidden content- the unconscious meaning of the dream
define and explain manifest content
the dream's surface content- contains dream symbols that distort and disguise the true meaning of the dream
define validity
the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure
erectile disorder
the inability to have or maintain an erection
Define Sexual Scripts
the learned, socially constructed guidelines for our sexual interactions
provide a complete definition/description of the retina (in the eye)
the light sensitive surface in the back of the eye that houses light receptors (rods and cones)
what is difference threshold?
the minimum difference between two stimuli required to discriminate one stimulus from another.
what is an example of absolute threshold?
the moment we detect the presence of stimuli
What is the bystander effect?
the more people around, the slower the individual response will be.
explain the levels of processing theory
the more sophisticated manner you work with information, the more you will remember it and vice versa
provide a complete definition/description of the pupil (in the eye)
the opening in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light that enters the eye, and respond to emotional factors
what is the responsibility/function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
the parasympathetic nervous system controls bodily functions when a person is at rest. Some of its activities include stimulating digestion, activating metabolism, and helping the body relax.
what is the route of sound waves in the hearing process? (beginning with the pinna and ending with the movement of hair cells lining the basilar membrane)
the pinna (the visible portion of the outer ear) collects sound waves and channels them into the ear canal (external auditory meatus), where the sound is amplified. the sound waves then travel toward a flexible, oval membrane at the end of the ear canal which is the eardrum (tympanic membrane)
what is the responsibility/function of the somatic nervous system?
the primary function of the somatic nervous system is to connect the central nervous system to the body's muscles to control voluntary movements and reflex arcs.
what is the responsibility/function of the peripheral nervous system?
the primary role of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin.
define and give an example of sensory adaptation
the process by which the receptor cells become less sensitive due to constant simulation; for example, adapting to the temperature of the shower/pool or adapting to the smell of smoke/perfume
define convergent thinking
the process of finding a single best solution to a problem that you are trying to solve
know the definition and provide an example of discrimination
the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others
Explain Repression
the process of preventing unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or urges from reaching conscious awareness.
what is the purpose of descriptive research?
the purpose of descriptive research is to describe a phenomenon and its characteristics. this research is more concerned with what rather than how or why something has happened
Explain what the refractory period is
the recovery phase after orgasm during which it is physiologically impossible for a man to have additional orgasms
define Anorexia Nervosa
the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
define memory
the retention of information over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval
What are the main characteristics of each of the 4 stages of the Human Sexual Response Pattern- resolution
the return of blood vessels to their normal state, females may be able to orgasm again males enter a refractory period, lasting several minutes to an entire day, in which they cannot have another orgasm. Length of refractory period increases as men age.
what is shaping?
the rewarding of successive approximations (baby steps) to the desired behavior, the basic idea of operant conditioning.
what is the complete definition of psychology?
the scientific method of behavior and mental process
define perception
the sensory experience of the world. It involves both recognizing environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli
what is the strongest possible numeric relationship between two variables?
the strongest correlations is -1 or 1.
define corpus callosum and split-brain patients
the structure known as the corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and enables communication between them. dysfunction or absence of this structure can result in a condition known as split-brain syndrome, in which each hemisphere of the brain functions independently.
what is the responsibility/function of the sympathetic nervous system?
the sympathetic nervous system's primary process is to stimulate the body's fight or flight response. It is, however, constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis.
know the definition and provide an example of generalization
the tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original stimulus to create a response that is similar to the CR (conditioned response)
What is hindsight bias?
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all along phenomenon.)
Define the fundamental attribution error (FAE).
the tendency to emphasize internal causes and ignore external pressures (in others); minimizes situational factors; bias; more common in individualistic cultures.
how does Weber's law impact difference threshold?
the threshold increases with the magnitude of the stimulus (music from softer to softer vs music from very loud to less loud)
define cognitive offloading
the use of physical activity to reduce the cognitive demands of a task.
define reverse speech
the voice of truth and it is complementary with forward speech. forward speech is from the left brain and reverse speech is from the right brain
what is the weakest possible numeric relationship between two variables?
the weakest is a correlation of 0 which indicates no relationship between two variables.
provide a complete definition/description of the sclera (in the eye)
the white outer part of the eye which helps to maintain the shape of the eye and protects it from injury
What are the 3 characteristics a therapist should have according to this (Person-Centered aka Client-Centered) approach?
therapist should want to help the client become a fully functioning person that won't need therapy anymore (should be the goal), should use empathetic responses with the client (tell me more about the problem and say it's frustrating instead of saying it sucks and move on)- these were all the traits of Carl Rogers.
what does current research conclude about subliminal perception's effectiveness?
there is no evidence that subliminal perception is effective. they don't work.
Which (nature or nurture) is most influential in development?
they operate together to produce temp, weight, ability to play a sport, and reading ability. researches argue that both work together. develop beyond what heredity and environment allow
what is special about the neurons in the olfactory epithelium?
they tend to replace themselves after an injury, unlike other sensory systems
Describe the formal operational stage.
this stage includes hypothetical-deductive reasoning: develop hypotheses about ways to solve a problem and to systematically deduce the best solution
Describe the concrete operational stage.
thought becomes operational, mental operations applied to objects and events, classification skills present, BUT abstract thinking is not yet developed
divergent thinking
thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions
What is the main idea of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy?
thoughts directly impact our emotions, so we gotta learn to control and examine our thoughts.
what is Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?
three main types of intelligence: 1. Analytical- assessed by IQ tests, ability to acquire or store information, good at analysis, evaluation, judgment, and comparison 2. Creative- ability to solve new problems quickly, solve familiar problems in an automatic way, good at invention, coping with novelty, and imagination 3. Practical- social and persuasive skills, "street smarts", good at application, implementation, execution, and utilization
What is the goal of psychoanalysis?
to bring the unconscious mind into a conscious level of awareness.
what is the purpose/goal of correlational research?
to describe the relationship between variables and to measure the strength of the relationship
What is object permanence?
to understand that objects and events continue to exist even when they are not directly observed. ex- hide a toy from a child and they look for it, peek a boo
what is the purpose of the experimental design?
to utilize the independent and dependent variables. involves manipulation and control of variables to determine cause of behavior (aka cause and effect)
The need to increase the quantity of intake of a drug to obtain the desired effect is called:
tolerance
In general, how do benzodiazepines work?
tranquilizers; bind to the receptor sites of NTs that become overactive during anxiety. Ex- xanax, klonopin, ativan, valium.
_____ occurs when the client treats their therapist or another group member in a counseling setting like someone in their personal life:
transference.
Explain Projection
transferring unacceptable thoughts, motives, or impulses to others.
Being born with the biological characteristics of 1one sex but feeling psychologically as if one belongs to the other gender is called:
transgender.
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?
treatment that involves magnetic stimulation of specific regions of the brain; does not produce a seizure-like ECT; no memory loss; no sedation; used to treat severe depression, but can also treat bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
what are the symptoms of insomnia?
trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, and waking up too early without being able to go back to sleep
Identify and describe the two personality factors that are related to higher and lower levels of stress
type A: excessively competitive, intense ambition, exaggerated time urgency, cynical, hostile outlook, thought to be related to the incidence of heart disease. type B: less competitive or aggressive, relaxed, easy-going
What are the symptoms of a panic attack?
uncomfortable physiological symptoms; pounding of heart, accelerating heart rate, heart palpitations, trembling, shaking, sweating, shortness of breath, report chest pains, nausea, feel like they are dying or having a heart attack.
what are the four components of classical conditioning?
unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditional response (CR)
Define abstract thinking.
understanding the future concepts, idealistic and logical, can conceive hypothetical possibilities
what are some known or suspected effects of GABA?
undersupply- seizures and insomnia; tranquilizing drugs (valium)- increases inhibitory affects and therefore decreases anxiety
Describe the 4 parenting styles- Neglectful.
uninvolved. children believe other aspects of parent's life are more important. socially incompetent. children have poor self-control, don't handle independence well, have low self-esteem, immature, truancy, or delinquency in teens
Define and provide examples of sexual harassment
unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature, also includes; creating a hostile environment, repeated sexual jokes and comments, and body language that makes an individual feel uncomfortable.
what is elaborate rehearsal?
using a sophisticated strategy like chunking to remember something
_____ is the degree to which test measures what it intends to measure:
validity.
Describe the main idea of each theory of Motivation: Instinct theory
we are driven by instinct; instinct- an innate (unlearned), biological pattern of behavior assumed to be universal throughout a species. ex- sex, aggression, achievement, competitiveness
what is Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
we are stronger in some areas than others, the multiple intelligences are: linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, spatial skills, intrapersonal skills, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, spiritual/existential
What is context-dependent memory?
we remember better when we attempt to recall information in the same context in which we learned it; ex- losing keys- in order to find it we retrace our steps
know the definition and provide an example of extinction
weakening of the CR (conditioned response) in the absence of the UCS (unconditioned stimulus), association eventually goes away
Define set point
weight maintained when no effort is made to gain or lose weight. the average weight.
what is episodic memory?
when and where things happened, historical order
what are the symptoms of sleep apnea?
windpipe fails to open, or brain processes involved in respiration fail to function properly results in numerous brief awakenings during the night
how can hypnosis be documented with an EEG? (what changes happen)
with brain waves. the region of the brain called the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex becomes less active during hypnosis
What are the symptoms of Major Depression Disorder?
within a 2-week period- sadness most of the day, nearly every day; anhedonia (loss of interest in things that were once interesting); appetite disturbance; sleep disturbance; anergia (loss of energy); feelings of worthlessness or hopelessness; difficulty concentrating or indecisiveness; recurrent suicidal ideation.
Who is most at risk for an STI?
women
What do statistics about suicide say for Men vs. Women and why (on test)?
women are more likely to attempt suicide than men, men are more likely to be successful (4 to 1), the reason is that men use more lethal methods (guns, hanging), women usually use methods like cutting or overdosing on meds which are more survivable.
Identify and describe the 3 prenatal stages.
zygote, embryo, fetus
What is the order of the 3 stages (zygote, embryo, fetus), and what are the main features of each stage (see text)?
zygote- sperm has fertilized the ova (egg). embryo- implantation in the uterine lining. fetus- 9 weeks to 40 weeks
