psychology 309

Who is the best example of a task leader?

Anna, who comes in with a list of prioritized activities

Which is an example of a positive correlation?

As the number of cigarettes smoked increases, so does the likelihood of developing lung cancer.

Which best illustrates a negative correlation?

As the number of oysters decreases, the number of pearls decreases.

Which best illustrates a correlation?

As the temperature rises, so does iced tea consumption.

Which is an example of social contagion?

Five kids sit sideways on a school bus. Soon most of the kids are doing the same.

Which test uses reaction time to measure unconscious associations?

IAT

Which of the following is a benefit of archival research?

There is little data collection work because the information has already been collected.

Why do fearful people tend to cluster together?

They feel safer because they can band together against threat.

Using the "Good Samaritan" experiment as a model, select which person is most likely to stop and help an injured cyclist?

Tommy, who has to wait at least 3 hours in the area for his train

What is the best example of someone violating a social role?

a 90-year-old woman wearing a bikini

What is a bogus pipeline?

a fake lie detector

Which is the best example of obedience?

a student cleaning the chalkboard when told by his teacher

Using the term "pansexual" is thought to ______.

acknowledge attraction based on the individual

Who you are right now would be considered which of the following?

actual self

The role of institutional review boards is to guarantee what?

adherence to ethics

What is the term for displaying contradictory emotions?

affect blend

Firefighting is a career that requires someone high in what?

agency

What is the intent to harm others who do not wish to be harmed?

aggression

Which concept proposes that alcohol interferes with the brain's ability to suppress violent behavior?

alcohol disinhibition hypothesis

A defined, step-by-step process that leads to one correct answer is what type of problem-solving approach?

algorithm

Which of the following is the best example of outgroup homogeneity?

all Cubs fans are obnoxious

One study described in the text mentions using a "cover story." In the context of research, what does a cover story mean?

an explanation to hide deception

Which of the following experimental techniques applies new analysis to data that was originally collected for a different purpose?

archival research

Which of the following terms describes relationships determined by family members for pragmatic reasons?

arranged marriage

The process through which people find a partner who is similar to themselves is called ______.

assortative mating

Which of the following focuses on how our familial environment during the formative years affects our ability to begin and maintain normal adult relationships?

attachment theory

What are attitudes directed toward?

attitude object

We are more likely to assume a name is that of a famous person if we have heard it multiple times. Which concept best describes why this happens?

availability heuristic

Some people believe that women's relative equality in Swedish culture leads some men to feel threatened and feel the need to aggress toward women as a way of regaining power. This idea is called what?

backlash

Evolutionary perspectives note that some attraction preferences are universal due to which of the following?

benefits to the species

What is the perception that members of certain groups have positive qualities that should be praised and valued?

benevolent prejudice

Which of the following refers to the left half of a face being identical to the right half of a face?

bilateral symmetry

Attraction motivations, such as being attracted to a woman with larger hips, look at attractiveness from a ______ perspective.

biological

Social psychology asserts that cultural preferences and ______ impulses create physical attraction.

biological

How do single-blind and double-blind experiments isolate causal variables?

by removing potiental research bias

When there is a large number of people that witness an emergency, the likelihood of someone in trouble being helped is low. This effect is called what?

bystander effect

Which are single instances or examples that have often further the field of psychological science?

case studies

Which type of research is most likely to have problems with generalizability?

case study

Experiments isolate which of the following better than any other research method?

casual variables

Arguments that rely on logical reasoning follow what path to persuasion?

central

The case of Phineas Gage was one of the first to show that self-insight is tied to which of the following?

certain regions of the brain

How we think about ourselves ______.

changes over time

What is the state of psychological discomfort that occurs when we try to maintain conflicting beliefs and behaviors?

cognitive dissonance

People tend to stereotype because they are lazy thinkers and adopt mental shortcuts wherever possible. What is the other name for this term?

cognitive misers

Which term refers to an individual's decision to stay in a romantic relationship for the long term?

commitment

Which behavior occurs in response to a direct or indirect request?

compliance

A researcher pretending to be a participant is known as ______.

confederate

Which terms describes when you voluntarily change your behavior to imitate the behavior of your peers?

conformity

In which situation is logic most likely to be used?

constructing a business plan

Which of the following proposes that prejudice may be reduced by increasing exposure to outgroups?

contact hypothesis

What is it called when we imagine past events that would have led to a different future (positive or negative)?

counterfactual thinking

Factors related to accuracy and honesty are dealing with ______.

credibility

What describes the ability to analyze and explore new ideas in an open-minded way?

critical thinking

A collection of shared beliefs is called ______.

culture

What is the concept that a threat to one's reputation should be restored through dominance and aggression?

culture of honor

Which best describes nonverbal communication that conveys widely shared social impressions?

culturemes

What explanation says that our anxiety about being judged by others is what causes physiological arousal and consequential changes in behavior?

evaluation apprehension hypothesis

When a belief is judged as positive or negative, it becomes ______.

evaluative belief

What is the theory that humans engage in prosocial behaviors to help our group survive and have more opportunities to mate?

evolutionary perspective

Which of the following should be included in a study debriefing?

explanation of deception

______ are always based on controlled, conscious beliefs.

explicit attitudes

Which is an attribution type that is also called situational?

external

What is the belief that your life is controlled by fate?

external locus of control

The Strack, Martin, & Stepper (1988) study found that we infer our emotions from what our face is doing. This is known as ______.

facial feedback hypothesis

Whenever concealed emotions are expressed through automatic muscle responses, this is known as ______.

facial leakage

What is the belief that we are more unique than others when it comes to socially desirable traits?

false uniqueness bias

Which of the following is a universal expression?

fear

One member of the group is lazy and lets others do the bulk of the work. What would this member be called?

free rider

Which passive strategy is intended to let enemies pass by?

freeze

We are more likely to become friends with our next door neighbor than the neighbor at the end of the street. This is related to what?

functional distance

What is the tendency to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the power of the situation?

fundamental attribution error

What is the concept that biology alone decides behavioral outcomes?

genetic determinism

Which of the following exemplifies conformity?

getting a hair cut because most women your age have short hair

Which of the following is the best example of conformity?

going shopping to buy the boots currently popular at your school

The planning committee routinely shut down disagreement and encouraged allegiance to the leader's ideas. What is the term for this type of group dynamic?

groupthink

This is when a group establishes arbitrary rituals for new members that may cause physical or emotional harm.

hazing

What is a mental shortcut that makes it easier to solve difficult problems?

heuristic

Charles Darwin's study of self-awareness began with naturalistic observation of which of the following?

his child

What is the attitude that women who do not possess the qualities that women should possess and are judged particularly harshly for it?

hostile sexism

What is an emotion-based reaction to perceived threats?

hostile/reactive aggression

Research examining whether violent television shows makes children more violent is an example of a study that seeks to explore which important social psychological question

how do media outlets shape our thoughts and behaviors?

Which of the following describes subjective age?

how old we are compared to how old we feel

Which is a specific statement of what you will believe will happen in an experiment?

hypothesis

Which of the following statements would indicate a high need for cognition?

i prefer complex to simple problems

Which of the following refers to the self we would like to become?

ideal self

Which of the following is thought of as an early sign of self-awareness in humans?

imitating

______ are always based on automatic, unconscious beliefs.

implicit beliefs

Which of the following is emphasized in Western cultures, including the United States?

independent self-construal

"To Thine own self be true" is an endorsement of what?

individualism

In the text's example of family memory sharing, what value was the European-American mother likely to emphasize?

individualism

What is it called when we are uncertain about a correct behavior and voluntarily conform to group standards?

informational social influence

This term refers to the idea that it's easy for us to see the wonderful, wide diversity within our ingroups because we get to know each member as a unique individual.

ingroup heterogenuity

Groups in which we are members are called ______.

ingroups

What is a thoughtful decision to harm others in order to gain something?

instrumental/proactive aggression

Which of the following is a model of romantic relationships that suggests stability of relationships is predicted by commitment?

interdependence theory

Which is an attribution type that is also called dispositional?

internal

What is the belief that you are mostly in control of your own life?

internal locus of control

Sgt. Tierney experienced a "danger feeling" and ordered his men back without knowing why. Tierney used what skill?

intuition

What is the ability to know something quickly and automatically?

intuition

Which of the following statements is likely to be made by a man who believes in a culture of honor?

it is important for a man to be able to take pain

What is the teaching technique where "experts" teach other children what they learned about the days lesson?

jigsaw classroom

Which is the belief that people usually get what they deserve?

just world hypothesis

Sometimes, stereotypes can be at least partially true. This is a concept acknowledged by which theory?

kernel of truth theory

What term refers to the evolutionary urge to favor those with closer genetic relatedness?

kinship selection

Dr. Jaffee is an emergency room doctor. Which factor of helping makes him more likely to help for a medial emergency?

knowing how to help

There is increasing evidence that simply boosting self-esteem will do which of the following?

lead to narcissism

What enables humans to reason, think systematically, and carefully consider evidence?

logic

The company is putting together a group to work on a new project. Which of the following would help reduce social loafing?

make sure the group members know each other

Which of the following is socially acceptable in many cultures?

male promiscuity

A socially contagious physical condition with no physical cause is known as what?

mass photogenic illness

In research conducted by Halie Foell Stout, which movie had the greatest number of aggressive acts?

mean girls

Which of the following is the most likely reason a job seeker would sign up for a job leads e-mail group?

meaningful information

What were participants initially told that the Milgram studies were investigating?

memory

Which of the following refers to one's tendency to like things and people the more we are exposed to them?

mere exposure

Which hypothesis argues that simply having other people in the room will help performance on easy tasks and hinder performance on difficult tasks?

mere presence hypothesis

What are overt behaviors meant to harm someone psychologically?

microasaults

What are rude statements that demean someone's heritage?

microinsults

What are statements or behaviors that invalidate a target's feelings?

microinvalidations

Which of the following is an experimental method to create groups based on meaningless categories in order to study intergroup dynamics?

minimal group paradigm

Which of the following is a test of self-awareness?

mirror self-recognition test

Which of the following refers to incorrect interpretation of physiological symptoms due to environmental factors, such as a racing heart, as physical attraction for a person in that environment?

misattribution of arousal

The motivation to appear moral while avoiding the costs of behaving morally is called what?

moral hypocrisy

If a group is exclusive and difficult to get into, how much do we want to become a member?

more

Which of the following is more likely to occur during extreme heat?

more pitchers hit batters with the ball

What is making the idea of death more psychologically available called?

mortality salience

Which term refers to biological or physiological influences on our thoughts and behaviors?

nature

What is the concept that humans engage in prosocial behaviors to avoid feeling sadness or guilt?

negative state relief

Sharing information through body language, tone of voice, and facial expressions is an example of ______.

nonverbal communication

What is Step 1 In Latané & Darley's 5-Step Model of Helping?

notice the event

Which term refers to life circumstances that influence our thoughts and behaviors?

nurture

Milgram studied how normal people are led to cruel behaviors because of his interest in what?

obedience

What term describes behaving in a particular way because someone of higher status has ordered you to do so?

obedience

As a part of your research, you would like to discover how certain behaviors occur in their natural environment. Which experimental technique would be the best to use?

observational study

Which is the best way to begin scientific research?

observe a behavior pattern

Which of the following is the correct order of the scientific method?

observe, form a hypothesis, test a hypothesis, interpret the results

Self-perception theory proposes that we form our self-concept through which action?

observing our own behaviors

Forms of obvious, overt prejudice, which are considered inappropriate by most social standards today, are sometimes called ______.

old-fashioned prejudice

Random assignment to groups helps to ensure that _____.

only a single difference exists between experiment groups

Behavior shaped by punishment and rewards is known as ______.

operant conditioning

Defining aggression as hitting, pushing, or shouting is an example of what?

operationalization

Endorsing someone else's values to gain their favor describes which term?

opinion conformity

Which of the following proposes that a slight distortion of reality can be healthy?

optimal margin theory

Which term refers to the idea that all the members of a particular outgroup are exactly the same?

outgroup homogenuity

Groups in which we are not members are called ______.

outgroups

Evolutionary theory argues that the main reason for men being more promiscuous is because of differences in which area?

parental investment

Evolutionary theory suggests that men experience jealousy for what reason?

parental uncertainty

In a single-blind study, who of the following is unaware of what group the participants are in?

participants

Arguments that rely on heuristics and other mental shortcuts follow what path to persuasion?

peripheral

What are our understandings of other people called?

person perceptions

Lewin's equation shows that which two factors influence individual behaviors?

personality and environment

Bruce is an expert detective and also very handsome. Which peripheral factor will enhance his perceived crime fighting ability?

physical attractiveness

The individual focus group members came in mildly opposed to a new law. By the time discussion was over, they were all extremely opposed. What best explains this?

polarization

Someone who believes in having multiple committed relations at once may be known as ______.

polyamarous

Which of the following refers to our emotions about a given group and how we feel about them?

prejudices

Bargh, Chen, and Burrows (1996) found that students presented with lists of rude words were more likely to interrupt conversations. Which best explains this reaction?

priming

What is the simplest answer that explains the most evidence?

principle of parismony

Most of the world's major religions have norms that require generosity and encourage giving to the poor. These norms support what?

prosocial behavior

Before choosing which experiment condition a participant belongs in, the researcher flips a coin. What is the researcher likely doing?

randomly assigning the participant to a condition

What type of altruism comes with the expectation that our helpfulness now will be returned in the future?

reciprocal

Many charities mail out address labels hoping to inspire what?

reciprocal altruism

Many psychological studies lack ethnic diversity. This decreases what?

reliabilty

Which is the best example of a stereotype?

rural voters are always the most conservative

Which type of mental guides common social behaviors and expectations for particular types of events?

script

Which attachment style is more likely to engage in successful, long-term relationships?

secure

The question "Who am I?" refers to which of the following?

self concept

What occurs when our three versions of self to not align?

self discrepancy

Asking oneself the question "Am I of worth?" is an example of______.

self esteem

Which of the following proposes that we all have a basic motivation to grow and improve our self-concept?

self expansion theory

Which of the following refers to memory structures that summarize and organize our beliefs about self-relevant information?

self schemas

The "run" on the bank mentioned in the text is an example of how panic may lead to ______.

self-fufilling prophecy

What is pure altruism motivated by?

selfless desire to help

Which ratio is a variable that may indicate attractiveness in men?

shoulder-to-waist

Which of the following predicts that people with the same attitudes and values tend to form relationships?

similarity-attraction hypothesis

A researcher who is interested in romantic relationships would study which aspect of social psychology?

social behavior

What is the study of how people combine intuition and logic to process social information?

social cognition

The phenomenon of improved effort and performance in the presence of others is called ______.

social facilitation

Prejudice against particular groups provides a mental and emotional shortcut that allows us to maintain a positive view of our self and our ingroups. This is the application of which theory?

social identity theory

What is the idea that we have an automatic tendency to categorize each other and to form "us versus them" groups that validate our perceptions of ourselves in flattering and useful ways?

social identity theory

A researcher who asks questions related to conformity and prejudice likely studies which aspect of social psychology?

social influence

According to Fiedler, which type of leader focuses on the people and invests time in building teamwork, facilitating interactions, and providing support?

social leaders

What is the proposition that we learn attitudes by observing and imitating others?

social learning theory

______ happens when individuals in a group reduce their levels of effort and coast on the efforts of others.

social loafing

What are rules that indicate how people are expected to behave in particular social situations?

social norms

What is the concept that humans engage in prosocial behaviors to fit in to our group's expectations of social behavior?

social norms

A researcher who is interested in how each person defines himself or herself studies which aspect of social psychology?

social thinking

Men from what region of the United States are more likely to respond aggressively if they have been insulted?

south

What is the proposition that the link between attitudes and behaviors is stronger when the attitude and the behavior are measured at the same level of detail?

specificity principle

What occurs when an individual feels at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about his or her group.

stereotype threat

Which of the following describes group members in terms of their perceived physical characteristics, personality traits, behaviors (such as foods they eat), and so on?

stereotypes

In which research context is the Inclusion of the Other in the Self (IOS) Scale most commonly used?

study of romantic partners

Having a good enough reason to behave in a certain way is known as ______.

sufficient justification

Which experimental technique asks people for their personal, hidden views?

survey

When visiting a new church, Amelia wore a suit and a large hat. When she arrived, many of the congregants were dressed in jeans and casual shirts. During the service, many of the congregants stared at Amelia. The stares that Amelia received were because she______.

violated social norms

In the Milgram studies, in which situation did "teachers" have the lowest levels of obedience?

watching two confederate "teachers" rebel

What is it called when a person thinks, feels, or behaves more violently in the presence of weapons?

weapons effect

What is a genuine smile called?

Duchenne smile

Jackson Katz's programs discuss how young boys become aggressive, misogynistic, and homophobic. What does he cite as a reason for this behavior?

"crisis of masculinity"

A study finds that there is no connection between safety training and the number of injuries suffered in a factory. Which correlation coefficient would best represent this finding?

-.08

Which of the following correlation coefficients is strongest?

-.89

Which of the following p values is statistically significant?

.04

In Milgram's first shock experiment, what percentage of Yale students used the maximum voltage?

0.65

Which of the following do studies show as the most desirable waist-to-hip ratio across cultures?

0.7

A graduate student working for the researcher pretends to drop envelopes in order to study who will help pick them up. Why is this deception allowed?

Because knowing the student is part of a research project might change the responses of participants.

Who is the best example of a social leader?

Brad, who checks in with the emotional state of the team

Confusion over why someone treats you in a particular way is called ______.

Confusion over why someone treats you in a particular way is called ______.

______ is a personality trait that includes a striving for achievement, attention to detail, and a sense of responsibility.

Conscientiousness

A study tries to determine whether students rely on evidence or gut-instinct when making career decisions. Which important social psychological question does this study explore?

Do people think logically or intuitively?

Which of the following statements would indicate a low need for cognition?

It's enough for me that something gets the job done; I don't care how or why it works.

In the Johnson and Downing uniform study, which condition led to the greatest number of antisocial behaviors?

KKK uniform with no tag

Which of the following is the best example of individualism?

Kelly strives for his artwork to be strange and unusual.

Which personality trait is associated with cynicism and manipulation of others?

Machiavellianism

Which best describes the pattern of aggression related to status and mating?

Men favor direct aggression; women favor indirect aggression.

Which is a similarity between archival studies and naturalistic observation?

Neither require direct interaction with participants.

A form of maltreatment effect occurs when hostages develop affection for their captors. This is called ______.

Stockholm syndrome

Which Sherif study involved investigating prejudice at a boys' camp in Oklahoma?

Robber's Cave Study

Why should constructs be operationalized?

So that variables are specific enough to be measured.

Which naturalist proposed a mathematical equation for when prosocial behaviors are likely to occur?

William Hamilton

This refers to the loss of individuality that occurs when self-awareness is replaced by a social role or a group identity.

deindividuation

______ occurs when each individual in a group feels less responsible for the outcome, they think, "I don't need to take care of it . . . someone else will."

diffusion of responsibility

Evolutionary theory suggests that women experience jealousy in relationship for what reason?

dilution of resources

What refers to our actions toward a given group and how we act and react toward them?

discrimination

Making sure that researchers come from different backgrounds is a way to help advance _____ in social psychology.

diversity

What is having contrasting beliefs about the same thing?

dual attitudes

A smirk that appears when people feel they have successfully deceived someone is known as ______.

duping delight

Which model proposes a direct and peripheral route to persuasion?

elaboration likelihood model (ELM)

What was the seeming method of punishment in the famous Milgram experiments?

electric shock

What is the concept that humans engage in prosocial behaviors to help someone in need?

empathy-altruism

According to self-expansion theory, which of the following expands our self-concept?

engaging in close social relationships

What is an upward spiral of increasingly aggressive exchanges?

escalation of agression effect

Which situation is likely to put the greatest stress on cognitive load?

taking a chemistry exam

According to Fiedler, which type of leader focuses on completing assignments?

task leaders

In which instinctual response to threat are women most likely to engage?

tend and befriend

What is the concept that much of our lives are shaped by fear of death?

terror management theory

What is the concept that each individual has a duty to improve the world by helping those in need?

the social responsibility norm

Social psychology is different from clinical psychology because clinical psychology primarily focuses on which of the following?

the unhealthy patterns of abnormal behavior

What did researchers find when they placed a mirror in the room facing students?

they were less likely to cheat

Which type of research is best at establishing causality?

true experiment

Certain facial expressions seem to be expressed across cultures. This is known as ______.

universality hypothesis

When Amy visited New York City for the first time, she noticed that no one seemed to make eye contact. What is the best explanation for this?

urban overload hypothesis