Psychology 375 Cognition - Final

Suppose that you look up from this exam, and you immediately perceive a scene that includes students, desks, and classroom walls. In order to perceive it quickly, you are probably using a. serial procession b. parallel processing. c. ecological validity. d. metacognition

B. parallel processing.

If Starla is a psychology major at your college, then she must take statistics. Starla graduates from college without taking statistics, therefore Starla is not a psychology major. This is an example of a/an ______________________ problem.

Conditional Reasoning

How does mental imagery compare to perception? a. Perception relies exclusively on bottom-up processing b. Perception relies exclusively on top-down processing c. Mental imagery relies exclusively on bottom-up processing d. Mental imagery relies exclusively on top-down processing

D. Mental imagery relies exclusively on top-down processing

The visual information registered by the sensory receptors of the retina is known as the: a. distal stimulus b. Wavefront c. dorsal stream d. proximal stimulus

D. Proximal stimulus

The feeling-of-knowing deals with a person's: a. Encoding b. Working memory c. Long-term memory d. Retrieval

D. Retrieval

Which of the following titles of research projects would have the most ecological validity? a. "planning strategies used in grocery-store shopping" b. "Recall for nonsense words after varying delay periods" c. "Children's ability to perform abstract reasoning tasks" d. "perception of the loudness of isolated computer-generated tones"

A. "planning strategies used in grocery-store shopping"

Our tendency to regularize street intersections comes from: a. 90-degree-angle heuristic b. Mental imagery c. Analog code d. Cognitive Maps

A. 90-degree-angle heuristic

Our primary visual cortex lights up when people work on visual imagery tasks. This supports which side of the imagery debate? a. Analog code b. Top-down processing c. Propositional code d. Bottom-up processing

A. Analog code

You enter your friends massive pantry to get some cereal. Your response time to locate the cereal will be quickest for: a. Cereal that is above or below you b. Cereal that is to your left or right c. Cereal that is in front or behind you d. It depends on where the lighting is strongest

A. Cereal that is above or below you

Memorizing the alphabet in groups of five letters is an example of: a. Chunking b. Working memory c. Levels of processing d. Hierarchy

A. Chunking

Which of the following statements best describes cognitive science? a. Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of internal representations involved in thinking. b. Cognitive science is a subdicipline of psychology that focuses on observable stimuli and external responses. c. Cognitive science declined in popularity as cognitive psychology increased in popularity. d. Cognitive science is a subdicipline of computer science that uses pure AI and computer simulation methods.

A. Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of internal representations involved in thinking.

In comparison to visual imagery, research suggests that auditory imagery is a. Less vivid b. A rare ability only trained musicians have c. More detailed d. More likely to be the subject of published research

A. Less vivid

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the Neuroscience research on attention? a. Lucy: " one kind of attention task activates the frontal lobe, and a different kind of attention activates the parietal lobe." b. Nipon: " the orienting attention network is activated when people work on the Stroop task." c. Daniel: "The executive attention network is activated when people search for a specific Target." d. Elena: " at present, the Neuroscience research shows contradictory findings, so that it is too early to draw any conclusions about this topic."

A. Lucy: "one kind of attention task activates the frontal lobe, and a different kind of attention activates the parietal lobe."

The study of object recognition or pattern recognition focuses on ways in which a. sensory processes transform And organize raw information provided by sensory receptors b. previous knowledge always gives rise to Accurate perception of environmental stimuli c. template matching processes underlie the direct perception of objects and patterns d. sensory receptors use a proximal stimulus to manufacture a new distal stimulus in the external world

A. Sensory processes transform and organize raw information provided by sensory receptors

You decide to study for your next test by trying to relate each topic to the career you want to pursue. What technique are you using? a. The self-reference effect b. the Pollyanna Principle c. Encoding-specificity d. Prospective Memory

A. The self-reference effect

Why are cognitive psychologists less interested in the information-processing approach than they were in earlier years? a. They now realize that the complexity of human thinking requires more sophisticated models. b. they acknowledge that behaviorists principles can explain memory more effectively c. they argue that the model does not place enough emphasis on serial processing. d. They point out that the model works only for visual information rather than for auditory information.

A. They now realize that the complexity of human thinking requires more sophisticated models.

Ted struggles to write down all his notes from the lecture slides because he can't process what is being said, what is written, and what he is writing at the same time. Ted's struggles are a showcase of the limits of: a. Working memory b. Phonological loop c. Divided attention d. Levels of processing

A. Working Memory

My parents giving me cash for getting straight A's is an example of __________________________

Extrinsic motivation

The Stroop effect refers to the finding that people take longer to name: a. a color in which a word is printed when the word's meaning conflicts with the name of the color b. a color in which a word is printed when the word's meaning matches the name of the color c. A word when the letters forming the word are colored differently than when they are all black colored d. a word that is presented following a series of words in a meaningful sentence than to name a word in isolation

A. a color in which a word is printed when the word's meaning conflicts with the name of the color

Studies of saccadic eye movements, which are important in reading and other tasks, reveal that: a. a wide variety of cognitive factors influence the pattern and speed of them. b. regression movements are very uncommon, especially in people with reading problems. c. good readers pause for a longer time before making the next saccadic movement. d. All the above are correct.

A. a wide variety of cognitive factors influence the pattern and speed of them.

According to your textbook, the Mcgurk effect: a. demonstrates that visual information can influence our speech perception b. is similar to an illusory Contour, except that it occurs during speech perception c. illustrates that we often think we hear a boundary between words, even when the words are run together d. shows that phonemes are not pronounced in a consistent fashion

A. demonstrates that visual information can influence our speech perception.

An operational definition is most likely to: a. describe precisely how the researchers will measure a particular concept. b. examine the correlation between two well-established variables. c. point out alternative explanations for the results of a study. d. adopt an information-processing approach, rather than a behaviorist approach.

A. describe precisely how the researchers will measure a particular concept.

Speech sounds provide information to a listener that is less than perfect. A major finding on speech perception is that people: a. nevertheless, perceive speech with remarkable accuracy b. are remarkably inaccurate and identifying speech sounds c. must receive extensive training in order to perceive speech accurately d. are able to identify ambiguous speech sounds only if no contextual or visual cues are provided

A. nevertheless, perceive speech with remarkable accuracy

In the introspection technique, a. people describe what they are thinking as they perform a task. b. People report their daily experiences in an informal, unstructured fashion. c. the experimenter observes how people respond to learning tasks. d. emotional responses are emphasized, rather than a variety of thought processes.

A. people describe what they are thinking as they perform a task.

The distinction between whether or not cognitive activities are performed as a sequence of separate operations or as a simultaneous processing of many signals involves the issues of: a. serial processing and parallel processing. b. serial processing and pure AI. c. computer simulation and pure AI d. computer simulation and parallel distributed processing.

A. serial processing and parallel processing.

With practice and reinforcement, a rat learns to navigate a maze. A behaviorist would operationalize the rat's "learning" as a. the decrease in the rate of errors, over time. b. the rat's memory for the correct sequence of right and left turns. c. the rat's internal "map" of the maze. d. the rat's decreasing reliance on cheese as a reinforcer.

A. the decrease in the rate of errors, over time.

According to the discussion of saccadic eye movements during reading: a. the purpose of this kind of eye movement is to move the eye to a location where the Acuity is especially high for the stimulus you wish to see b. the research requires the participants to introspect about the nature of their eye movements during reading c. The eye moves forward by a fixed, inflexible number of letters during each saccadic eye movement d. good readers are more likely than poor readers to make regression movements, so that they can integrate the new material with the old material

A. the purpose of this kind of eye movement is to move the eye to a location where the Acuity is especially high for the stimulus you wish to see

Imagine that you have been on a strict diet for several weeks. No matter how hard you try, you can't avoid thinking about chocolate chip cookies and lemon meringue pie. You are having difficulty with: a. Thought suppression. b. Divided attention. c. Illusory conjunctions d. Shadowing

A. thought suppression

People's memory errors can often be traced to ___________________ ; that is, people are likely to confuse similar-sounding stimuli

Acoustic confusion

A professor knows if it is raining outside, the window in her office will be wet. She looks at the window and sees it is wet. She therefore concludes that it must be raining outside. Is she affirming or denying the consequent or antecedent?

Affirming the consequent

The most common kind of error when we use logic rules is_____________________________

Affirming the consequent

Difficulty in reinterpreting a mental image to see a different figure is called _________________.

Ambiguity

Using a solution to a similar, earlier problem to solve a new problem is showing the use of _______________

Analogy

In contrast to a PET scan, the fMRI technique a. requires an injection of a radioactive chemical. b. provides more precise information when measuring a series of events in the brain. c. is more accurate in determining what a person is thinking, for instance, whether the thoughts are pleasant or unpleasant. d. involves placing electrodes on a person's scalp.

B. provides more precise information when measuring a series of events in the brain.

Which of the following statements best captures the scope of cognition? a. Cognition includes every internal experience that humans have. b. We use cognition when we acquire, store, transform, and use knowledge. c. Cognition primarily emphasizes higher mental processes, such as problem solving and decision making. d. Cognition is more concerned with visible actions, such as motor activities, than with activities that cannot be seen by an outside observer.

B We use cognition when we acquire, store, transform, and use knowledge.

Suppose that someone asks you to name the most popular comedy show on TV. You respond with the names of the two shows you regularly watch. This is an example of ___________________

Availability Heuristic

When we make judgments based on the ease with which examples come to mind, we are using______________________

Availability Heuristic

Imagine that you are attending a lecture by a guest speaker who describes a theory and then says, :Let's now look at the empirical evidence. " Which of the following would most likely be the speaker's next sentence? a. "other psychologists have objected to my approach on the following theoretical grounds." b. "We conducted an experiment to test this hypothesis." c. "The theorists who belonged to the empirical school rejected the behaviorist tradition, for the following reasons." d. "By combining both the cognitive approach and the psychodynamic approach, we can devise a new theoretical approach to the problem."

B. "We conducted an experiment to test this hypothesis."

Barb is a self-proclaimed "great multi-tasker", so she takes notes on her laptop during lecture while having Instagram open on the screen as well. As smart as Barb is, she would glean more from class if she shut off Instagram. This is based off of our knowledge of: a. Working memory b. Divided attention c. Encoding specificity d. Levels of processing

B. Divided attention

Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research about using a video security system to recognize faces? a. Alex: " Humans are skilled at face recognition; with these video systems, their face recognition is even more accurate." b. Magali: " With these video systems, people are accurate in recognizing familiar faces, but not unfamiliar faces." c. Emmanuel: " With these video systems, people are accurate in recognizing unfamiliar faces, but not familiar faces." d. Rose: " unfortunately, the videos are typically so blurry that people have difficulty recognizing both familiar and unfamiliar faces."

B. Magali: "with these video systems, people are accurate in recognizing familiar faces, but not unfamiliar faces."

McKenna takes her statistics test and feels fairly confident about how many things she remembered for the test. However, when she receives her grade, she is shocked to see she received the lowest score. McKenna's experience shows the limits of: a. Feeling-of-knowing effect b. Metamemory c. Elaboration d. Desirable difficulties

B. Metamemory

Research on change blindness and inattentional blindness reveal that people a. tend to make cognitive errors because they do not use a rational information-processing strategy b. often fail to notice the appearance of a new object only if they are attending closely to another object c. will usually notice the appearance of a new object only if they are attending closely to another object d. all of the above are correct

B. Often fail to notice the appearance of a new object only if they are attending closely to another object

Which option is not a part of spatial cognition? a. How we remember the world we navigate b. Our memory of the feelings associated with places we've been c. How we keep track of objects d. All of the above are aspects of spatial cognition

B. Our memory of the feelings associated with places we've been

The same stimulus (e.g. "beans" or "bears") may be perceived in a different way depending on the sentence context (e.g. "the farmer raised..." vs "the zookeeper raised..."). This supports the view that word recognition involves: a. bottom-up processing b. top-down processing c. both bottom-up and top-down processing d. processes in addition to bottom-up and top-down processing

B. Top-down processing

In the information-processing approach: a. principles of Gestalt psychology are applied to the scientific stuy of overt behavior. b. a mental process can be understood by comparison with the operations of a computer. c. introspection, one of the oldest techniques in psychology, is the best research technique. d. a mental process always involves conscious problem solving and decision making.

B. a mental process can be understood by comparison with the operations of a computer.

The term "pure AI" refers to? a. research that considers human limitations in cognitive processing. b. an approach that attempts to accomplish a task as efficiently as possible. c. an emphasis on the ecological validity of research in cognitive psychology. d. a technique used in neuroscience that records the responses from a single cell in the brain.

B. an approach that attempts to accomplish a task as efficiently as possible.

A research team is trying to identify the cognitive deficits of a man who had a stroke that affected a small portion in the left temporal lobe of his brain. This approach to studying the brain examines: a. the single cell recording technique. b. brain lesions. c. parallel distributed processing. d. the event-related potential technique.

B. brain lesions.

In most ordinary conversations, the acoustical boundaries between adjacent words are: a. clear and distinct b. not usually very distinct c. Separated by pauses in which the speaker takes a breath d. marked by distinct facial expressions

B. not usually very distinct.

During the first half of the 20th century, some strict behaviorists: a. claimed that scientific psychology should rely only on operational definitions of introspective reports. b. said that psychology should focus only on objective reactions to environmental stimuli. c. advocated research on human cognition instead of on animal cognition and computer cognition. d. developed the parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach to understanding behavior.

B. said that psychology should focus only on objective reactions to environmental stimuli.

All of the following contributed to the rise of cognitive psychology EXCEPT for: a. Noam Chomsky's arguments about the inadequacy of behaviorist principles for fully explaining human language acquisition. b. the lack of interest in understanding how humans internally store (or represent) information in their minds. c. increased interest in human memory. d. the publication of Neisser's Cognitive Psychology.

B. the lack of interest in understanding how humans internally store (or represent) information in their minds.

Suppose that a doctor decides that a patient has a cold, rather than a much rarer disease called disease X. The doctor makes this decision even though one symptom is fairly typical of Disease X and fairly atypical of a cold. This doctor is demonstrating______________________.

Base-rate Fallacy

Making judgements based on prior beliefs and general knowledge rather than logic rules is __________

Belief bias

When people draw a logical conclusion on the basis of whether it agrees with their everyday knowledge, they are demonstrating the________________

Belief bias

Which of the following statements is correct? a. A reflex such as a knee-jerk reflex is an example of cognition. b. Cognition refers to the acquisition and retrieval of knowledge, but not the use of that knowledge. c. "Cognitive psychology" is sometimes used as a synonym for "cognition." d. Cognitive psychology emphasizes mental processes that are easily observable.

C "cognitive psychology" is sometimes used as a synonym for "cognition"

Imagine that you are reading an article on face recognition. The article argues that people use holistic processing when they look at a face. Which of the following sentences would you be most likely to see in this article? a. "people with prosopagnosia are especially likely to use holistic processing." b. "Brain lesions typically encourage the use of holistic processing in face recognition" c. " people perceive Faces by holistic processing, in terms of Gestalt, rather than separate elements" d. " infants tend to use holistic processing, where as adults use gestalt processing"

C. "people perceive faces by holistic processing, in terms of a gestalt, rather than separate elements."

What is one advantage of the neuropsychology approach to studying visual imagery? a. The stimuli can be manipulated more precisely b. Ethical considerations are less worrisome c. Demand characteristics are not likely to influence results d. Participants are hopefully to confirm the hypothesis so they respond better

C. Demand characteristics are not likely to influence results

Maud has to take an essay-form test next week for her philosophy class. She decides to study by writing practice essays on different philosophical approaches that she believes her professor will ask about. Maud's study method showcases: a. The hierarchy technique b. Metamemory c. Encoding Specificity d. Self-knowledge

C. Encoding Specificity

What can we conclude about whether people notice the characteristics of the unattended messages in a selective attention task? a. People typically notice the same characteristics in the unattended message as in the attended message b. the only time people can notice the unattended message is when their own name is mentioned c. People can sometimes notice the meaning of the unattended message, depending on the characteristics of the task d. If people are conscientious about listening to the relevant message, they will not notice any characteristics about the irrelevant message

C. People can sometimes notice the meaning of the unattended message, depending on the characteristics of the task

_____________________ emphasizes that the purpose of human language in everyday life is to communicate with other individuals

Cognitive-Functional Approach

The frequent and rapid movement of the eyes is known as __________ eye movement. a. random b. programmed c. saccadic d. optogenetic

C. Saccadic

If you were to mentally picture a map of campus and then put yourself at the JKB, it would take you twice and long to get to the SWKT as it would to just get to the JFSB, which is half the distance away. This supports: a. The alignment heuristic b. The spatial framework model c. The analog code d. The propositional code

C. The analog code

According to the research on divided attention tasks, when people divide their attention between two stimuli: a. they usually perform very accurately b. they report that their performance accuracy suffers, but in reality, they simply perform the tasks more slowly c. they typically make more errors d. their performance shifts from serial processing to parallel processing

C. They typically make more errors.

Which scenario best shows the distributed-practice effect? a. Theo studied the material for his test two weeks before the test, then crammed again the night before to refresh the material b. Shannon associated each vocab word with an experience that she personally had, leading to deeper encoding c. Trent takes breaks between his study sessions to keep his mind fresh while studying and learn more across time d. Joaquin groups material together based on similarities and is then able to remember more while doing less work

C. Trent takes breaks between his study sessions to keep his mind fresh while studying and learn more across time

Your eyes are now moving across the page to read this question. However, they pause briefly to acquire information from this sentence. This pause is called: a. A perceptual span. b. A regression movement. c. A fixation d. Focused attention

C. a fixation

The rise of cognitive psychology was heavily influenced by: a. the rise of behaviorism, which provided a cognitive psychologists new ways to measure memory and thinking. b. The rise of Gestalt psychology, which provided clinical psychologists with new ways to conduct psychoanalysis. c. Disenchantment with behaviorism and fascination with developments in linguistics, memory, and developmental psychology. d. disenchantment with behaviorism and fascination with emerging psychoanalytic studies of human adjustment.

C. disenchantment with behaviorism and fascination with developments in linguistics, memory, and developmental psychology.

An important characteristic of the connectionist approach to cognition is that: a. it handles information by processing i one step at a time. b. it first analyzes an object's shape, then its size, and finally its color. c. it can perform many operations at the same time. d. it predicts that humans perform cognitive tasks much more accurately that they actually do.

C. it can perform many operations at the same time.

Cognitive psychologists believe that behaviorists cannot explain human language because: a. behaviorists place too much emphasis on genetic explanations b. behaviorists cannot provide appropriate explanations because their research rarely uses operational definitions. c. language has a complex structure that cannot be explained in terms of stimuli and responses. d. language is acquired in humans through adults' careful teaching of young children

C. language has a complex structure that cannot be explained in terms of stimuli and responses.

The ______ is the outer layer of the brain that is essential for your cognitive processes.

Cerebral Cortex

____________: when you are pronouncing a particular phoneme, your mouth remains in somewhat the same shape it was when you pronounce the previous phoneme; in addition, your mouth is preparing to pronounce the next phoneme. as a result, the phoneme you produce varies slightly from time to time, depending upon the surrounding phonemes.

Coarticulation

Even if you are paying close attention to one conversation, you may notice if your name is mentioned in a nearby conversation; this phenomenon is sometimes called the _________.

Cocktail Party Effect

______, or mental activity, is a term that refers to the acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge.

Cognition

______ combines the research techniques of cognitive psychology with various methods for assessing the structure and function of the brain.

Cognitive Neuroscience

The two ways the mind constrains our problem solving/decision making is processing constraints and ______________.

Cognitive bias

Suppose that a psychologist writes an article on children's acquisition of gender stereotypes. Which of the following article titles would be most consistent with the cognitive approach? a. "How parents' reinforcement of behaviors shapes stereotypes" b. "The effects of classical conditioning on children's emotional reactions to gender stereotypes" c. "How early emotional reactions to parents influence later gender stereotypes" d. "Children's memory for gender-consistent information"

D "Children's memory for gender-consistent information"

The cognitive approach is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes a person's: a. Observable behaviors b. Unconscious emotions c. Social interactions with other people. d. Mental processes and knowledge.

D mental processes and knowledge.

Suppose you have a mental image of your favorite uncle. If that image is stored in a propositional code, the representation would emphasize: a. Spatial relationships, like the angles and lines of his face b. A correspondence between mental imagery and perception c. Spatial relationships for the general shape of his face, but failure to put details into words d. A language-like description of his face

D. A language-like description of his face

Prospective memory focuses primarily on: a. Recalling past experiences b. Memorizing things in groups c. Using yourself as a reference point d. Actions in the future

D. Actions in the future

People recognize features of human faces relatively better (compared to features of other complex objects, such as houses) if the features appear in the context of a whole face, rather than in isolation. This kind of finding supports the view that face recognition a. Is "special" b. involves holistic processing c. has a special status in the human visual system d. all of the above are correct

D. All of the above are correct

The orienting attention Network, as revealed by Recent research: a. is intimately involved in tasks such as visual search b. develops during the first year of life c. Relies on activity in the parietal region of the right cerebral hemisphere d. All of the above are correct

D. All of the above are correct

Suppose that you are looking at an advertisement that features a large figure. at first, you think you are looking at a star. However, when you look closer, you realize that some of the Stars edges are not actually shown on the paper, yet they seem to be physically present. this perceptual experience is called a. a template b. an example of bottom-up processing c. the distinctive feature d. An illusory contour

D. An illusory contour

Many people think the distance from Detroit to Toronto is further than Provo to St. George even though it isn't. This is because of the: a. Spatial framework model b. Alignment heuristic c. Rotation heuristic d. Border bias

D. Border bias

In Baddeley's (2000,2006) working-memory model, the component that plays a major role n attending to stimuli, planning ones' strategies, and coordinating one's behavior is the: a. Phonological loop b. Visuospatial sketchpad c. Episodic buffer d. Central executive

D. Central Executive.

The way people recognize simple visual patterns (such as letters of the alphabet) is partially explained by a feature-analysis process, which involves the analysis of combinations of distinctive features. Similarly, the way people recognize complex objects (such as coffee cups) is partially explained by a recognition-by-components process, which involves the analysis of combinations of: a. Templates b. Perceptrons c. figure-ground relationships d. geons

D. Geons

A person with prosopagnosia would be likely to: a. perform better than other people on a change-blindness test b. have difficulty recognizing fruits and vegetables c. fail to recognize letters of the alphabet d. have trouble recognizing faces

D. Have trouble recognizing faces.

Which of the following students provides the most complete and accurate definition for the term "attention"? a. Josh: "Attention refers to a focusing of cognitive processing so that you can concentrate on about seven stimuli." b. Maeve: " Attention refers to the active process of combining isolated stimuli into a meaningful whole." c. Jenn: " attention is a storage component that takes in all possible external stimuli and holds them for several seconds." d. Igor: " attention lets you concentrate your cognitive activity so that you can focus on information from your memory and your sensory world."

D. Igor: " attention lets you concentrate your cognitive activity so that you can focus on information from your memory and your sensory world."

According to the testing effect, a. Testing improves memory recall, but is not as helpful as spending the same amount of time studying b. Testing improves short-term recall, but has no effect on long-term recall c. Testing improves memory only when the students receive immediate feedback to their response d. Testing improves your memory even when feedback is not given

D. Testing improves your memory even when feedback is not given

A researcher wants to study how people's attention shifts when they see a visual stimulus in an unexpected portion of a screen that they are viewing; this attention shift occurs in just a fraction of a second. Which of the following techniques is this researcher most likely to use? a. The neural-network approach b. A positron emission tomography (PET) scan c. The functional magnetic resonance imaging technique (fMRI) d. The event-related potential technique (ERP)

D. The event-related potential technique (ERP)

Posner and Rothbart propose that the executive attention network is active when people need to inhibit an automatic response. On this kind of attention task, the portion of the brain that would be most active is a. The parietal lobe b. The temporal lobe c. The occipital lobe d. The frontal lobe

D. The frontal lobe

Chris Just telephoned Roberta and listed eight items that they need for the afternoon picnic. Roberta didn't have a pencil, so she couldn't write them down. However, she remembers the last three items very well because of: a. Object permanence b. Long-term memory c. an event-related potential d. The recency effect

D. The recency effect

You are drawing a map of Italy and show the "boot" being east to west, instead of slanted at an angle. This is an example of: a. The regularization heuristic b. The alignment heuristic c. The symmetry heuristic d. The rotation heuristic

D. The rotation heuristic

You are trying to draw a map of a local park. You draw the northern edge of the park as a smooth, even curve, even though the right side is much more irregular than the left side. Your inaccurate drawing is an example of: a. The alignment heuristic b. The rotation heuristic c. The landmark heuristic d. The symmetry heuristic

D. The symmetry heuristic

Suppose that a woman has an injured visual cortex, as the result of an accident. She says that she cannot see a light, which is presented on her left side. However, she accurately points to the light's location. She is demonstrating: a. change blindness b. the ironic effects of mental control c. selective attention d. blindsight

D. blind sight

John is reading his Cognitive Psychology textbook. He notices that his stomach is grumbling, but he thinks, " I will finish this section of the chapter and then go to lunch." John's thought illustrates the cognitive process of __________. a. pattern recognition b. memory c. imagery d. decision making

D. decision making

According to the principle of ecological validity: a. experiments should be as carefully controlled as possible, in order to avoid confounding variables. b. laboratory settings should be employed whenever possible. c. behavior should be initially studied in its simplest, most basic form; more complex kinds of behavior should be studied later on. d. experiments should be conducted that will have some application to experience outside the laboratory.

D. experiments should be conducted that will have some application to experience outside the laboratory.

Feature-analysis approaches: a. State that we store a template for each letter of the alphabet b. cannot explain how we manage to recognize handwritten letters of the alphabet c. are contradicted by Neuroscience research d. make predictions about why an R would be confused with a P rather than a W

D. make predictions about why an R would be confused with a P rather than a W

According to the discussion of cognitive neuroscience, the PET-scan technique a. is too dangerous to use with human participants. b. is currently used when researchers want to test memory; however, it is not adaptable for other cognitive processes. c. can measure human cognitive processes that are completed within one-tenth of a second. d. measures blood flow in the brain.

D. measures blood flow in the brain.

Many studies investigating thought suppression (e.g., trying not to think about food or about a white bear), reveal that people: a. can easily suppress all automatic and controlled processes that involve The Unwanted thought. b. Can effectively suppress all automatic processes that involve The Unwanted thought by engaging only in controlled processes c. cannot engage in a controlled search for thoughts that are not The Unwanted thought d. show ironic effects, such as a rebound effect following a period of thought suppression

D. show ironic effects, such as a rebound effect following a period of thought suppression

Gestalt psychology emphasizes: a. observable, objective reactions. b. the introspective technique. c. emotional causes of behavior. d. the basic human tendency to organize our perceptions.

D. the basic human tendency to organize our perceptions.

True or False: Neuroscience show that the right side of the brain is used more in creative thinking

False

According to Chapter 1 in your textbook, the computer-simulation method... a. attempts to explain how a computer can perform a cognitive task as quickly as possible. b. is not yet sophisticated enough to perform any cognitive task as efficiently as humans can. c. typically produces an idealized version of how humans should perform a cognitive task, rather than how they actually do perform it. d. tries to create a program that performs a cognitive task in the same way that humans would perform it.

D. tries to create a program that performs a cognitive task in the same way that humans would perform it.

You are given several pieces of information, and you must infer whether the logical consequence of that information is correct. The task you are performing is called ________________.

Deductive Reasoning

Being shown what questions you got wrong on a test encourages you to spend more time studying those topics. This shows _______________________.

Desirable Difficulties

Ikea's use of pictures to help set up furniture uses __________to represent the problem

Diagrams

You've probably held a phone to one ear to hear an important message, while your other ear registers the words from a loud nearby conversation This situation is known as __________.

Dichotic Listening

By using ___________, you try to relate a concept to prior knowledge you already have.

Elaboration

Using physical motions to help solve problems show ___________________________

Embodied cognition

During ______________, you process information and represent it in you memory.

Encoding

The memory strategy that requires you to study the same way you'll be tested is called ________________.

Encoding Specificity

1. ROY G BIV as a way to remember the colors of the rainbow is an example of ____________________.

First-letter Technique

_______ is based on the principle that oxygen-rich blood is an index of brain activity. The research participant reclines with his or her head surrounded by a large, doughnut-shaped magnet.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

_____________ is when a person experiences at least 6 months of intense, long-lasting anxiety and worry.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

______ emphasizes that we humans have basic tendencies to actively organize what we see, and furthermore, that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Gestalt Psychology

A ___________is a general problem-solving technique that usually produces a correct solution.

Heuristic

_________________ is a mental shortcut, or a way to efficiently solve a problem, though sometimes it may be misleading

Heuristic

H.M. had such serious epilepsy that neurosurgeons operated on his brain in 1953. Specifically, they removed a portion of his temporal lobe region, as well as his __________, a structure underneath the cortex that is important in many learning and memory tasks.

Hippocampus

_________ when we are paying attention to some events in a scene, we may fail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object suddenly appears.

Inattentional Blindness

A(n) ______________________ is an elusive or disparaging remark.

Innuendo

_____________________ seem impossible until a sudden solution, or lightbulb, appears

Insight problems

A(n) _________________ is a viewed comment, suggesting, or accusation that is usually veiled.

Insinuation

Prominent destinations seem closer than less-important destinations because of the _____________________.

Landmark Effect

_________________________means each hemisphere of the brain has a somewhat different function

Lateralization

Elaboration and distinctiveness help us develop a deeper _______________.

Level of Processing

A problem with the ___________________ is that a solution may sometimes require you to move away from the goal temporarily, which people are reluctant to do

Means-end analysis

Expert chess players have a greater ___________________, which is shown by them looking at a chess board mid-game and knowing where all the pieces are

Memory

________________________ is a statistical method for combining numerous studies on a single topic.

Meta-analysis

Experts being better at allocating time to tasks shows their _______________________

Metacognition

A more general phenomenon, called _________, occurs when your thoughts shift from the external environment in favor of internal processing.

Mind Wandering

______________ are mental strategies designed to improve your memory.

Mnemonics

Making up stories to link thing together is called the _____________________.

Narrative Technique

Deductive reasoning can be difficult because of ________________, as shown by the statement " If a woman is a doctor, she is not lazy. Susan is not lazy."

Negative Phrasing

____________________________ is when a person keeps re-experiencing an extremely traumatic event

PTSD

_________ is a basic unit of spoken language, such as the sounds a, k, and th.

Phoneme

people tend to show ___________: they can fill in a missing phoneme, using contextual meaning as a cue

Phonemic Restoration

__________ is a characteristic of a sound that is on a scale from low to high.

Pitch

The_________ is located in the occipital lobe of the brain; it is the portion of your cerebral cortex that is concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli.

Primary Visual Cortex

____________________ refers to your knowledge about how to do something

Procedural Memory

If I am trying to remind myself to pick up tomatoes from the store tomorrow, I'm using my __________________.

Prospective Memory

________________________ is an interdisciplinary field that examines how people use language to communicate ideas

Psycholinguistics

Tyrel is on a quiz show and is asked which city in France has a greater population, Paris or Nantes. Tyrel immediately responds "Paris." According to the discussion of decision making, this is an example of_______________________.

Recognition Heuristic

Good readers make larger jumps. They are also less likely to make ___________, by moving their eyes backward to earlier material in the sentence.

Regressions

Jerry is driving a car to a friend's house. As he pulls into the friends driveway, he sees the odometer is at 222.2. He says to himself, " This number is weird. Something really weird must be happening today when I'm with my friend." His reaction is an example of ____________________.

Representative heuristic

__________ refers to the processes that allow you to locate information that is stored in long-term memory, and to have access to that information.

Retrieval

Remembering information you acquired in the past is called _________________.

Retrospective Memory

Spatial ability is important to __________ disciplines.

STEM

One additional factor that can influence short-term memory is _________, or the meaning of words and sentences.

Semantics

________________________ is an area of psycholinguistics that examines meaning of words and sentences.

Semantics

According to the ________________________, we make use of helpful information in the immediate environment or situation.

Situated Cognition Approach

A coin has been tossed six times and has landed "heads" 5 out of 6 times. Haley says the coin is not a fair coin, but Katie says her conclusion is unwarranted. Haley has fallen victim to the _____________________________.

Small-sample fallacy

Looking at three people form San Francisco and making assumptions about all San Franciscans from you relationships with those three is an example of___________________

Small-sample fallacy

The phonological loop processes language and other sounds that you hear, as well as the sounds that you make. It is also active during ____________ , for example, when you silently pronounce the words that you are reading

Subvocalization

_________________ refers to the grammatical rules that govern how we organize words into sentences.

Syntax

Knowing the target word but not being able to recall it is also known as ____________________.

Tip-of-the-Tongue Effect

Neurologists use the term _______ when a person ignores part of his or her visual field.

Unilateral Spatial Neglect

A second component of Baddeley's model of working memory is the ___________________ which processes both visual and spatial information. This kind of working memory allows you to look at a complex scene and gather visual information about objects and landmarks.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Consider the following problem: "Some college students are bright. All bright people are hard working. Therefore, all college students are hard working." what kind of thinking task does this problem represent? a. A syllogism b. Propositional reasoning c. Problem solving d. Decision making

a. A syllogism

According to neurolinguistics, a. For most people, language is primarily localized in the left hemisphere b. For most people, language is primarily localized in the right hemisphere c. Most right-hander are localized in the right hemisphere d. For right-handers, language is processed almost identically by both hemispheres

a. For most people, language is primarily localized in the left hemisphere

The region of the brain that is most strongly activated when a person works on tasks that require the central-executive component of working memory is the: a. Frontal lobe. b. Temporal lobe c. Parietal lobe d. Occipital lobe

a. Frontal lobe

Why is the embodied cognitive approach important when people are solving problems? a. Gestures encourage people to express abstract thoughts and terms b. The problem solver is less likely to use analogies c. Strong visual images are produced, increasing the use of the visuospatial sketchpad d. If they examine their immediate environment, the answer if often clearer

a. Gestures encourage people to express abstract thoughts and terms

Which person below is showing an example of functional fixedness a. Jared uses a rope to tie the car trunk closed but fails to realize the coat-hanger would have been better b. Miles fails to concentrate on the structure of the problem and instead focuses on the surface features c. Julian tries to solve an algebra problem the same way he solved it in a previous class Luke looks at the end goal and works backwards, ensuring she stays focused on what she is trying to achieve

a. Jared uses a rope to tie the car trunk closed but fails to realize the coat-hanger would have been better

Millie learned to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich by spreading peanut butter onto one slice of bread, jelly onto the other, and then placing the two pieces together. Millie is making sandwiches in bulk for her cognition class, and she uses the same strategy. However, it would have been more efficient to spread peanut butter on half of all the bread, then jelly on the other half. Her inefficient problem solving illustrates a concept called a. Mental set b. Insight c. Parallel processing d. Bottom-up processing

a. Mental set

When people commit the base-rate fallacy, they often a. Pay too little attention to information about relative frequency b. Rely too heavily on the availability heuristic c. Are especially likely to demonstrate hindsight bias. d. Believe that lowest likelihood of something happening still needs to be taken into account.

a. Pay too little attention to information about relative frequency

Suppose a stranger approaches you on campus and asks how to get to the library. Before answering, you need to figure out if this person is familiar with campus landmarks. Your concern about background info is most relevant for the aspect of language known as a. Pragmatics b. Semantics c. Syntax d. Phonemes

a. Pragmatics

In order to understand a problem, you need to understand the underlying meaning. This basic core of a problem is called the a. Structural feature b. Surface features c. Mental set d. Goal state

a. Structural feature

According to the cognitive-functional approach to language a. The purpose of language is to convey meaning to other people b. Language is a unique skill and in unrelated to attention and memory c. We need to explore morphology and the implications for syntax d. People have strong, explicit knowledge about creating language

a. The purpose of language is to convey meaning to other people

Which is the best definition of the term "thinking"? a. Thinking means that you go further than the material given in order to reach a goal b. Thinking means using parallel processing to consider many unrelated things at the same time c. Thinking requires using divided attention to contemplate all obstacles relevant to the task d. Thinking emphasizes the acquisition and storage of knowledge for further use.

a. Thinking means that you go further than the material given in order to reach a goal

Suppose you ask a woman what time it is and she responds with several wordy sentences that don't seem to make sense. Without any more information, you could assume she has a. Wernicke's aphasia b. Broca's aphasia c. Retrograde amnesia d. Dyslexia

a. Wernicke's aphasia

Working memory is important when people are trying to solve an algebra word problem because a. You need to keep important parts of the problem in your mind while simultaneously working on the problem b. The problem usually involves multiple cognitive processes, like the phonological loop and the central executive c. People often miss the obvious solution, so they have to go back and start over d. Finding the true source of the problem is confusing

a. You need to keep important parts of the problem in your mind while simultaneously working on the problem

The first short-term memory experiments used backward counting by threes, or a similar task, in order to: a. ensure that a person is not able to rehearse during the delay. b. ensure that sufficient decay has occurred during the delay. c. expand the capacity of the short-term memory system. d. provide the person with an easy way to chunk the information.

a. ensure that a person is not able to rehearse during the delay

What subtype of long-term memory is associated with remembering personal experiences? a. episodic memory b. implicit memory c. prospective memory d. semantic memory

a. episodic memory

A person with anterograde amnesia a. has difficulty forming memories of things that happened after the brain damage. b. has difficulty on implicit memory tasks, rather than explicit memory tasks. c. has relatively weak long-term memory, compared to working memory d. is likely to retain expertise in one specific area of knowledge.

a. has difficulty forming memories of things that happened after the brain damage.

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often have problems because they are impulsive and inattentive. The component of working memory that is most likely to be relevant in these problems is a. episodic buffer b. The central executive c. The visuospatial sketchpad d. The phonological loop

b. The central executive

On a short-term (working) memory task, release from proactive interference (PI) on the final trial occurred when: a. previous trials required a person to remember words from a different semantic category. b. the final trial required a person to remember words from the same semantic category as on previous trials. c. the capacity of short-term (working) memory on the final trial was greater than about seven items. d. all of the above are correct.

a. previous trials required a person to remember words from a different semantic category.

According to a famous article by Miller (1956), short-term memory (or working memory) has a capacity limitation of about: a. 2 or 3 bits of information b. 7+/-2 chunks of information c. 10+/-2 2 meaningful items. d. 15-20 energy chunks.

b. 7+/-2 chunks of information

Robin believes that she can increase her cognitive performance by working harder and studying more effectively. According to the textbook, Robin has a. An overactive bottom-up processing b. A growth mindset c. Creativity A fixed mindset

b. A growth mindset

A method that always produces a solution, though not necessarily very efficiently in certain scenarios or with certain problems, is known as a. A heuristic b. An algorithm c. A matrix d. The hill-climbing heuristic

b. An algorithm

Theo has an assignment to write a literature review on any topic in cognitive psychology. If he is using a means-end analysis, Theo would start by a. Creating a matrix consisting of all the possible problems and solutions b. Breaking the problem into smaller parts (topic, find resources, etc.) and then solving each part c. Coming up with a list of possible solutions, then determining which is the path of least resistance d. Thinking of previous papers he's written and how he accomplished those, then repeating the process with this new topic

b. Breaking the problem into smaller parts (topic, find resources, etc.) and then solving each part

Which student would need the greatest spatial skill? a. Eric, a pre-med major b. Callen, an engineering major c. Julie, a business major d. Tommy, a music major

b. Callen, an engineering major

Units of language such as pre-, sound, and -s are known as a. Phonemes b. Morphemes c. Syntax d. Semantics

b. Morphemes

After hearing about a volcano eruption in Pompeii, tourists are less likely to go there than to Hawaii, even though Hawaii has more volcanic activity, we just don't hear about it as much. This show the effect of a. Recency on the availability heuristic b. News example on the availability heuristic c. Recency on the recognition heuristic d. News examples on the recognition heuristic.

b. News example on the availability heuristic

According to the research on flashbulb memories, a. researchers agree that flashbulb memories are indeed more accurate than memories for other important events. b. People claim that they have accurate memories for these events, but many researchers have found that the memories contain inaccuracies. c. flashbulb memories are accurate only for unpleasant memories, rather than for pleasant ones. d. during the current era, no researcher has demonstrated more accurate recall for these significant life events.

b. People claim that they have accurate memories for these events, but many researchers have found that the memories contain inaccuracies.

A second-grade teacher taught her students about the civil rights movement using language and references that most people don't pick up on until their teenage years. She is improperly using a. Syntax b. Pragmatics c. Aphasia d. Localization

b. Pragmatics

Suppose that you hear about a man who has retrograde amnesia. What kind of memory task will he find most difficult? a. Working-memory tasks b. Remembering events that happened before his brain injury c. Remembering visual information about events that happened after his brain injury d. Remembering verbal information about events that happened after his brain injury

b. Remembering events that happened before his brain injury

You learned that in order to combine the words "the girl" with the word "run", you must add an "s" to form "the girl runs". The rules that govern this kind of procedure are known as a. Semantics b. Syntax c. Pragmatics d. Phonemics

b. Syntax

A driver who is listening to a football game on the radio and forming clear images of the action may experience difficulty driving. This interference may be attributable to the limited capacity of a working-memory component called the a. Central executive b. Visuospatial sketchpad c. Episodic buffer d. Phonological loop

b. Visuospatial sketchpad

According to the research in Chapter 11, people are more likely to be creative a. If the winning poem in a competition wins a cash prize b. When they had high intrinsic motivation for working on a poem c. When they wrote poems with other participants in the room versus by themselves d. If they were able to use a poem they previously wrote as a template

b. When they had high intrinsic motivation for working on a poem

The confirmation bias states that: a. One correct answer will lead to heightened confidence in the next answer. b. You are more likely to affirm the antecedent than deny the consequent c. You are more likely to deny the consequent if you have no previous knowledge on the topic. d. Deductive reasoning is easier when the problem is not negatively written

b. You are more likely to affirm the antecedent than deny the consequent

Johanna has the premise of "If i study for this test, then i will get a good grade." Johanna then did not study for the test, therefore she did not get a good grade. This statement is a. Valid because you deny the consequent b. invalid because you deny the antecedent c. valid because you deny the antecedent d. invalid because you affirm the consequent

b. invalid because you deny the antecedent

If people are presented a series of items (such as words), their percent recalled typically shows a U-shaped function across serial positions. The recency effect seen in such data is usually attributed to information that: a. was transferred to long-term memory at the time of presentation. b.remains in short-term memory at the time of recall c. was extremely well remembered because it was associated with earlier information in the series. d. All of the above are correct.

b. remains in short-term memory at the time of recall

The part of the brain that it most strongly activated when a person performs visual and spatial tasks is the : a. left cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and occipital lobes, but including the cerebellum. b. right cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and parietal lobes, but including the occipital lobe. c. cerebellum d. Lateral Hypothalamus

b. right cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and parietal lobes, but including the occipital lobe.

Imagine that a friend has just read a magazine article that discusses flashbulb memories, and your friend argues that people retain a very clear memory of certain emotional events. what would you respond? a. "Yes, the research strongly supports the concept of certain strong, almost permanent memories for highly important events" b. "Yes, the article is correct that some memories are very clear, but these fade after 2-3 years." c. "No, the article overstates the case; these memories can be inaccurate and can fade with time." d. "No, there is no evidence for flashbulb memories."

c. "No, the article overstates the case; these memories can be inaccurate and can fade with time."

The word superiority effect is to the finding that people can identify: a. a word better when it appears in isolation than when it appears at the end of a meaningful sentence b. a word better when it appears in uppercase (capital) letters than when it appears in lowercase (small) letters c. a single letter better when it appears in a meaningful word than when it appears by itself or in a meaningless string of letters d. a single letter better when it appears by itself than when it appears in the middle of a meaningful word

c. A single letter better when it appears in a meaningful word than when it appears by itself or in a meaningless string of letters

A man has a stroke and is suffering from some speech difficulties. When you ask him how his car is doing, he just points and stutters out, "Not working." Based on this info, you would most likely suspect she has a. Retrograde amnesia b. Pragmatic difficulties c. Broca's aphasia d. Wernicke's aphasia

c. Broca's aphasia

Terrence has developed an informal hypothesis: "If a student is a psychology major, then that student favors gun control." He questions 20 psychology major and all 20 do indeed favor gun control. However, he does not pursue additional information. Specifically, he does not seek out people who oppose gun control and ask them if they are psychology major. Terrence has a. Demonstrated the availability heuristic b. Relied too heavily on counterexamples c. Demonstrated confirmation bias d. Relied too heavily on the belief bias effect.

c. Demonstrated confirmation bias

English is more challenging than many other world languages because a. English words are longer b. English words are more difficult to recognize when spoken c. English words have a greater number of irregular pronunciations d. English has more phonemes than any other language

c. English words have a greater number of irregular pronunciations

Mara, like most of us, wants a high-paying career after college. After she graduates, she much choose between a job with a moderate salary but a good chance for advancement, and a job with a much higher salary but less chance to advance long-term. If Mara chooses the higher salary now, she is using which heuristic? a. Means-end b. Working backwards c. Hill-climbing d. Analogy

c. Hill-climbing

Wells is a college sophomore who is interested in law but is not currently enrolled in any law classes. He spend several hours a week reading a variety of political columns, studying policy making, and familiarizing himself with the process a bill goes through to become a law. Researchers would say Wells is high in a. Divergent production b. Creative thinking c. Intrinsic motivation d. Extrinsic motivation

c. Intrinsic motivation

Dwayne just completed a high school course in algebra. However, when he's at his first real job using algebra, Dwayne struggles to apply his knowledge. Cognitive psychologists would argue that he a. Should use parallel processing to solve problems b. Is misusing the algorithms that he learned in high school c. Is having trouble because of the situated-cognition issue d. Should apply the matrix method to bring back the stable lessons he learned

c. Is having trouble because of the situated-cognition issue

Mirror systems could be relevant to neurolinguistics because mirror neurons a. Are important to produce language b. May allow access to languages other than English c. May be especially active when we listen to speech in a noisy setting d. Illustrate a new strategy for assessing lateralization

c. May be especially active when we listen to speech in a noisy setting

A potential problem with using symbols to represent a problem is that a. People usually use twice and many symbols as needed b. People often can't remember what more than five specific symbols mean unless chunking is also used c. People struggle translating words into appropriate symbols d. People construct a matrix to use with the symbols, confusing the two processes

c. People struggle translating words into appropriate symbols

A research team is studying which parts of the brain are active when a participant looks at a photograph of a person and tries to judge how intelligent that person is. This kind of study is an example of: a .the artificial intelligence approach b. the information processing approach c. Social cognitive neuroscience. d. Computer simulation.

c. Social cognitive neuroscience.

Sloane is in an advanced engineering class. Right before a big test, she looks around and realizes she is the only girl in the section. Sloane is likely to experience a. Intrinsic motivation b. Functional fixedness c. Stereotype threat d. Growth mindset

c. Stereotype threat

You hear of a friend who graduates from college in performing arts. You then suppose she is more likely to be selling insurance and be active in community theater than she is to be selling insurance. You have committed a. The anchoring and adjusting heuristic b. The belief bias c. The conjunction fallacy d. The availability heuristic.

c. The conjunction fallacy

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of short-term memory, the concept called "control processes" a.emphasizes iconic memory b. emphasizes information that is presented too quickly to be remembered. c. is a strategy that helps you remember items more accurately. d. is a strategy that involves vision, instead of hearing.

c. is a strategy that helps you remember items more accurately.

According to the research about factors that affect the capacity of working memory, a. the fact that people tend to substitute acoustically similar items during recall illustrates that acoustic factors are more important than semantic factors. b. there is no evidence for the influence of semantic information on working memory. c. the studies on release form proactive interference demonstrate that semantic factors can influence working memory. d. many studies have demonstrated that the information in working memory does not have acoustic properties.

c. the studies on release from proactive interference demonstrate that semantic factors can influence working memory.

Which of the following sentences describes an example of procedural memory> a. "There are 7 days in a week" b. "This professor always includes multiple-choice questions on her exams" c. "the earthquake occurred prior to the fire in that city" d. "to make a capital letter on this keyboard, press SHIFT key."

d. "to make a capital letter on this keyboard, press SHIFT key."

The functioning of the phonological loop: a. may give rise to acoustic confusions in working-memory tasks, especially when rehearsal is involved. b. is related to a person's "inner voice," or his or her use of subvocalization to perform a task. c. involves activation or information storage in the left hemisphere of the brain, including frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Working memory is: a. brief memory for information that a person is currently processing. b. involved in coordination a person's cognitive activities. c. a term that is now used more often instead of a similar term-short-term memory. d. All of the above are correct

d. All of the above are correct.

Leroy told you he works at a small machinery store, but you aren't sure if the store is small or if he works on small machinery. This situation is called a. A nested structure b. Pragmatics c. Indirect access d. Ambiguity

d. Ambiguity

Which statement is the most true concerning expertise during problem solving? a. Experts are better at estimating how long it would take nonexperts to solve a problem than a nonexpert would be b. Experts use their mental sets more often than nonexperts c. Experts use serial processing more often than nonexperts d. Experts are more likely than nonexperts to use top-down processing

d. Experts are more likely than nonexperts to use top-down processing

Which of the following statements is an example of episodic memory? a. Trees often lose their leaves in the fall. b. I know how to record a program from PBS. c. The word semantic is related to the word meaning. d. I remember reading the book Sense and Sensibility in the twelfth grade.

d. I remember reading the book Sense and Sensibility in the twelfth grade.

Broca's area is located in the vicinity of the brain that helps control a. Long-term memory b. Working memory c. Language comprehension d. Motor movement

d. Motor movement

According to the discussion on insight and noninsight problems, a. Insight requires a sudden solution, but confidence still has to gradually develop b. People solve insight problems more gradually than noninsight problems c. Noninsight problems require more creativity than insight problems d. Noninsight problems are typically solved systematically, step by step

d. Noninsight problems are typically solved systematically, step by step

Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of Type 1 and Type 2 processing? a. John: " In Type 1 processing, we make very careful judgements; in Type 2 processing, we don't really care about our accuracy." b. Paul: "Adults consistently use Type 1 processing; children and adolescents consistently use Type 2 processing." c. George: "Type 1 processing is used for reasoning; Type 2 processing is used for decision making." d. Ringo: "Type 1 processing doesn't require much conscious attention; Type 2 processing is slow, and we need to pay close attention."

d. Ringo: "Type 1 processing doesn't require much conscious attention; Type 2 processing is slow, and we need to pay close attention."

Which of the following is an example of a phoneme? a. Psychology b. A dogs bark c. Yes d. Th

d. Th

Belief bias is an example of a. Type 2 processing b. Affirming the antecedent c. Deductive reasoning d. Type 1 Processing

d. Type 1 Processing

According to one popular categorization system, three subdivision of long-term memory are: a. iconic, episodic, and conceptual memory b. working, episodic, and abstract memory c. iconic, semantic, and conceptual memory d. episodic, semantic, and procedural memory

d. episodic, semantic, and procedural memory

According to the discussion of sample size and representativeness, a. A small sample is more reliable than a large sample b. A large sample leads to people trusting results more than they should c. People tend to pay too much attention to the base rate d. People frequently commit the small-sample fallacy

d. people frequently commit the small-sample fallcy

According to the Baddeley's revised model of working memory, one major purpose of the episodic buffer is to a. store musical information (such as pitch and tones) for brief periods of time. b. manage the decisions that are too complicated for the central executive. c. coordinate the meaning and the visual appearance of written text. d. provide temporary storage for information from long-term memory, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad.

d. provide temporary storage for information from long-term memory, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad.

What subtype of long-term memory is associated with remembering facts? a. episodic memory b. implicit memory c. prospective memory d. semantic memory

d. semantic memory

The effects of proactive interference are decreased if: a. you know more information at the beginning. b. you keep studying the same list. c. you learn different items from the same category. d. you shift to a different category of items to learn.

d. you shift to a different category of items to learn.