Psychology 2301 Unit 4 test

Statistically, women are _____ to be diagnosed with major depression. about five times more likely than men about one-fifth as likely as men about twice as likely as men just as likely as men

about twice as likely as men

Natalie suggests that the aggressiveness of her brother's new friend is the result of his friend's low self-esteem. Natalie's inference about the cause of the behavior of her brother's friend is an example of: altruism. an attribution. cognitive dissonance. implicit cognition.

an attribution

As long as the psychiatric nurse remains very quiet, he can move Robin's arms and legs and gently shift her from standing to sitting. Once she has been moved, Robin remains in the new pose until someone moves her again. This particular symptom of schizophrenia is called _____ and is very _____. waxy flexibility; rare waxy flexibility; common alogia; common flat affect; rare

waxy flexibility; rare

Social cognition is to _____ as social influence is to _____. automatic nonconscious mental processes that influence perceptions, judgments, decisions, and reasoning; deliberate, conscious mental processes involved in perceptions, judgments, decisions, and reasoning. deliberate, conscious mental processes involved in perceptions, judgments, decisions, and reasoning; automatic nonconscious mental processes that influence perceptions, judgments, decisions, and reasoning. the effects of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior; the mental processes people use to make sense of their social environments. the mental processes people use to make sense of their social environments; the effects of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior.

-

Approximately _____ percent of those suffering from major depression attempt suicide. 25 35 10 50

10

Every year in the United States, approximately _____ people commit suicide. 300,000 3,000 100,000 30,000

30,000

In which of the following scenarios are people MOST likely help another person? Just moments after hundreds of people get off a crowded subway train on their way to work, an oddly dressed man in the crowd stumbles and falls as he is walking up the exit steps. At a moderately crowded Greyhound bus station, a woman struggles to retrieve her suitcase from a man who shouts at her, "Do you understand? You're not leaving!" Carla's car won't restart and partially blocks the exit drive as her fellow employees are walking to their own cars. As the impatient crowd surges forward to enter the stadium in the race for the best possible seats for the concert, a man in the crowd yells, "Wait! Stop! I dropped my contact lens!"

Carla's car won't restart and partially blocks the exit drive as her fellow employees are walking to their own cars

The acronym DSM-IV-TR stands for: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision Deviations from Standard Mentality, 4th edition (technical release) Disorders: Simple and Multifaceted, 4th edition, technical revision Developmental and Secondary Mental Disorders Manual, 4th translation

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision

Helena has a large network of social relationships that is comforting to her in times of need. However, because relationships tend to be reciprocal, Helena has to respond to many demands placed on her by friends and family. According to your textbook, which of the following statements is TRUE? Compared to people with only a small network of social relationships, Helena is likely to be relatively free of stress. Helena may find these demands physically and psychologically taxing, especially if any are long term. The positive effects of social support always outweigh any potential drawbacks. Helena will not be affected adversely by this situation.

Helena may find these demands physically and psychologically taxing, especially if any are long term

After 20 minutes of waiting outside the baggage claim area for your friend to pick you up, you decide to go inside the airport terminal and phone her. Standing a short distance from you is a kind-looking older woman. "Would you mind watching my luggage so I can go make a quick phone call?" you ask politely. "I'd be happy to watch it for you," she replies, "my ride is not coming for another half-hour." When you return less than five minutes later, the old lady and your luggage (including your laptop) are gone. This example illustrates one of the problems associated with: ethnocentrism. the "feel good, do good" effect. the rule of reciprocity. an implicit personality theory.

an implicit personality theory

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale: measures the effect of everyday events that annoy and upset people on health and well-being. attempts to quantify and rank the impact of stress-producing events in a person's life. measures acculturative stress. uses personality measures to estimate the length of time it will take a person to recover and readjust from the stressful effects of major life traumas.

attempts to quantify and rank the impact of stress-producing events in a person's life.

An individual's false belief that outside forces, such as aliens, the government, or random people, have power over him and can influence and manipulate his actions or thoughts is called a delusion of: grandeur. reference. being controlled. persecution.

being controlled

"Hal got hit by a car when he was jogging? Really? Well, it doesn't surprise me," Erin commented. "He never wears reflective gear, so I bet the driver couldn't even see him." Erin's response illustrates an attributional pattern called: ethnocentrism. blaming the victim. the rule of reciprocity. diffusion of responsibility.

blaming the victim

Minor everyday stressors, such as taking an exam: can temporarily alter immune system functioning. can have a maladaptive effect on telomerase activity. have little or no effect on immune system functioning. have a positive effect on immune system functioning.

can temporarily alter immune system functioning

Ruth was hospitalized after a concerned co-worker went to her house to find out why Ruth had unexpectedly failed to show up at work. When the co-worker peered through a window, she saw Ruth standing motionless in the middle of her living room, much like a mannequin. Ruth appears to be experiencing the _____ type of schizophrenia. catatonic paranoid undifferentiated disorganized

catatonic

Stress can indirectly undermine health and physical well-being by: causing muscle contractions and elevating blood pressure. activating the fight-or-flight response. making people more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors. disrupting immune system functioning.

causing muscle contraction and elevation blood pressure

After Judy made a choice between two fairly equal alternatives, she emphasized the negative features of the choice she rejected, which is called a "sour grapes" rationalization, and she focused on the positive features of the choice she committed to, a "sweet lemons" rationalization. This example illustrates: hindsight bias. cognitive dissonance. the rule of commitment. the fundamental attribution error.

cognitive dissonance

Collectivistic cultures differ from individualistic cultures in that: collectivists are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error. collectivists are more likely to attribute causes of another person's behavior to external, situational factors rather than to internal, personal factors. individualists are more likely to commit the modesty bias. individualists are more likely to attribute the causes of their own behavior to internal, personal factors rather than external, situational factors.

collectivists are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error

Adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that they match the opinions, judgments or behavior of other people or the norms of a social group or situation is called: altruism. conformity. prosocial behaviors. obedience.

conformity

Physical attractiveness is: correlated with intelligence, happiness, and self-esteem. not correlated with any other characteristics. highly correlated with social competence, assertiveness, and intelligence. not correlated with intelligence, mental health, or self-esteem.

correlated with intelligence, happiness, and self-esteem

Kathleen overslept, got caught in rush hour traffic, and was late for work. During lunch she spilled coffee on her clothes. When she left work that afternoon she got caught in a sudden downpour of rain. By the time she arrived home she felt drained, grumpy, and stressed out. Kathleen's present state is the result of the cumulative effect of: major life events. stress contagion. daily hassles. life change units.

daily hassels

In terms of daily hassles, what gender differences have been found? Men are more likely to cope with daily hassles by becoming angry, while women are more likely to respond to daily hassles by withdrawing from others. There are no significant gender differences in either the frequency or cause of daily hassles. Women's daily hassles are more commonly related to money problems, while men's daily hassles are more commonly due to interpersonal conflict. Daily hassles for men most commonly arise from school- or work-related issues, while daily hassles for women are most commonly associated with friends and family.

daily hassles for men most commonly arise from school or work-related issues, while daily hassles for women are most commonly associated with friends and family

After her husband died last year, Sophia moved to a new city, started a new job, and returned to school part time after an absence of 10 years. These major life events may create a ripple effect and generate a host of _____ that could significantly _____ Sophia's stress level. daily hassles; decrease life change units; decrease daily hassles; increase immune system responses; decrease

daily hassles; increase

Dennis, a New York City investment broker, quit his job in a fit of rage after being accused of embezzling thousands of dollars of his clients' money. Four months later, the police discovered Dennis driving a cab in Los Angeles. Dennis claimed that his name was actually Michael Hart, that he had always been a cab driver in Los Angeles, and that he had no knowledge of Dennis. Even after he was positively identified as Dennis, "Michael Hart" insisted that he was someone else. Assuming that he was not faking his condition to escape arrest, Dennis probably had: delusions of grandeur. bipolar disorder. paranoid schizophrenia. dissociative fugue.

dissociative fugue

After carefully considering the pros and cons of each college that had accepted him for admission, Conner decided to attend Blackwater State College. The next day, Conner discovered that three of his closest friends had also decided to attend Blackwater State College. In this example, Conner's behavior: is likely to produce strong feelings of cognitive dissonance. is the result of normative social influence. does not reflect conformity. is an example of conformity to the majority opinion.

does not reflect conformity

Jasmine is a police detective. To cope with her high level of stress, she goes to aerobic classes and works out in the gym four or five times a week. Jasmine is using a(n) _____ coping strategy called _____. problem-focused; seeking social support emotion-focused; escape-avoidance emotion-focused; positive reappraisal problem-focused; confrontive coping

emotion-focused; escape-avoidance

A relatively common symptom in schizophrenia is that the person responds with greatly reduced emotional expressiveness, including facial expressions. This particular symptom is referred to as: alogia. waxy flexibility. flat affect. poverty of speech.

flat affect

Abby's husband was critically injured in a car accident. He survived, but Abby had to care for him at home for several months before he was able to regain normal functioning, which was very stressful for Abby. After he was able to return to work, Abby felt completely exhausted. According to Hans Selye, Abby probably experienced the: general adaptation syndrome. fight-or-flight response. tend-and-befriend response. stress contagion effect.

general adaption syndrome

Altruism is to _____ as prosocial behavior is to _____. either selfless or self-serving behavior; helping another person with no expectation of reward the rule of commitment; the rule of reciprocity expectation of reward; selfishness helping another person with no expectation of reward; either selfless or self-serving behavior

helping another person with no expectation of reward; either selfless or self-serving behavior

Most cases of specific phobia involve particular categories of objects or situations. Which of the following are people least likely to have a phobia of? spiders, snakes, or other animals and insects particular situations, like flying, driving, or enclosed places thunderstorms, heights, water, or other features of the natural environment household cleaners, such as dishwashing liquid, soap, toilet cleaners, mops and brooms

household cleaners, such as dishwashing liquid, soap, toilet cleaners, mops and brooms

Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club. In terms of basic social categories, Nestor's cross-country club members are the _____, and the members of the downhill ski club are the _____. in-group; out-group out-group; in-group conformists; nonconformists nonconformists; conformists

in-groups; out-groups

In contrast to normal anxiety, pathological anxiety: is focused on relationship problems rather than work or academic concerns. is irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive. is intense but typically short-lived, often lasting less than an hour. alerts people to realistic problems that need to be addressed or solved.

is irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive

Actress Winona Ryder was convicted of felony grand theft for taking more than $5,000 worth of merchandise from a Beverly Hills Saks Fifth Avenue store. People who, like Winona Ryder, have uncontrollable impulses to steal objects even when they have money to pay for the items are said to have: hypochondriasis. kleptomania. Tourette's disorder. pyromania.

kleptomania

People in the _____ socioeconomic levels of society tend to have the _____ levels of psychological distress, illness, and death. lowest; highest lowest; lowest highest; highest highest and lowest; same

lowest; highest

Bipolar disorder used to be officially called _____, and it is still often referred to by that term. multiple personality disorder dysthymic disorder manic depression seasonal affective disorder

manic depression

Before leaving her home, Margaret makes sure that every electrical appliance is unplugged and checks that every window and door is securely locked. She checks everything 17 times according to a strict ritual that she has worked out. If she misses one window, door, or appliance, she must begin all over again. If she tries to skip any step of the ritual, she experiences unbearable anxiety. Margaret probably has: dissociative identity disorder. specific phobia. bipolar disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

For the third time in two months, Erica's husband rushed her to the hospital emergency room because Erica thought she was having a heart attack. Her symptoms included a racing, pounding heart, weakness, feeling faint, and feeling as if she were unable to breathe. Although her doctor says she is physically healthy, Erica lives in fear of another attack. Erica is most likely has: panic disorder. a specific phobia. obsessive-compulsive disorder. generalized anxiety disorder.

panic disorder

The most common type of schizophrenia is the _____ type. undifferentiated paranoid disorganized catatonic

paranoid

After Michael studied the chapter on social psychology, he decided to try an experiment. He wanted to see how people on a half-empty bus would react if he politely asked someone to move so he could have a particular seat. But when Michael boarded the bus, he found he was just too embarrassed to carry out his experiment. Michael's behavior appears to be governed by: the rule of commitment. diffusion of responsibility. the rule of reciprocity. social norms.

social norms

Sixty-five-year-old Bernice is taking courses at the university with the intention of completing a bachelor's degree. Some members of her family think she is not likely to succeed because she is much too old to learn new information. These family members are demonstrating: stereotyped thinking. the rule of commitment. hindsight bias. cognitive dissonance.

stereotyped thinking

Mrs. Lovejoy thinks that all teenagers are reckless, promiscuous, irresponsible delinquents. Mrs. Lovejoy appears to be associating qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define this particular age group. This example illustrates: the rule of reciprocity. cognitive dissonance. prosocial thinking. stereotyped thinking.

stereotypes thinking

One aspect of major depression is that thinking becomes globally pessimistic and negative about the self. This pervasive negativity and pessimism are often manifested in: obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. catatonic states and waxy flexibility. suicidal thoughts or preoccupations with death. manic episodes and flight of ideas.

suicidal thought or preoccupations with death

Sylvester was thrilled when he received a large bonus from his company. Later that day, when he was asked if he could volunteer a few hours to help at the Food Bank, he readily agreed. This example best illustrates: hindsight bias. the self-serving bias. the bystander effect. the "feel good, do good" effect.

the "feel good, do good" effect.

The highest rate of suicide in the United States occurs in: the 35-to-44 age group. the 75 and older age group. the 6-to-14 age group. the 15-to-24 age group.

the 75 and older age group

Regarding the difference between normal and abnormal behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE? Abnormal behavior is unusual, whereas normal behavior is not. Abnormal behavior is usually frightening and disturbing, but normal behavior is not. The difference between normal and abnormal is often a matter of degree. Normal behavior is not "crazy," but abnormal behavior is.

the difference between normal and abnormal of often a matter of degree

One important reason some psychologists are skeptical of dissociative identity disorder is that: the number of reported cases has increased dramatically in recent decades. several famous dissociative identity disorder patients have publicly admitted that they were faking their symptoms in order to gain fame and make money. the symptoms of dissociative identity disorder are also present in schizophrenia, a much more likely diagnosis. dissociative identity disorder is easy to produce through hypnotic suggestion and can also be easily cured by hypnosis.

the number of reported cases has increased dramatically in recent decades

During their third year at college, Tammy and Timothy both lost their part-time jobs in the library due to funding cutbacks. Tammy was mildly disturbed, shrugged her shoulders, and said she'd soon get another job. Timothy was distraught and believed he might have to quit college. Their different reactions to the same stressful event emphasize the importance of: their respective cognitive appraisals of the event. gender differences in response to stressors. quantifying major life events in terms of life change units. cultural differences in response to stressors.

their respective cognitive appraisal of the events

Most psychoneuroimmunologists are likely to share the view that: the endocrine system works completely independently of other body systems. there are no direct connections between the brain and the immune system, only indirect connections. there are interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system. the immune system works completely independently of other body systems.

there are interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system

The onset of schizophrenia: typically occurs during early adulthood. follows fundamentally different patterns in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. is likely to occur at any age throughout early and middle adulthood. is most likely to occur during the fall and winter months.

typically occurs during early adulthood

Norman displays many schizophrenic symptoms, both positive and negative, including random auditory hallucinations that don't follow any particular theme, peculiar thoughts and behavior, frequent inappropriate laughing mixed with aggressive shouting, and echoing words spoken by others. Norman would probably be diagnosed with the _____ type of schizophrenia. catatonic paranoid dissociative undifferentiated

undifferentiated