Psychology (2nd semester), Unit 5
consequence
"If I want my friend to talk about her problem, I will have to gently coax it out of her."
internal attribution
"People say they don't want to talk about a problem because they are afraid inside."
antecedent
"People who say that they don't want to talk about something really do want to talk about it."
external attribution
"People who say they don't want to talk about a problem do so because they think their listeners will judge them."
Select TWO facts about the frustration-aggression theory.
- Aggression is rooted in frustration caused by obstacles in the way of reaching a goal or doing something. - It might reflect a broad principle but fails to explain many situations.
pragmatic
a practical, but not necessarily optimal or correct, course of action
bias
a preconceived tendency or belief that influences judgments
moral dilemma
a situation requiring a choice between morally compromising alternatives
The surprising consistency of morality between cultures implies that at least some moral standards are ____.
absolute
Confronted by a stressor, the body enters a mode of fight-or-flight.
alarm reaction
The intensity typically equals the perception of physical threat.
alarm reaction
conformity
aligning behavior with group norms or expectations
syllabus
an outline of course topics, expectations, and due dates
consequence
behavior and future expectations resulting from attribution
altruism
behavior risking oneself while showing unselfish concern for others
morality
beliefs about what is right behavior and wrong behavior
Grace's boyfriend was agreeable at first, but eventually tried to control her with ever-increasing demands.
brainwashing
Diffusion of responsibility can lead to ____ when a person in a crowd requires aid.
bystander helplessness
Which behavior tends to overcome bystander helplessness?
bystanders following the lead of the first person to offer aid
social facilitation
increased performance in the presence of a group
Psychologists once thought that moral standards were simply a patchwork of ____ rules created on an as-needed basis.
pragmatic
ethical standards
principles of socially acceptable behavior
deindividuation
the perception of members of a group as anonymous and lacking personality
dehumanization
the perception of others as less than human
The likelihood that an individual will engage in altruistic behavior depends on ____ and other factors.
the situation
diffusion of responsibility
the tendency of an individual to feel less responsibility as part of a group
social loafing
the tendency to work less while sharing work with others
What was the purpose of psychiatrists Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe's stress scale?
to measure the impact of life events on stress levels
What is the ultimate goal of an individual affected by stress?
to regain a sense of control
The most common cognitive short-term response to stressors is _____.
trouble thinking or concentrating
discrimination
unequal treatment of members of a group
bystander helplessness
a failure to render aid because no one else is giving aid
Select THREE facts about psychologist Solomon Asch's experiment.
- Asch designed his experiment to put his subjects into a state of cognitive dissonance. - Subjects participated in a group vision test designed to test whether or not individuals would conform to group pressure. - Asch concluded that it is not uncommon for people to prefer being wrong and conform than to stand out.
Detachment/intellectualization
- By detaching oneself from a stressful situation, an individual hopes to deal with the stressor using intellectualization rather than emotion - the emotions remain and may cause harm if not dealt with in a healthy manner
Select TWO ways that deindividuation and dehumanization contribute to violence?
- Dehumanization justifies violence by valuing the victims as less than human, much like one might not think twice about swatting a mosquito. - Deindividuation removes recognition of individual personality so that a victim is anonymous.
Select THREE facts about ethics and morality.
- Ethics reflect socially appropriate behavior for given situations such as in the workplace. - Ethics and morality both establish what constitutes appropriate and inappropriate behavior. - Morals are personal beliefs that may or may not align with others but are typically based on universal truths that do not change.
Select THREE situations in which groupthink is most likely to occur.
- Group members are close to one another. - Group leaders are overconfident and feel invulnerable. - The group is closed to outsiders.
Select THREE facts learned from the prisoner's dilemma.
- People are likely to behave differently if they do not know the person or if their actions are anonymous. - Communication can encourage altruism cooperation. - People who cooperate tend to want to punish those who do not.
Select the THREE elements of forming an attitude.
- behavioral response toward the thing - belief about the thing - feeling about the thing
approach-avoidance
A doubt or fear is associated with something desirable.
denial/repression (?)
Aaliyah knows she needs to start taking steps toward college but cannot bring herself to think about it.
Which answer is NOT a way groups influence individuals?
An individual embraces the stereotype of other group members. (are: - An individual internalizes an attitude because one believes it is right and true. - Groups enforce compliance to avoid rejection and gain approval of group members - A person willingly identifies with group attitudes rather than just behaving according to expectations.)
How does altruism in humans differ from caring behavior in animals?
Animals most likely take care of their own out of instinct. Humans have the capacity to care for those with whom they have no relationship.
How do attitudes make up our self-concept?
Attitudes provide guides to action in which we first associate positive or negative feelings toward particular people, events, and objects. Thus, our attitudes make up our self-concept of how we perceive ourselves.
Why is brainwashing different from other forms of behavior modification?
Brainwashing seeks total control of a person's behavior.
How does compliance differ from internalization?
Compliance is outward behavior done to gain favor or avoid punishment. Internalization is behavior that reflects one's beliefs and desires.
detachment/intellectualization (?)
Dating stresses Charles, so he has put all his energy into getting his college degree and starting a career.
A person who is merely compliant in a group will never form an internalized attitude.
False
Attributions are always accurate judgments of behavior.
False
Changing behavior due to stress is always negative.
False
Conformity increases with group size, leveling off at about 25 people.
False
Humans are born with inherent attitudes.
False
Leaders should insist on their views and keep the group focused on the task.
False
double approach-avoidance
In this conflict, each option has desirable and undesirable aspects.
How can stress be beneficial?
It helps motivate us to work toward change.
drugs and alcohol (?)
Since losing his job, Jaxon's father spends all his time drinking at the local bar.
identify with aggressor (?)
The prisoners of war began to view their captors as friends despite their harsh treatment.
A stereotype becomes prejudice when a person refuses to revise a belief or behavior after interacting with people from the group.
True
Antecedents can be accurate, misleading, or even imaginary.
True
Expressing an opinion contrary to the majority can encourage others with the same view not to give in to group pressure.
True
cognitive dissonance
a contradiction between actions or beliefs causes a discomforting imbalance that must be reconciled
antecedent
a belief or prior knowledge one has about another
prejudice
a biased judgment of people based on the group to which they belong
compliance
a change in behavior to gain approval or avoid discomfort
brainwashing
coercion of increasing compliance through a system of rewards and punishment
After a homeless man cursed him for offering free food, Aiden could only think to respond by cursing back at the man.
cognitive dissonance
Conformity and obedience both rely on ____ by placing an individual in a situation in which noncompliance results in discomfort or even punishment.
cognitive dissonance
social inhibition
decreased performance in the presence of a group
American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development that said morality ____.
developed in predictable stages
Learning how to make moral judgments begins ____.
early in a child's life
internalization
embracing ideas, values, and attitudes as part of one's self-concept
groupthink
emphasis on group unity leads to a poor decision-making process
Juan and Stella found themselves even more entrenched in their opposing views after a heated discussion.
group polarization
The company failed because its leaders were lifelong workers who agreed that there was no need for change.
groupthink
fallacy
logically unsound reasoning
Nevaeh always seems to perform at her best during piano recitals with large audiences.
social facilitation
Braden performs well in practice, but struggles during games in front of large crowds.
social inhibition
Reasons for ___ include a lowered sense of responsibility and a desire not to appear overeager or show up coworkers.
social loafing
Children take a rigid, concrete view of right and wrong based on laws and rules.
stage four
A person fights against stress by seeking a way to cope.
stage of resistance
Children are mostly concerned with showing obedience and avoiding punishment.
stage one
Children begin to consider how one's actions affect others.
stage three
Children focus on the self but understand rewards as well as punishment.
stage two
Children consider whether a law is fair and accept universal ethical principles.
stages five and six
group polarization
strengthening of the majority opinion through discussion
How does the implicit personality theory attempt to explain stereotyping?
People tend to associate certain traits together that might not warrant the association.
Disengagement
- A person may choose to avoid resolving a stressful situation stressor by giving up - often turn to substitute activities that might or might not be productive
Select TWO facts about cognitive evaluation and attitude formation.
- It allows us to challenge established attitudes that we might not even consciously acknowledge. - A cognitive evaluation attempts to consider an issue based on its own merit.
Planning and action
- The common-sense approach to countering a stressor is to create a plan of action to get rid of the problem - people do not always respond rationally under stress or may not have the means or knowledge to respond properly
Select TWO facts about conditioning and attitude formation.
- We are conditioned by culture, family, and peers. - It shapes our attitudes every time we are praised or scolded for certain behaviors or beliefs.
Select TWO facts about observation and attitude formation.
- We incorporate attitudes that we observe to be valuable or desirable. - Direct experience can lead to new attitudes.
Drugs and alcohol
- altered states of consciousness provide escape from the reality of stressful situations - only makes things worse by potentially harming oneself and by refusing to deal with the stressor
Acceptance
- deciding to live with a problem and look for the good in it - Accepting a stressful situation may or may not be the right thing to do and is sometimes difficult to determine
Select TWO positive indicators of marriage success.
- displays of genuine respect and affection - sharing much in common
Select TWO major threats to marriages.
- jealousy - violent tendencies
Identify with aggressor
- people who are mistreated often begin to show the same behavior as their aggressors - the subconscious motivation is the hope of avoiding the abuse by becoming like those inflicting it
Select THREE factors in determining attraction according to the Lesson.
- proximity, the distance between where people live, work, or attend school - physical attraction - reward value
Denial/repression
- the refusal to believe what has happened and an attempt to repress thinking about it - typically unhealthy as it does not eliminate the stressor and will likely cause more stress in the future
avoidance-avoidance
This choice is between two undesirable options
approach-approach
This conflict involves a choice between two desirable options.
In courtship signaling, a male first approaches a female but only after she has given a signal that he interprets as interest.
True
Some animals practice monogamous behavior.
True
attitude
a predetermined response to a certain class of people, ideas, or objects
burnout
a psychological and physical breaking point brought on by stress
identification
accepting a group's attitudes as one's own attitudes
"Since it is raining, I am going to have one of my moody, gloomy days."
actor-observer bias
Austrian psychologist Fritz Heider of the Gestalt school first suggested the _____ to explain the process by which we form beliefs and opinions about others.
attribution theory
external attribution
attributions due to circumstances
internal attribution
attributions due to personal characteristics
Ryan's dad told him that he must choose between spending his Saturday mowing the yard or cleaning out the shed.
avoidance-avoidance
If we can avoid ____, then the world becomes more predictable and in line with our expectations.
biases
scapegoating
blaming another person or group for perceived wrongs
Which answer is not a short-term response to stress?
burnout (are: fear, anger, anxiety)
In a lasting relationship, initial feelings evolve into ___ love characterized by caring, sharing, and protection.
companionate
The most direct way to deal with stress is by _____.
creating a plan to solve it and act on it
Weather, temperature, noise, crowds, annoying people, and traffic are examples of ___ stressors.
environmental
"Juan has such a temper; he shouldn't have hit the guy who pushed him."
fundamental attribution error
"My scoring the first goal was the difference in our 10-2 victory."
fundamental attribution error (?)
Hans Selye created the _____ to explain how the body reacts to stress.
general adaptation syndrome
Which answer is NOT a part of the attribution theory?
internalization (are: consequences, attribution, antecedents)
passionate love
love characterized by intense physical desire
companionate love
love characterized by mutual respect, sharing, caring, and protection
platonic
love that is free of physical or sensual desire
distress
negative stress from pressure or anxiety
self-concept
one's total perception about oneself
eustress
positive stress associated with our personal strivings for fulfillment
actor-observer bias
the tendency to attribute behaviors of others to internal factors while attributing your own actions to external factors
self-serving bias
the tendency to attribute one's success to personal characteristics and failures to circumstances
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal causes while discounting situational factors
intellectualization
to consider rationally rather than emotionally
cope
to respond to a situation created by a stressor
Interpersonal attraction is only concerned with romance.
False
planning and action (?)
Jocelyn didn't know the first thing about filling out income tax forms but learned by reading articles about tax preparation and visiting with a tax professional.
disengagment (?)
Landon avoids his negative family life by filling up all his time with school, activities, and work.
acceptance (?)
Lily lost an arm in an accident, but she has learned to adapt and recognize that some good has come from her situation.
stress
a feeling of anxiety resulting from a life event or situation
stereotype
a fixed set of beliefs about all members of a group
stressor
a situation or event that generates stress
coping strategy
a specific tactic used to respond to stress
Khloe can't decide whether to host her birthday dinner at a Mexican or Italian restaurant.
approach-approach
Faith really wants to purchase a certain dress but is concerned that it is greatly overpriced.
approach-avoidance
monogamous
characteristic of having only one mate or spouse at a time
proximity
measure of physical closeness serving as an indicator of likelihood of developing a relationship
Though values change with each passing generation, _____ is still viewed as the ultimate expression of a long-term relationship commitment. (lmaoooooooooooooooo)
monogamy within marriage
Robert is weighing the pros and cons of getting a summer job to earn money or spending time fishing at his uncle's cabin but earning no money.
double approach-avoidance
The body eventually gives out.
exhaustion
"I did poorly at the first day of tryouts. Perhaps a new baseball mitt will help me tomorrow."
self-serving bias (?)
Most people find a way to resolve the stress in this stage and regain a sense of control.
stage of resistance
A(n) _____ is a fallacy because each member may have unique characteristics that set her apart from the rest of the group.
stereotype
attribution
the act of associating another's behavior with external or internal causes
social psychology
the study of how interactions with others affects our thoughts and behavior
