PSYCHOLOGY 235 FINAL CAPONE TESTS

The Gestalt tradition emphasized the idea that...

" the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"

Bandura's self system is

A measurement tool that allows a therapist to determine what an individual thinks of him/herself and allows the client to be an active participant in any diagnosis

Which of the following influence whether or not a model's behavior will be repeated by an observer?

All of these.

Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's multiple intelligences?

Conscientious intelligence.

The roots of modern personality psychology can be traced to developments in the 19th century biological sciences based on the work of...The roots of modern personality psychology can be traced to developments in the 19th century biological sciences based on the work of...

Darwin

One of the first scientists to explore possible genetic links for personality, who tried to separate the effects of genetics and environment by looking at adopted twins, and who began the eugenics movement, was...

Francis Galton

Jenny is not a particularly happy toddler. She is easily frightened, and seems to be easily irritated. Her mother reports that she's not a lot of trouble, however, she spends most of her time playing quietly by herself or watching TV; in fact, her mother often has to encourage her to play with the other children in her daycare group. Describe Jenny on each of the following temperamental dimensions: 1.) activity; 2.) emotionality; 3.) sociability.

Low High Low

In the dogs that he worked with, Pavlov was able to classically condition something similar to which personality dimension?

Neuroticism

Which of the following influence is the most important in influencing self-efficacy?

Our own performance experiences.

The promising technique that can show brain activity by recording the brains use of radioactive glucose is called

PET: Positron Emission Tomography

Schemas were first discussed by

Piaget

If you suffer from arachnophobia ( extreme fear of spiders) you might seek the help of a therapist in overcoming a problem, which of the following would be a legitimate method of treatment?

Systematic desensitization

An early supporter of psychological testing (and where much testing is conducted) was...

The U.S. armed forces

The researcher credited with applying behavior principles to elicit fear in young children," little Albert" was

Watson

What is the technique of "free association"?

a defense mechanism as defined by Freud

A habit hierarchy describes

a learned hierarchy of likelihood that a person will respond to a situation in a specific way based on predicted rewards

Which situation best describes the actions of the superego?

a married man always chooses not to cheat on his wife because his religious beliefs deem adultery an immoral act

According to Freud, a deep unconscious conflict for women centers on...

a repressed wish to possess a penis

The self-system as described by Bandura is best described as what?

a set of cognitive personality variables that captures ones habitual means of interpreting events in his or her life

A field dependent person is more sensitive to____________ than a field independent person.

all of these

Which of the following are methods of assessing behavior

all of these

The term temperament as used in personality psychology, refers to...

an individuals characteristic emotional and motivational nature

The cognitive components that Bandura describes as necessary for the performance of modeled behavior are

attention retention detention motivation

Horney believed that what women really wanted was...

autonomy and control

The central idea behind the concept of operant conditioning is that...

behavior is changed by manipulating it's consequences.

The central idea behind the concept of operant conditioning is that

behavior is changed by manipulating its consequences

Stereotypes and prejudice are examples of the useful process of ____________________ becoming harmful

categorization

Nonshared environmental variance refers to the aspects of the environment that...

children raised in the same home experience differently

Schemas are...

cognitive structures that organize knowledge and expectations about ones environment

In the rod and frame task people who aligned the bar with the frame rather than making it vertical are field ____________ and would probably _________________ in the body positioning task

dependent tilt to align with the room

Patrice thinks she is a failure. According to her assessment, her grades are bad, she is overweight, and she is unattractive. She also says she doesn't have any friends. In reality, Patrice does have friends, her grades are fine, and she is an attractive, slightly plump, young woman. Horney would say that Patrice is over-identifying with her...

despised self

Wording of items is sometimes reversed to...

determine whether those scoring the test are paying attention.

After little Albert was conditioned to fear the rat, he...

did all the above.

Freud refers to ___________ as the "royal road" to understanding the unconscious.

dreams

Our abilities to categorize stimuli are severely challenged when we...

encounter objects that are dissimilar from past experiences

Individuals with attention-deficit disorder (ADD)...

experience all of these

A superiority complex is often a reaction to...

feelings of inferiority

When a conditioned response occurs in response to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus, this is called...

generalization.

CHAPTER 2 Reliability refers to the ability of a scale to

give consistent results

Erikson's theory of development focuses on the idea that...

growth involves stages in which we resolve conflicts throughout life

An "acquiescence response set" refers to the tendency of people filling out questionnaires to

have a bias towards saying "yes" or "agree" to questions

The greatest strength of experimental design - a strength that other research approaches lack- is that they

have the ability to show cause and effect relationships

Advances in the field of biological science have...

helped researchers think more clearly about personality

Behavioral genomics is the study of...

how genes affect behavior

CHAPTER 3 Freud went to Paris to study with the famous nueropathologist J.M. Charcot, who was studying...

hysteria

The ________ operates under the "pleasure principle," while the _________ operated under the "reality principle."

id ego

Brian is struggling with himself. He's always been a good student, but lately he grades have been slipping a little bit. He feels like he has nothing in common with those who were once close friends, and yet he doesn't seem to "fit in" with any other crowd. He will be finishing his degree in history next year, but lately, he's been wondering whether he really wants to be a historian (and he feels silly that he's wasted so much valuable time on something that he might not even want to do for the rest of his life). His girlfriend want to get married after graduation, and he had planned to give her ring over winter break; however lately he's been feeling like marriage should wait. He wants to have time to explore the world and "discover" himself before settling down. Brian seems to have a(n)...

identity crisis

According to Allport, what is the method by which personality should be studied?

idiographic

Personality psychology that is focused on the study of individual cases is termed...

idiographic

A current controversy that is relevant to the idea of repression deals with...

implantation of false memories by therapists

A major study done at the University of Minnesota examining identical twins raised apart has found...

impressive similarities in personality between people who have the same genetic makeup

Margaret Mead's view on the role of culture in personality was influenced by her findings of several different cultures that...

in some cultures both males and females had the characteristics that our culture identifies as both masculine or feminine

If we ask everyone in the class to describe the personalities of everyone else they know in the class, and then use the data to form a theory about personality of college students, we are using...

induction ( think introduction)

A relational perspective suggests that...

initial patterns of self-other relations influence our self concepts and social relations later in life

Rotter initially described the dimensions of locus of control as __________________ but more recently locus of control has been found to be comprised of

internal and external; luck, powerful others and internality

In what ways does Eysenck link his dimension of introversion to biology?

introverts are innately at a higher level of central nervous system arousal

Lewin's "field theory" focused on all of the internal and external forces that act on an individual, which he called__________.

life space

Freud believed that dreams had two aspects: they're...

manifest and latent content

Which of the following arguments points to non-genetic factors in the incidence of schizophrenia?

many identical twins of schizophrenics do not develop the disease

The theorist known for his theory of self monitoring is...

mark snyder

Cantor & Kihlstroms idea of social intelligence describes individual variation in

mastery of clusters of knowledge and interpersonal skills

When a behavior is learned after seeing another person perform the behavior, this is called...

modeling

When a person is faced with an approach avoidance conflict as described by Dollard and Miller the inability to satisfy these conflicts leads to

neurotic behavior

Chris is two years older and well-adjusted. His attachment to his mother is healthy, and he is a happy child. Mahler would say that he is a _______ child.

normal symbotic

In psychoanalytic theory, the id has _________ as a main goal.

obtaining pleasure

Which of the following are among the social issues Adler believed everyone had to address?

occupational tasks, societal tasks, love tasks

Individuals with an optimistic explanatory style...

often see neutral events as positive, and find the "silver lining" in bad situations.

Individuals who have a relatively more active right hemisphere (compared to what is typical) are more likely to...

overreact to a negative stimulus

The studies of child rearing precursors of dependency and aggression in children as studied by Sears

parents' reports of how much they punished the child were related to the childs dependency and aggression

Kelly's person construct theory posits that...

people actively endeavor to make sense of their worlds

The Affective Communication Test of ACT measures

personal charisma

Which of the following statement is true of the unconscious?

personality psychology struggles to understand how and to what extent the unconscious plays a role in behavior

Jena is a bright student, but she can't see it. Last week, she got a B on her history test and was depressed for the rest of the afternoon. Her friends tried to cheer her up by offering to study with her next time, and reminding her that she'd done better than any of them, but it didn't help. In fact, Jena isn't just insecure about her scholastic abilities, but she also thinks she's ugly, fat, and without talent (the reality is that her looks are average, her weight is average, and she's a talented saxophone player). Jena's explanatory style is...

pessimistic.

Archetypes are...

powerful emotional symbols rooted in our human history

In Freud's usage, a "defense mechanism" has the effect of...

protecting the persons consciousness from threatening material

The behavioral activation system is responsible for...

regulating our response rewards

According to Rotter which of the following affect behavior?

reinforcement values and outcome expectancies

A social desirability response set is best described as a bias to pick

responses that to the respondent believes are expected by society

Freudian theory would likely interpret a dream in which someone tries over and over (but fails) to scale a mountain to reach a friend as indicating...

secret lust for a friend

The most common type of personality test is...

self report

Little Evelyn was caught stealing by her mother. As she tried to defend herself, she said, "I didn't mean to do it! My 'evil twin' took over." Evelyn is invoking the ________ archetype.

shadow

Joyce recently lost her young son and the experience was devastating. She was comforted, however, by the fact that her sons organs helped four other children to live longer. She now volunteers with children at a local daycare center, which reminds her of her son, and she is thankful that she had six years of happiness with him. Joyce's explanatory style is

social-constructivist

"Temperament" refers to...

stable individual differences in emotional reactivity

If you were told that a child was taking a personality test and saw the child drawing a picture the most likely conclusion would be that the child is

taking a projective test

Tropisms are...

tendencies to seek out specific types of environments

Suppose you complete a personality questionnaire where scores usually range from 1-35, and you receive a score of "10". Suppose you then take the test again, the next day and receive a score of "9.5." This questionnaire appears to have...

test-retest reliability

Darwin's evolutionary theory influenced the development of the field of personality psychology through...

the idea that people are subject to the laws of nature, just like other animals

CHAPTER 4 Which of the following is NOT a division of the psyche, according to Jung?

the paraconscious

Freudian theory uses the term "libido" to refer to...

the psychic energy that is the basis of drive or motivation

What do sociobiologists study?

the reasons for the evolution of animal social behaviors

A useful way to address the "problem" that personalities tent to change to some degree over time is

to look for consistent patterns of response which indicate underlying personality stability

"Heidi is aggressive and extroverted." This statement describes Heidi in terms of...

traits

In Pavlov's early classical conditioning experiments, food was the _______, and a bell, which was originally a neutral stimulus, became a(n) ______ when paired with the food.

unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus.

Of the eight perspectives discussed in your text, which of the following is not true?

very few perspectives are still regarded as useful

Skinner asserted that his own personality

was caused by environmental events

CHAPTER 6 & 7 Which of the following is NOT one of the central tenets of Gestalt psychology?

when presented with info we strive to ignore things that we have not experienced before