Psychology 2301

Which characteristic does NOT describe a normal distribution?

It is positively skewed.

Which brain imaging technique is commonly used to assess structural damage to the cortex after a stroke?

MRI?

Who opened the FIRST psychological laboratory in North America?

Wilhelm Wundt

Last week, Harry drank too much tequila, and doing so made him vomit. Now just the smell of tequila makes his stomach a bit queasy. Vomiting after drinking too much tequila is an example of a: a) CR. b) CS. c) US. d) UR.

a) CR.

Which drug is associated with the fewest withdrawal symptoms? a) LSD b) barbiturates c) cocaine d) alcohol

a) LSD

The seven sins of memory: a) are the occasional result of a fairly reliable system. b) expose long-term memory as a highly unreliable storage system. c) reinforce the notion that almost all memories are distorted. d) are interesting topics for psychologists but usually have no real-world implications.

a) are the occasional result of a fairly reliable system. ???

Which example describes a judgment of learning? a) concluding that one has mastered the material to be learned b) receiving an 85 on a standardized exam c) deciding to implement distributed practice instead of massed practice d) rereading the text and focusing on only the previously underlined material

a) concluding that one has mastered the material to be learned

Which is an example of judgment learning?

a) concluding that one has mastered the material to be learned

Amir is of the Islamic faith. According to the mortality-salience hypothesis, if reminded of the inevitability of his own physical death, Amir probably will: a) grow stronger in the Islamic faith. b) convert to Christianity. c) abandon religion entirely. d) deny the inevitability of his own physical death.

a) grow stronger in the Islamic faith.

The persistence of memory is advantageous in the sense that it: a) helps us learn from and avoid traumatic experiences that could threaten our survival. b) usually results in improvements in psychological well-being. c)highlights the flexibility of memory. d) opposes the processes of dementia that occur with aging.

a) helps us learn from and avoid traumatic experiences that could threaten our survival.

Jessica Li held up three rows of four letters on a poster board to her high school class for a fraction of a second. She then removed it and immediately asked the class to name the 12 letters they had just been shown. Which memory store is being tested? a) iconic b) working c) limited capacity d) echoic

a) iconic

The tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal-size gains is termed: Question options: a) loss aversion. b) drive reduction. c) fear of success. d) impulsivity.

a) loss aversion.

If a person repeatedly dreams that a parent has been eaten by a tiger, Freud would label the story of this dream as ___ content. a) manifest b) subconscious c) latent d) covert

a) manifest

The ability to store and retrieve information information over time is called: a) memory b) storage c) preservation d) elaboration

a) memory

The _____ scaling research technique is used to provide a map of emotions. a) multidimensional b) thematic apperception c) multi-emotion space d) James-Lange hedonic

a) multidimensional

When something desirable is presented upon the occurrence of a behavior, and as a result that behavior is strengthened, ___ has happened. a) positive reinforcement b) positive punishment c) negative reinforcement d) negative punishment

a) positive reinforcement

____ memory refers to the gradual acquisition of skills as the result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things. a) procedural b) semantic c) explicit d) primed

a) procedural

Student who rely on ___ as a study technique are MOST likely to ___ how much they have actually learned. a) rereading; overestimate b) rereading; underestimate c) practice testing; over estimate d) practice testing; underestimate

a) rereading; overestimate

Behaviorists were not influenced by the work of Thorndike because a) the law of effect stressed the importance of expectancy b) it was free from explanations involving the mind c) Thorndike's procedure could quantify the rate of learning d) Thorndike's measurements were observable

a) the law of effect stressed the importance of expectancy

A toddler has learned that the jack-in-the-box won't operate unless she turns the hand crank around exactly 10 times. The toddler's behavior is being reinforced under which type of reinforcement schedule? a) variable ratio b) fixed-ratio c) fixed-interval d) variable interval

a) variable ratio ???

Which technique is least effective for learning school-related material?

a) visual imagery mnemonics

Each neuron has only one:

axon

The world record for staying awake is about ____ hours. a) 458 b) 264 c) 170 d) 96

b) 264

Which statement about learning artificial grammar is TRUE? a) Learning the grammatical rules is explicit; using them is implicit. b) Participants implicitly learn artificial grammar without being cognizant of the actual grammatical rules. c) Participants usually can verbally express 60-70% of the grammatical rules. d) If participants cannot explicitly state a grammatical rule, they usually violate it.

b) Participants implicitly learn artificial grammar without being cognizant of the actual grammatical rule

_____ occurs when information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later. a) Retroactive interference b) Proactive interference c) Anterograde amnesia d) Retrograde amnesia

b) Proactive interference

Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by following the bell with food. How could Pavlov use extinction to eliminate salivating to bells? a) Present food only every other time the bell is rung. b) Repeatedly ring the bell, but never follow it with food. c) Present food repeatedly in the absence of the sound of the bell. d) Ring the bell, and then present poison-laced food to induce sickness.

b) Repeatedly ring the bell, but never follow it with food.

Liz chooses activities that give her pleasure. However, she regularly submits to painful allergy shots. How does the hedonic principle BEST explain this apparent contradiction? a) The pain of the injections outweighs the pleasure of receiving relief from allergies. b) The pleasure of receiving relief from allergies outweighs the pain of having the shots. c) Liz has built up a tolerance to the injections and no longer feels the pain. d) The pain from the injection provides useful information about the quality of Liz's day.

b) The pleasure of receiving relief from allergies outweighs the pain of having the shots.

According to terror management theory, which factor would NOT be a cultural worldview? a) shared hopes of a symbolic immortality held even by atheists b) a public opinion poll on preference between two presidential candidates c) shared beliefs about what is right and wrong d) Christianity

b) a public opinion poll on preference between two presidential candidates

In people as well as animals, the ___ is critically involved in emotional conditioning.

b) amygdala

You are volunteering at a psychiatric ward for the summer. On your first day, a man comes up to you and says you have very pretty eyes and asks your name. You thank him and give him your name. For the next 4 days, the same man approaches you, says you have pretty eyes, and asks for your name. After a week, you ask a doctor on the ward about this man, and the doctor tells you that the man suffers from: a) proactive interference. b) anterograde amnesia. c) retrograde amnesia. d) retroactive interference.

b) anterograde amnesia.

According to Freud, a college student's dynamic unconscious is LEAST likely to contain: a) feelings of hatred for her parents. b) current goals for the semester. c) repressed sexual urges. d) destructive urges toward herself.

b) current goals for the semester.

Using fMRI, the widespread pattern of brain activity observed when people have nothing specific to which to attend is termed the: a)conscious will b) default network c) rebound effect d) current concerns

b) default network

Short-term memory is to working memory as: a) sensation is to attending. b) dynamic process is to place. c) structure as to dynamic process. d) frontal lobe is to temporal lobe. X

b) dynamic process is to place. ???

The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that you will not experience _____ without first experiencing _____. a) physiological activity; emotion b) emotion; physiological activity c) interpretation of an event; emotion d) emotion; interpretation of an event

b) emotion; physiological activity

The grid floor in an operant chamber is electrified. Each time a rat presses a lever, however, the shock is turned off for one minute. The rat quickly learns to press the lever the second that the grid becomes electrified. Lever pressing has been: a) positively reinforced. b) negatively reinforced. c) positively punished. d) negatively punished.

b) negatively reinforced.

In MOST people, the long-term memory store has: a) capacity limits for verbal but not visual information. X b) no known capacity limits. c) considerably less capacity in adolescence relative to adulthood. d) a finite capacity of 7 plus or minus 2 gigabytes of information.

b) no known capacity limits. ??

Gavin is asked to remember a list of 20 words. Some of the words are written in blue ink, and some are written in red ink. A week later, he is asked to recall as many words as possible. Gavin will probably do better on the task if, during the encoding phase, he: a) thinks about the color of each word. X b) pairs each word on the list with a word with which it rhymed. c) spells each word silently to himself. d) thinks about the meaning of each word.

b) pairs each word on the list with a word with which it rhymed. ???

Kelly is at a local bar having a drink. A young man starts flirting with her and approaches her. kelly decides to tell him her number. He repeats the series of digits in his head over and over again until he has the chance to write it all down. This process is known as: a) short-term memory storage b) rehearsal c) retrieval d) encoding

b) rehearsal

Caitlyn was blanking on who played Batman in the movie Batman v. Superman until her friend gave her a hint. Caitlyn correctly identified the actor, and the hint is an example of a(n) ___ cue. a) transfer-appropriate b) retrieval c) state-dependent d) encoding specificity

b) retrieval

You are in the hot seat on the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? game show. The question is "Who was the fourth president of the United States?" What form of memory will you use to answer this general knowledge question? a) priming X b) semantic c) episodic d) procedural

b) semantic

Dolphins are MOST likely trained to do amazing tricks through a process called: a) classical conditioning. b) shaping. c) trial and error. d) habituation.

b) shaping.

The type of consolidation that occurs over a timescale of seconds to minutes involves the transfer of memory from: a) the hippocampus to the cortex b) short-term memory to long-term c) the cortex to the hippocampus d) sensory memory to working memory

b) short-term memory to long-term

Transience refers to forgetting that occurs: a) as a result of the limits of working memory b) simply as the result of the passage of time c) due to divided attention d) when the retrieval context does not match the encoding context

b) simply as the result of the passage of time

Whenever Andrea goes to the library to study, she takes a redbull energy drink with her and drinks it while she studies, As the semester progresses, she notices that she does considerably better on an exam when she drinks a redbull during it. She MOST likely does better because of: a) state-dependent storage b) state-dependent retrieval c) the transience of retrieval d) caffeine-enhance sensory storage

b) state-dependent retrieval

Which method does NOT use random assignment to assign participants to groups?

basing group assignment on a dice roll?

Bulimia and anorexia affect about _____% of the population. a) 10 b) 1 c) 0.01 d) 0.1

c) 0.01

Chimpanzees raised in the wild watched a human model using a tool either efficiently or inefficiently and then themselves interacted with the tool. Which statement is TRUE? a) Both groups used the tool in the manner that they observed. b) Only the chimpanzees observing efficient behavior used the tool, and use was efficient. c) Both groups used the tool but did not differ in their efficiency. d) Only the chimpanzees observing efficient behavior used the tool, but use was not efficient.

c) Both groups used the tool but did not differ in their efficiency.

_____ is MOST known for his work on conditioned taste aversion. a) Thompson b) Watson c) Garcia d) Pavlov

c) Garcia ???

Which statement about the facial feedback hypothesis is FALSE? a) Making the sound of a long e can make you feel happier. b) Smiling may cause you to feel happier. c) Holding a pencil with your lips can make you feel happier. d) Holding a pencil with your teeth can make you feel happier.

c) Holding a pencil with your lips can make you feel happier.

Which statement concerning studies of cocaine self-administration by rats is FALSE? a) Rats will learn to press a lever if doing so produces a cocaine injection. b) Rats will occasionally binge on cocaine to the point of giving themselves convulsions. c) Rats frequently will choose cocaine over sweets. d) Rats will increase their intake of cocaine over time.

c) Rats frequently will choose cocaine over sweets.

Which statement about sleeping medications is TRUE? a) Sleeping pills usually are effective for the long-term management of insomnia. b) Most sleeping pills are not addictive. c) Sleeping pills can be effective for short-term treatment of insomnia. d) The proportion of time spent in REM sleep is increased by sleeping pills.

c) Sleeping pills can be effective for short-term treatment of insomnia.

A basketball coach is interested in the effectiveness of teaching specific skills by video modeling. Based on current research, what would you advise the coach? a) Video modeling might be useful to teach concepts such as defensive alignment but is not useful for teaching motor-related behaviors such as shooting technique. b) Video modeling will not be effective as learning sports-related skills can only be achieved through physical practice. c) Video modeling is an effective technique and can be used as a supplement to practice. d) Video modeling is just as effective as physical practice; this technique should be preferred because it minimizes risk of injury.

c) Video modeling is an effective technique and can be used as a supplement to practice.

The learning process involves the _____ of new knowledge, skills, or responses. a) performance b) storage c) acquisition d) maintenance

c) acquisition

Your friend's mother was always baking ginger-flavored cookies whenever you were at their house. You loved those cookies, and would eat several each time you visited. One day, you noticed that you started to salivate as you walked up the front steps to the house, before you smelled the cookies. The reason for this is that the house has become a(n): a) conditioned response. b) unconditioned stimulus. c) conditioned stimulus. d) unconditioned response.

c) conditioned stimulus.

Based on predictions from the motivation literature, paying people to vote might be expected to: a) increase informed voting. b) increase emotional connections to candidates. c) decrease patriotism. d) decrease turnout.

c) decrease patriotism.

Although members of the soccer team were crushed when they lost the championship, they tried not to look as upset as they felt. Which display rule were they using? Question options: a) masking b) intensification c) deintensification d) neutralizing

c) deintensification

Once we gain a certain level of body fat, it is difficult to lose the fat. A key reason that our body resists weight loss is that: a) leptin levels rise during a fast, which makes us hungrier. b) we prefer low-energy foods. c) dieting tends to decrease our metabolism. d) ghrelin levels drop during a fast, which stimulates fat deposition.

c) dieting tends to decrease our metabolism.

Research has demonstrated that people with bilateral amygdala damage have problems recognizing facial emotions of both: a) happiness and sadness. b) happiness and anger. c) disgust and anger. d) surprise and fear.

c) disgust and anger.

The encoding of survival-related information is effective because it often requires participants to engage in: a) chunking. b) constructing a fear hierarchy. c) extensive planning. d) sensory integration.

c) extensive planning.

Which statement about nicotine is true? a) long-term use produces dizziness and a queasy stomach b) it is a benzodiazepine c) it is used primarily to avoid withdrawal symptoms d) it produces euphoric effects especially in new users

c) it is used primarily to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Which scenario BEST illustrates deja vecu? a) telling the same story to the same person multiple times and thinking that the person has not yet heard the story b) mistakenly thinking that you recognize someone c) mistakenly believing that you have already lived through a specific experience and can remember the details of what happened d) believing that a life-altering experience is about to happen to you

c) mistakenly believing that you have already lived through a specific experience and can remember the details of what happened

The motivation to solve worthwhile problems is termed: a) extrinsic motivation. b) approach motivation. c) need for achievement. d) intrinsic motivation.

c) need for achievement.

Aplysia is a(n): a) rat strain. b) tapeworm. c) sea slug. d) amoeba.

c) sea slug.

The dichotic listening technique illustrates which property of consciousness ? a) unity b) intentionally c) selectivity d) transience

c) selectivity

Vanessa is given a drug at a party. She is unsure of what it is and later becomes jittery, anxious, and full of energy. Sh has been sweating all night and is not sure why. Vanessa has likely ingested a: a) depressant. b) narcotic. c) stimulant. d) hallucinogen.

c) stimulant.

Within psychology, psychoanalysis had its greatest influence on:

clinical practice.

Which statement about leptin is TRUE? a) It is produced in the stomach. b) It signals the brain to switch hunger on. c) When injected into rats, it leads to obesity. d) It decreases the reinforcing value of food.

d) It decreases the reinforcing value of food.

Which statement about polygraph lie detection is TRUE? a) Lie detectors are slightly worse than are humans at detecting when people are lying. b) Polygraphs are rarely used by business and government agencies. c) Polygraphs have an extremely low false-positive error rate. d) Polygraphs can detect lies with greater accuracy than can chance.

d) Polygraphs can detect lies with greater accuracy than can chance.

_____ believed that the human body was a physical machine that the human mind was made of an immaterial "thinking-substance." a) Benjamin Libet b) William James c) Sigmund Freud d) Rene Descartes

d) Rene Descartes

Which statement about drug addiction is TRUE? a) Large-scale studies have concluded that drug addiction is an incurable disease. b) Only a small percentage of cigarette smokers will ever be able to quit successfully. c) Recreational drug use inevitably leads to drug addiction. d) The majority of drug abusers overcome their drug problems.

d) The majority of drug abusers overcome their drug problems.

A rat's lever presses occasionally produce food. Across conditions, the food is delivered either immediately after a lever press or after some delay. Which statement is TRUE? a) The rate of lever pressing is relatively unaffected by delays ranging from a few seconds to about 30 seconds. b) The rate of lever pressing first increases and then decreases as a function of its delay. c) The rate of lever pressing increases as a function of its delay. d) The rate of lever pressing decreases as a function of its delay.

d) The rate of lever pressing decreases as a function of its delay.

Which statement about human sexual activity is TRUE? a) Males experience ejaculation during the excitement phase. b) Some 15% of males have never experienced an orgasm. c) Women rarely fake orgasms. d) The sexual refractory period is longer for men than it is for women.

d) The sexual refractory period is longer for men than it is for women.

Greenwald (1992) presented the words "enemy loses" subliminally to participants. These participants then: Question options: a) subsequently overestimated their likelihood of winning an arm-wrestling match. b) began to feel positive emotions. c) were more likely to donate to their preferred political party. d) began to think of negative things.

d) began to think of negative things.

The primary difference between the two-factor theory and the older theories of emotion is that the two-factor theory emphasizes: a) classical conditioning. b) physiological changes. c) overt behaviors. d) cognitive interpretations.

d) cognitive interpretations.

People who can eliminate the Stroop effect under hypnosis show decreased activity in an area of the brain involved with: a) object recognition. b) color vision. c) verbal meaning. d) conflict resolution.

d) conflict resolution.

Our subjective experience of the external world and our mind is called: a) unconscious processing. b) objective reality. c) self- perception d) consciousness

d) consciousness

Kelly sustained a severe head injury in a skiing accident. Following a limited recovery from the accident, the family has been advised that damage to Kelly's _____ will likely make it difficult for her to inhibit her emotions. a) thalamus b) amygdala c) hypothalamus d) cortex

d) cortex

College students typically recall more good grades than bad grades when they look back at their high school experiences. This memory phenomenon is known as: a) positive bias. b) persistence. c) consistency bias. d) egocentric bias.

d) egocentric bias.

Charles Darwin developed the universality hypothesis, which suggests that: a) all individuals process emotions in the same way. b) appraisal of stimuli causes a universal reaction. c) all animals exhibit emotions. d) emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.

d) emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.

Severe cases of name blocking usually result from damage to the: a) medial parietal lobe. b) prefrontal cortex. c) hippocampus. d) left temporal lobe

d) left temporal lobe

Shaw and Porter (2015) obtained substantially higher rates of false memories relative to the original study published by Loftus and Pickrell (1995), probably because Shaw and Porter utilized: a) multiple interviews instead of just one. X b) a double-blind, placebo-controlled technique. c) more unrealistic false scenarios that triggered false flashbulb memories. d) more extensive social pressure.

d) more extensive social pressure. ???

Sleep paralysis is a sleep symptom that is sometimes associated with: a) sleep apnea b) night terrors c) sleepwalking d) narcolepsy

d) narcolepsy

William James has suggested that self consciousness occurs when: a) we focus all of our attention on an object. b) we simplify our lives and stop being fully conscious. c) we can respond to stimuli in our environments. d) our attention is drawn to ourselves as an object.

d) our attention is drawn to ourselves as an object.

___ in an experiment were reinforced if they selected paintings by Picasso over Monet. Subsequently, they demonstrated ___ and selected Matisse over Monet. a) children; generalization b) pigeons; discrimination c) children; discrimination d) pigeons; generalization

d) pigeons; generalization

The failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget is termed: a) anterograde amnesia b) hypnotic suggestions c) hypnogogic amnesia d) posthypnotic amnesia

d) posthypnotic amnesia

Retrieval-induced forgetting refers to the a) fact that a memory-erasing drug must be given while the particular memory is being retrieved in order for the drug to work b) loss of memory that occurs with the passage of time between encoding and retrieval c) loss of memory that occurs when the retrieval context is dissimilar to the encoding context d) process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

d) process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

When a rat presses a lever, it occasionally produces a food pellet. The rat presses the lever hundreds of times, earning many food pellets. Hull and Spence would argue that lever pressing is reinforced by the: a) feel of the depressed lever. b) expectation of the food pellet. c) taste of the food pellet. d) reduction in hunger.

d) reduction in hunger.

Tolman trained rats to run down a straightaway and subsequently make several turns until finally reaching a goal box baited with food. After the rats learned this task, the maze was altered. The main straightaway was blocked. However, there were many alternate paths radiating in all directions from the start box. The goal box remained in the same location relative to the start box, and one of the alternate paths led directly to it. Tolman found that rats: a) demonstrated generalization and selected the path closest to the main straightaway. b) spent an inordinate amount of time clawing at the blocked main straightaway. c) explored each path systematically, either from right to left or from left to right. d) selected the path that led directly to the goal box, even though they had never traversed this route before.

d) selected the path that led directly to the goal box, even though they had never traversed this route before.

Stage 2 sleep is associated with: a) beta waves. b) delta waves. c) alpha waves. d) sleep spindles

d) sleep spindles

Four participants sign up for an experiment examining the effects of alcohol on sociability. One participant is given an alcoholic beverage to drink and is told that it is alcohol. A second participant is given an alcoholic beverage to drink but is told that it is nonalcoholic. A third participant drinks a nonalcoholic beverage but is told that it contains alcohol, and a fourth participant is given a nonalcoholic beverage and is told that it is nonalcoholic. Suppose that the effects of alcohol on sociability were entirely due to expectancy effects. Which participant(s) would behave more socially after drinking? a) the second participant only b) the first and second participants c) the third participant only d) the first and third participants

d) the first and third participants

Which brain region would be LEAST involved in visual imagery encoding? a) the occipital lobe b) the frontal lobe c) the temporal lobe d) the parietal lobe

d) the parietal lobe

Place code is to temporal code as:

high-pitched sounds are to low-pitched sounds.

Little Albert was a(n)

human infant conditioned to fear a white rat

Two functionally different visual streams project from the _____ to other areas of the brain involved in visual processing

occipital cortex

Which gland(s) is/are the sexually reproductive gland(s) in men?

pineal gland

Which activity is NOT a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

stimulating digestive activity

Prospective memory involves remembering:

to do things in the future