Psychology 2301 - Horn

Approximately how many neurons does the brain contain?

100 billion

The world record for staying awake is about ______ hours.

264

Each neuron has only one

Axon

Which psychologist is associated with the development of teaching machines that increase the difficulty of the next question if the previous one was answered correctly?

B.F. Skinner

After suffering a stroke, Lisa was able to understand what people said to her but was unable to speak to them. The stroke probably damaged her:

Broca's area

CTE

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a form of progressive brain damage that has been linked to repeated concussions

Which activity is NOT a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Constricting pupils

Brain imaging for white matter pathways in the brain:

DTI

According to Chomsky, which observation of language challenges a behavioral account?

Deficits in speech production in developing children can be overcome with an intense individualized education plan.

_____ is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

GABA

Synapse

Gap between a terminal button of one neuron and a dendrite of a second neuron

The modern view that the subjective experience of having a mind is the result of brain activity can be traced to which philosopher?

Hobbes

Soloman Asch was a social psychologist whose research interests were shaped, in part, by the:

Holocaust

Which technique did psychologists who studied structuralism use?

Introspection

Which statement about nicotine is TRUE?

It is used primarily to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

A cognitive psychologist who studied the perceptual and cognitive errors of children in order to gain insight into the nature and development of the human mind was:

Jean Piaget

Every time friendly dogs approach her toddler at the park, a very overprotective parent whisks her son away and yells, "Stay away from the dog!" After a few of these experiences, the toddler starts crying at the mere sight of dogs. The parent has unknowingly replicated the classic research of which psychologist?

John Watson

Who was the first non-White president of the American Psychological Association?

Kenneth Clark

Which statement best illustrates the role of top-down processing in taste perception?

Knowing the wine's price affects a wine drinker's perception of its flavor.

Which drug is associated with the FEWEST physical withdrawal symptoms?

LSD

Which brain imaging technique is commonly used to access structural damage to the cortex after a stroke?

MRI

Drugs that are converted to dopamine in the brain have been shown to be effective at treating:

Parkinson's

Which statement concerning studies of cocaine self-administration by rats is FALSE?

Rats frequently will choose cocaine over sweets.

_______ believed that the human body was a physical machine but that the human mind was made of an immaterial "thinking substance."

René Descartes

Which basic function does the endocrine system not affect?

Reward learning

Which statement about sleeping medication is TRUE?

Sleeping pills can be effective for short-term treatment of insomnia.

Which statement most closely describes the firing or a single neuron?

Smoke triggers the alarm on a smoke detector.

Luckily, Cy can spot the fly in his soup and distinguish it from the flecks of pepper also floating in the broth. From Cy's perspective, what is the figure and what is the (back)ground?

The fly is the figure, and the broth is the ground.

If you close your eyes and spin around in circles for a minute, you will feel dizzy. What is responsible for this sensation?

The movement of the fluid in the semicircular canals.

William James viewed consciousness as being similar to:

a flowing stream

The perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations is termed:

apparent motion

According to feature-integration theory, _____ is/are required to bind together the individual features of a stimulus.

attention

Greenwald (1992) presented the words "enemy loses" subliminally to participants These participants then

began to think negative things

Which approach to psychology links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes?

behavioral neuroscience

The advent of computers in the 1950s had an enormous conceptual impact on the development of _________ psychology.

cognitive

People who can eliminate the Stroop effect under hypnosis show decreased activity in an area of the brain involved with:

conflict resolution

Our subjective experience of the external world and our mind is called:

consciousness

Will rubbed his eye and accidentally scratched his:

cornea

According to Freud, a college student's dynamic unconscious is LEAST likely to contain:

current goals for the semester.

Using fMRI, the widespread pattern of brain activity observed when people have nothing specific to which to attend is termed with:

default network

The idea that genes express themselves within an environment is a central component of

epigenetics

The encoding of survival-related information is effective because it often requires participants to engage in:

extensive planning.

_______ scans are normally used to identify default brain networks, or sets of brain regions that are closely connected to one another when a person is internally focused.

fMRI

Objects that cast a smaller retinal disparity are perceived as being:

farther away.

Perception of complex sounds begins when the inner ear breaks down the different ______ compounds of the sound wave.

frequency

Which sequence correctly orders the terms from least to most complex?

gene, DNA, chromosome

As the inheritability index for a particular behavior increases:

genes explain more of the individual differences in that behavioral trait

One reason our lips and fingertips are so sensitive is that they:

have a large topographical representation in the somatosensory cortex

Place code is to temporal code as:

high pitched sounds are to low pitched sounds

Katie's amygdala probably is most activated when she goes to the movies to see a:

horror film featuring a serial killer

A neuroscientist interested in brain phylogeny might study:

how language association areas in the human brain have evolved over time

Gia is a 'flower child' living in the late 1960s. She is having some problems with depression and would like to talk to a therapist about realizing her full potential. She is MOST likely to resonate to which type of psychological therapy?

humanistic

Susan perceives a pinch as painful and is motivated to escape from it due to the functions of her:

hypothalamus

Jacqueline reports that she just has become blind in her left eye, although there is no medical cause. A clinician in the late 1800s would diagnose Jacqueline with:

hysteria

Mri or CT

imaging for brain tumors

Severe cases of name blocking usually result from damage to the:

left temporal lobe.

Speech sounds are processed in the _____ hemisphere of area _______.

left; A1

To the pilot, the long straight runway appears to converge to a single in the distance. This is an example of the monocular depth cue known as:

linear perspective

The defining feature of a "hub science" is a science that:

links with and influences smaller subfields

If a person repeatedly dreams that a parent has been eaten by a tiger, Freud would label the story line of this dream as _______ content.

manifest

The ability to store and retrieve info over time is called:

memory.

Structures in the _______ orientate one toward or away from pleasurable or life-threatening environmental stimuli.

midbrain

Psychology is the scientific study of:

mind and behavior

Brain-machine interfaces that enable paralyzed individuals to use robotic arms were initially developed using _________ as subjects.

monkeys

Sleep paralysis is a sleep symptom that is sometimes associated with:

narcolepsy

Some early philosophers believed that certain kinds of knowledge were innate or inborn, a theory known as:

nativism

In humans, 3 weeks after conception a structure known as the ________ forms that will continue to develop into the central nervous system.

neural tube

In a lock-and-key analogy of synaptic transmission, which is the key?

neurotransmitter

In MOST people, the long-term memory store has:

no known capacity limits.

Two functionally different visual streams project from the ______ to other areas of the brain involved in visual processing.

occipital cortex

In 2015, a picture of a dress became an Internet sensation because people could not agree if it was blue/black or white/gold. Research that followed suggests which group is most likely to perceive the dress as white/gold?

older people

Wine aficionados rely on taste and _______ in perceiving the flavor of wine.

olfaction

Which sequence for the visual pathway from the eye to the brain is correct?

optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus, area V1

William James has suggested that self-consciousness occurs when:

our attention is drawn to ourselves as an object

The small, visible bumps on the tongue are called:

papillae

The frequency of a sound wave determines its:

pitch

The failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget is termed:

posthypnotic amnesia

Retrieval-induced forgetting refers to the:

process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items.

Which ion has a negative charge?

protein

Penny wanted to find out how long it would take her sister Cathy to press a button when she hears a tone. The amount of time from the onset of the tone to the button press is termed a ________ time.

reaction

The dichotic listening technique illustrates which property of consciousness?

selectivity

The motor cortex is to the somatosensory cortex as:

sending is to receiving

Jordan was born without hair cells and has been deaf since birth. She experiences which type of hearing loss?

sensorineural

We perceive a block upwards arrow, rather than a rectangle with a triangle on top of it, due to which Gestalt perceptual grouping rule?

simplicity

Transience refers to forgetting that occurs:

simply as the result of the passage of time.

Stage 2 sleep is associated with:

sleep spindles

The cochlea resembles a

snail

There are two special regions of the cortex dedicated to language, called Broca's and Wernicke's areas. Broca's area controls _______, and Wernicke's area controls ________.

speech production; speech comprehension

Whenever Andrea goes to the library to study, she takes a Red Bull energy drink with her and drinks it while she studies. As the semester progresses, she notices that she does considerably better on an exam when she drinks a Red Bull during it. She MOST likely does better because of:

state-dependent retrieval.

Vanessa is given a drug at a party. She is unsure of what it is and later becomes jittery, anxious and full of energy. She has been sweating all night and is not sure why. Vanessa has likely ingested a:

stimulant

Corey was struck in the back of the head with a baseball bat. After the blow, she had difficulty with balance and coordinated movements and experienced problems with walking and riding a bike. Which brain structure was probably damaged?

the cerebellum

Four participants sign up for an experiment examining the effects of alcohol on sociability. One participant is given an alcoholic beverage to drink and is told that is alcohol. A second participant is given an alcoholic beverage to drink but is told that it is nonalcoholic. A third participant drinks a nonalcoholic beverage but is told that it contains alcohol, and a fourth participant is given a nonalcoholic beverage and is told that it is nonalcoholic. Suppose that the effects of alcohol on sociability were entirely due to expectancy effects. Which participant(s) would behave more socially after drinking?

the first and third participants

The research of George Miller explains why Jeff has difficulty remembering:

the names of 12 people to whom he was just introduced

Kayla doesn't know it yet, but she has just contracted a stomach virus from her roommate, Beverly. Kayla puts on a new dress and goes on a first date with Jermaine, where they eat oysters. Later that night, Kayla becomes violently ill. Kayla is MOST likely to associate the sickness with:

the oysters

According to _________, information conveyed by odorant chemicals first elicits an emotional response, which then leads to the identification of the odor.

the valence-centered approach

Which statement regarding bipolar cells is true?

they are involved in vision

In very low light, an image projected _______ would be most easily seen.

to the right or left of the fovea

The inability to recognize objects by sight is termed:

visual form agnosia

Mirror neurons are most activated when we:

watch someone perform a purposive behavior

Adults who suffer damage to their hippocampus will be most likely to have problems remembering:

where they drove yesterday