Psychology 361 Chapter 10-12

Studies of children's eyewitness memory reveal that younger children tend to ______________ when answering open-ended questions about events that have happened to them.

be brief but accurate

During middle childhood, there is an increase in the expectation that friends will share their values and _____________________.

be loyal and stick up for them

Intellectual disability is defined as an IQ score ________ combined with deficits in _______

below 70; adaptive behavior

It may take several years for children who did not learn English as a native language in infancy or early childhood to master the use of English in school. Research studies reveal that _____________.

bilingual programs have a moderate advantage over ESL programs

According to surveys, births to single, unmarried mothers continue to be common in the United States, particularly among ____________.

black females

The best outcomes in stepfamilies are observed on average for ___________.

boys in a mother/stepfather relationship with an authoritative stepfather

The abilities to maintain focus on a task, inhibit a response to distractions, and switch to a different task or operation when needed are all aspects of ___________.

executive attention

The finding that some children attribute their successes to ability and their failures to insufficient effort or an overly difficult task is thought to reflect an attitude toward achievement known as _________.

growth mindset

Shaw et al. (2006) concluded from the pattern of changes in the brain that children with superior IQ scores _________________________.

have a longer period of brain plasticity in middle childhood and adolescence than other groups

Gokul understands math concepts, such as fractions, but has difficulty applying them when he solves word problems. According to research, Gokul could benefit from learning how to solve problems in steps using _____________________.

heuristics

The assumption that intelligence is not a single entity but is broken up into distinct aspects of intelligence, such as verbal and spatial ability, is known as the _______ model of intelligence.

hierarchical

A study in which low-income children were adopted revealed that higher SES in the adopting family was associated over time with _____________________.

higher IQ scores

Allie understands that her friend is sad to move away but looking forward to living closer to her grandparents. Allie is most likely ______________.

in late middle childhood, about age 9 to 11

Each of the following is a limitation of traditional intelligence tests except _______.

inaccurate measurement of IQ or general cognitive ability

The place value concept is a key to understanding the number system and has been found to benefit from all of the following except __________.

memorizing addition sums

The ability to reflect on and self-correct language or grammatical errors is an ability that is attributed in part to increases in _________.

metalinguistic awareness

According to an observational study by Gottman where previously unacquainted children were observed in a home setting three times, children who became friends _____________.

tended to be better at exchanging relevant information

In terms of improvements in processing speed, Kail's research shows that children approach adult levels of speed on a wide range of mental functions by ages _______.

13 to 15

Based on experiments such as that of Markman and Seibert on class inclusion, many researchers now conclude that children are capable of concrete logical thought at the ages of about ______.

4 to 5 years

Sarah is not overly active or distractible in class, but often fails to follow the teacher's instructions. Her mother has also noticed that she daydreams instead of working on her homework. If Sarah's symptoms persist for more than six months, she would be diagnosed as having ________.

ADHD, primarily inattentive symptoms

Parents wanting their children to have an early positive experience in sports should look for which qualities in a prospective team, coach, or instructor?

An emphasis on skill learning and fun

Evidence for multiple intelligences was collected by ______ by studying the specific effects of brain damage on cognitive skills as well as individuals who show isolated brilliance in one domain, such as a musical prodigy.

Gardner

Longitudinal MRI studies reveal a complex pattern in which the cortex thins down to adult levels in certain areas of the brain at particular time periods in development. Areas governing which types of skills show rapid thinning (which indicates maturation) between ages 8 and 13 years?

Language, spatial orientation, attention, and reading areas

Which of the following is implicated as an environmental source of the fourfold increase in childhood obesity since the 1960s?

Sedentary lifestyle and higher calorie consumption

Which of the following statements characterizes children raised by same-sex parents?

They develop in similar ways to children raised by heterosexual parents.

A criticism of Piaget's concrete operations period is apparent in the longitudinal data collected by Tomlinson-Keasey and colleagues, which is that _______.

acquisition of concrete operational concepts is gradual rather than stage-like

A randomized controlled trial study conducted by the NIMH revealed that the most effective interventions for ADHD involve ________.

a combination of medication and behavior management

A trend with age in self-esteem is ________________.

a general decline in self esteem as children attend elementary school followed by a ride later in middle childhood

Each of the following is a likely difference in memory functioning between experts and novices on a particular subject, such as sports or biology, except _____.

a generally better functioning working memory

Jack's teacher says that he pays attention, follows rules in class, and shows excellent comprehension of mathematical concepts, but makes many mistakes in math calculations. Jack's most likely primary diagnosis would be ________.

a learning disability

In the Pokemon MRI study, the change in children's brain activity on the no-go trials between 9 and 11 years of age was attributed by the researchers to _________________________.

a reduction in the effort required to inhibit inappropriate responses

In addition to stresses associated with changes in the family's circumstances, one of the most important sources of problems for both boys and girls undergoing a family divorce is thought to be _________.

a reduction of warmth, support, and structure provided by the custodial parent

Increases in average height of people over the past 150 years, thought to be due to changes in nutrition and medical care, are

an example of a secular trend in physical growth The secular trend in physical growth, in which each successive generation over the past 150 years is taller than the previous one, is a well-established indicator of environmental influence.

The existence and severity of myopia in children ________.

are dependent on both genetic variation and environmental factors

Interventions for dyslexia ________.

are effective if they are intense and delivered early in the child's school career

Most gifted children ________.

are intrinsically motivated to explore their talent or ability

All of the following may help investigators obtain more complete testimony from children about potential abuse except ________________.

asking children multiple-choice questions to simplify their task

According to a study by Turiel (2008), children's ability to tell whether a character in a little story has violated moral rules (such as hitting another person) or social-conventional rules (such as interrupting the teacher in class) develops __________________ their ability to understand moral and social-conventional rules in real-life situations.

at about the same time as

In the "Shape Up Somerville" study, the intervention was carried out ________

at multiple levels of children's environment The "Shape Up Somerville" intervention was carried out at multiple levels of the children's environment. It included numerous systematic changes to school and after-school food programs, additional health-related education for parents, and changes to the community, including collaboration with local restaurants, creation of more walkable routes to school, and training 50 health professionals.

All of the following influence the rate of overall physical growth (as measured by height) except

attendance at school

Most researchers and educators today advocate a _________ approach to teaching reading.

balanced Most researchers and educators now favor a balanced instructional approach that blends the phonics and whole language approaches.

The leading cause of death in middle childhood is unintentional injuries, and within that category the most common source of mortality is ______________.

car accidents

All of the following are characteristics of early diversification in sports during childhood except ________

children are more likely to become overwhelmed and stressed

A key concept for children to learn in their studies of animal life is that there are superordinate and subordinate categories, such as primates and old world monkeys. This involves an understanding of

class inclusion

When parent and child work together to manage the child's behavior and responsibilities, this is termed _________.

co-regulation

Obesity is linked to difficulties in all of the following areas except _______

cognitive development

Reading comprehension is dependent on many component skills, including all of the following except _____________________.

concrete operations

Longitudinal studies reveal that intelligence scores are fairly stable over time beginning at about age 6 but can fluctuate from age to age due to _________________.

consistent changes in children's environments

The process of binding or linking new pieces of information to others in semantic memory is called

consolidation

According to Sternberg's theory, traditional IQ subtests primarily measure analytic intelligence but problems in which there is more than one possible answer are one way to test ____________________.

creativity

Longitudinal brain imaging studies reveal ________ is (are) more common in children diagnosed with ADHD than comparison groups.

delayed brain development, particularly involving the prefrontal cortex

The huge increase in receptive vocabulary in middle childhood and adolescence is thought to be due to children's increased ability to understand _____________________.

derived words A study found that the largest increase in vocabulary occurred for derived words, which involve adding a prefix or suffix to a root word.

The contributions of genes and environment to variations in intelligence _______.

differ in advantaged and disadvantaged environments

Children's relationships with siblings are often characterized by a high degree of _________.

emotional intensity

In middle childhood, children develop greater independence and flexibility in managing their emotions, a process known as _________.

emotional regulation

Parents may contribute to a fixed mindset by telling children they are good at schoolwork, and teachers may do so by ________________.

emphasizing scores and grade

Mei emigrated with her parents from China to the United States at the age of 3. According to research, the best strategy her parents could take to avoid difficulties in mastering English when she attends elementary school is to _____________________.

enroll her in a preschool program emphasizing English language enrichment

According to the ________, the difference between highly skilled and expert levels of performance can be a matter of a few thousand hours of practice.

power law of practice

Researchers conducting the Fast Track intervention worked with high-risk children and achieved a long-term reduction of _________________ in grades 6 through 10

externalizing problems

A study of sex differences in movement capacities in middle childhood found greater average ________ for girls and greater average ________ for boys.

flexibility; throwing ability

Kecia's mom takes her after school to dance classes and softball. The term for her mother's behavior is ____________________.

gatekeeping

Longitudinal twin studies reveal that the heritability of intelligence _________________.

goes up with age

All of the following aspects of information processing may be components of brain maturation that influence the development of various motor skills involved in playing a sport within dynamic systems theory except ________

grammatical knowledge

Asthma is thought to be more common among low-income, inner-city children than among suburban or rural children because of all of the following factors except ________.

greater genetic susceptibility to asthma

Although the most immediate goal of a bully is to achieve dominance over another child, the long-term goal of most bullies seems to be to _____.

increase their own social status among peers

Gray matter undergoes a complex set of transformations in childhood and adolescence, but white matter ________.

increases in density throughout childhood and adolescence

The leading suspected environmental source of the asthma epidemic among children living in substandard housing is ________.

indoor allergens

Dyslexia is thought to originate from different patterns of activation in the ________

left hemisphere auditory and phonological processing regions

In the study by Blackwell et al. (2007), low-achieving math students showed an improvement in ________________ after eight weeks of lessons on having a growth mindset.

math grades The experimental group showed an increase after the intervention began, suggesting that a growth mindset can have a powerful and continuing effect on school achievement.

Ramel has recently begun to use different study strategies for different school subjects, such as language and social studies. This probably involves improved ________________________.

metamemory Metamemory is knowledge about how memory works. In this example, Ramel demonstrates his awareness that trying different study strategies for different school subjects may aid his memory.

Research using motion recorders has revealed that the highest level of physical activity is in

middle childhood

Studies by Pellegrini and colleagues showed that children were ________.

more attentive to school assignments after recess

When children and adults were asked to ride bicycles in a virtual environment simulating the movements of cars in an intersection, the children had more virtual accidents than the adults because they did not

move out into the street as quickly as the adults after making a decision to cross

Research using fMRI and EEG measures of brain activity reveals increasing efficiency of brain function as children get older and also greater

ntegration of brain functions across different regions

The study by Sameroff and colleagues (1993) provided evidence that environmental risk factors tend to _____________.

operate in a cumulative fashion on IQ scores

A fifth-grader studying for a history test puts all of the Revolutionary War leaders from England on one index card to study and all of the American leaders on another card. This student is using the memory strategy known as ____________.

organization

Excessive amounts of time doing each of the following is implicated as a factor in children experiencing visual strain, visual fatigue, and headaches, except ____________.

outdoor play

Children's behavior has been observed to improve after ___________.

parents in a high-conflict relationship undergo divorce

According to Inhelder and Piaget, when children can solve the class inclusion task, they understand _______

part-whole relationships

Young children tend to base their judgments of other people on concrete, observable behavior or appearances, whereas older children begin to focus on _________.

personality/psychological traits

Lu et al. (2007) showed that thickening of certain language regions of the brain was associated with gains in ________, whereas thinning of the motor cortex was associated with gains in fine motor dexterity.

phonological awareness

In Piaget's theory, concrete operations are systematic mental procedures (such as addition and subtraction) that are ________.

reversible

Classification skills are extremely useful in the process of learning about _____.

science

Mrs. Greenwood finds that one of her pupils, Valeria, completes her work much more accurately when she is allowed to work in a quiet corner of the room as compared to the main classroom. The difference in Valeria's behavior in the two situations is most likely attributable to delayed development of

selective attention

Children's self-rated academic competence, social competence, athletic competence, physical appearance, and behavioral conduct contribute in varying ways for different children to overall _________.

self esteem

Kalei is sorting through old belts at a garage sale trying to figure out which ones belong to him, his older brother, and his dad. He ends up organizing them from shortest to longest. Kalei has just accomplished a version of the Piagetian task of ______________________.

seriation

A common pattern in sports and activity participation for children is to ________.

shift from sport to sport during the early phases of middle childhood

The practice of inclusion in schools means that a child with a disability ________.

should be placed in the least restrictive environment possible during the school day

Motion recorder studies have revealed associations between poor-quality sleep and all of the following skills/behaviors the next day except ________.

shyness

Children's self-evaluations become more realistic due to the process of ___________, in which they compare their skill levels to those of other children

social comparison

Dynamic systems theory explains motor skills as the combination of many small or large changes in all of the following except ________.

social development

One thing shared in common by teenage mothers and older mothers who decide to raise a child without a partner is that they benefit from ____________.

social support from extended family or friends

Analyses of media time diaries indicate that children who engage in more video game play, computer game play, and television watching tend to __________________.

tend to do less reading and studying

When given simple enough stories, even preschoolers distinguish between moral rules and ____________, which refer(s) to rules, authority, and social customs.

social-conventional rules

Children who are rejected by their peers generally form two subgroups: a subgroup that is aggressive and a subgroup that is __________________.

socially withdrawn

Examining the patterns of development in movement capacities in Figure 10.3, it is apparent that most skills show ________.

steady improvement during middle childhood, with the exception of flexibility

In the study by Sadeh and colleagues (2003) in Israel, asking some children to sleep more per night and others to sleep less per night over a three-day period produced differences in ________.

sustained attention and inhibition

All of the following are the most common areas of child behavior or emotional problems following a family divorce except___________.

taking sides with the father rather than the mother

All of the following are features of the anti-bullying programs mentioned in the chapter except _____.

teaching children to fight back against bullies

Diagnosis of ADHD requires that all of the following conditions be met except ________.

that the symptoms originate in middle childhood (between 6 and 11 years of age)

The finding that children who are higher in phonological awareness, and hence more experienced and skilled in reading, have a thicker than average cortex in specific areas of the temporal and frontal lobes associated with language functions indicates that ______________.

the brain is still quite plastic in middle childhood in certain regions

As she is working the lemonade problem, Maria decides to write down $20 as the cost of going to the movie before moving on to the next step in the problem. In terms of Baddeley's working memory model, Maria's decision reflected the operation of ____________________.

the central executive In this example, Maria uses the central executive to create a plan in which she will write down the $20 and free up her memory buffers to handle the next set of operations and data.

Two factors relevant to the co-regulation process that can modify particular parenting influences on the child are the child's temperament and _________.

the child's perception of how supportive the parent is

In the experiment by Passarotti et al. (2003), both children and adults were fully capable of recognizing faces after a delay, but fMRI analysis showed that ________.

the children used a larger area of the brain to accomplish the task

After a few experiences in which they correctly figure out the pronunciation of a printed word, children often can recognize it immediately the next time they encounter it. This process is called ____________.

the self-teaching mechanism

Children who spend a lot of time watching TV are more likely to be obese than their peers because ________.

they are more sedentary and more likely to eat junk food

All of the following are criticisms of Piaget's tests of concrete operations except ___________

they do not involve logical operations

The children of immigrants from a developing nation who grow up in the United States are most likely taller in adulthood than their parents because ________.

they have less nutritional and disease stress than their parents

Dental checkups are important in middle childhood because ________.

they help children learn dental and oral self-care

Longitudinal studies comparing the later development of children from closely matched families who either divorce or remain intact indicate all of the following except ___________.

those who experienced divorce are more likely to be in jail

According to one cross-sectional study of 3- to 10-year olds, two predictors of whether children apply stereotypes to different racial groups at age 6 are being able to group photos of people by race and ____________________.

understanding racial constancy

According to Baddeley's model of memory, visualizing the numbers 12 and 8 being added on a sheet of paper involves the working memory buffer called the _____________, whereas maintaining the total (20) in verbal memory as you move on to the next step in the problem involves the working memory buffer known as _______________.

visuospatial sketchpad; phonological loop

The underlying cognitive difficulty in dyslexia involves all of the following except ________.

vocabulary knowledge

All of the following are factors that increase the suggestibility of children under 6 years of age except _______________.

warm and supportive interviewer

One of the reasons Piaget created so many tasks, such as conservation, class inclusion, seriation, and transitivity, is that he was testing whether the thinking of children ________________.

was similar across tasks at a particular stage of development

Sibling conflicts can serve as a positive influence on development under all of the following circumstances except __________________.

when parents use the conflicts as an opportunity to punish both siblings

Staying in a regular classroom and being given enrichment activities generally works well for most gifted children, but accelerating the educational process is probably beneficial for children ________.

with IQ scores above 180 or highly expert levels of performance in their art form