Psychology 493 Test 1 help

Culture

A common heritage or set of beliefs, norms, and values.

Agape

A spiritual love that reflects selflessness and altruism.

In the developmental asset framework, developed by the search Institute, there are a total of ____developmental assets, comprised of ____ in the internal realm, and ____ in the external realm.

40;20;20

The authors stated that world is entering into a positive periods of civilization that will promote new developments that will benefit human kind. What were two of the periods/civilizations that were cited as fostering a great deal of positive development in the world?

5th Century B.C. Athens and 15th Century Florence

Strength

A capacity for feeling, thinking, and behaving in a way that allows optimal functioning in the pursuit of valued outcomes (Linley & Harrington, 2006).

Individualism

A cultural value that emphasizes individual achievement, competition, personal freedom, and autonomy. A perspective in which the needs of the individual are placed above the needs of the group.

Collectivism

A cultural value that prizes the concepts of sharing, cooperation, interdependence, and duty to the group. A perspective in which the needs of the group are placed above the needs of the individual.

A set of symptoms that is much more common in some cultures than in others is known as

A culture bound syndrome

Hinduism

A diverse body of religion, philosophy, and cultural practice native to and predominant in India. Hinduism is characterized by a belief in the interconnectedness of all things and emphasizes personal improvement with the goal of transcending the cycle of reincarnation.

Enlightenment

A human's capacity to transcend desire and suffering and to see things clearly for what they are.

Buddhism

A philosophical and religious system based on the teachings of Buddha: Life is dominated by suffering caused by desire; suffering ends when we end desire; and enlightenment obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth.

Taoism

A philosophical and religious system developed by Lao-Tzu that advocates a simple, honest life and noninterference in the course of natural events.

Confucianism

A philosophical and religious system developed from the teachings of Confucius. Confucianism values love for humanity, duty, etiquette, and truthfulness. Devotion to family, including ancestors, is also emphasized.

Islam

A philosophical and religious tradition based on the teachings of Muhammad that emphasizes duty to one's fellow man. Followers believe in Allah as the creator and benefactor in all things.

Life satisfaction

A sense of contentment and peace stemming from small gaps between wants and needs.

Nirvana

A state in which the self is freed from desire. This is the final destination in the Buddhist philosophy.

Harmony

A state of consensus or balance. Eastern traditions view harmony as essential to happiness.

Languishing

A term pertaining to individuals who do not have a mental illness but who are low in social, emotional, and psychological well-being.

Flourishing

A term pertaining to individuals who have simultaneously high levels of social, emotional, and psychological well-being.

Emotional well-being

A type of well-being consisting of perceptions of affirmed happiness and satisfaction with life, along with a balance of positive and negative affect.

Social well-being

A type of well-being that consists of coherence, integration, actualization, contribution, and acceptance by others.

Psychological well-being

A type of wellbeing that consists of six elements: selfacceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, autonomy, and positive relations with others.

Culturally different perspective

A view of human diversity that recognizes the potential of each culture to engender unique strengths.

Culturally deficient perspective

A view that identifies a host of environmental, nutritional, linguistic, and interpersonal factors (namely, those factors that differ most from European American values) that supposedly explain the physical and psychological growth of members of selected groups.

The Gallup Themes of Talents identified about _______ themes of talent involving endearing, positive personal qualities.

About three dozen

What is the process by which processes by which people arrive at agreed upon world views or definitions?

All of the above

Compassion

An aspect of humanity that involves looking outside oneself and thinking about others as we care for and identify with them. In positive psychology, compassion requires (1) that the difficulty of the recipient be serious; (2) that the recipient's difficulties are not self-inflicted; and (3) that we, as observers, are able to identify with the recipient's suffering.

Which of the following people is most likely to be the most collectivist in orientation?

An older person from a lower social economic class

Hope

As defined by Snyder, goal-directed thinking in which a person has the perceived capacity to find routes to desired goals (pathway thinking) and the requisite motivations to use those routes (agency thinking). Snyder believes that hope is not genetically based but an entirely learned and deliberate way of thinking. (See Chapter 8.)

Which of the following statements is one of the moral visions of positive psychology?

Assumptions regarding how we should need to be examined.

The major strides in preventing mental illness have come from

Building a science to promote the competence of the individual

Given what you learned in the introductory chapter of the text, which study do you think would be most appropriate for inclusion in the reference list.

Capitalizing on Human strengths in pursuit of academic success.

The idea in the late 1800s and early 1900s that people of European ancestry were superior to all other racial or ethnic minority groups in the United States is called.

Culturally deficient.

Chapter 4 opens with discussion of mental health and culture by the Surgeon General of the United States. Which of the following concepts best illustrates the message that Surgeon General was attempting to convey.

Culture affects coping styles, support, and treatment considerations in mental health.

Empirically based

Developed using available research knowledge.

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes positive psychology?

Developing an inclusive approach that examines both people's weaknesses and strengths.

The tenets of Confucianism are best expressed as

Doing to others what you would want done to you.

Culturally relativistic

Explanations that interpret behaviors within the context of cultures.

Culturally pluralistic

Explanations that recognize distinct cultural entities and adopt some values of the majority group.

According to your authors, a good life will be the outcome of full engagement in the pursuits of love, work, and play.

False

Hope correlates strongly with life satisfaction, optimism, and other beneficial traits in cultures around the world

False

Individualism and collectivism are best seen as opposites.

False

It is generally found that people find it easier to talk about their strengths as opposed to their weaknesses:

False

People in all cultures express a basic desire to be happy.

False

Positive psychology is more about human interactions and less about science.

False

The Clifton StrengthsFinder should be used for comparisons of individual's profiles.

False

The attainment of nirvana is a basic part of the practice of Hinduism.

False

The question of "what is wrong with people" does not give us many insights into human nature.

False

The three emphases of collectivism are; conformity, obedience, and dependency.

False

Which of the following people was part of the US eugenics movement?

G. Stanley Hall

Your textbook includes a sample printout from the Your Signature Themes report for one of your authors. According to the characteristics in this report, Shane Lopez is delighted to discover beneath the complex surface and elegantly simple concept to explain why things are the way they are. This concept refers to

Hardiness

When people from eastern perspectives are questioned about their own happiness, which of the following is most typically mentioned?

Harmony in the social sphere

The"Head, Heart, Holy Test of Hope" is useful for starting discussions about

How hope came to be meaningful in people's lives.

Dr. Rodriquez is a positive psychologist interested in studying people who succeed in business. She reads the biographies of these successful people and using qualitative coding procedures to determine what predicts success. What aspects of the interactions might warrant the most of her attention?

Human strengths and positive emotions.

Which of the following statements is true?

It is possible for a measure to have linguistic equivalence and still not have conceptual equivalence.

According to Confucianism, which of the following are considered central to morality?

Leadership and education

Which of the following missions of psychology have been largely forgotten until recently?

Make the lives of people better, and nurturing genius.

A talent as defined by Donald Clifton is

Naturally occurring patterns of thought, feeling, or behavior that could be productively applied.

Talent

Naturally recurring patterns of thought, feeling, or behavior that can be productively applied and manifested in life experiences characterized by yearnings, rapid learning, satisfaction, and timelessness.

Which of the following is of particular concern as a result of psychology's traditional emphasis on weakness, without attention to strength?

People form non-Western societies are often viewed as having a pathology if they do not adhere to Western norms.

Social constructions

Perspectives or definitions that are agreed upon by many people to constitute reality (rather than some objectively defined "truth" that resides in objects, situations, and people).

The values in action (VIA) classification of strengths was developed by

Peterson and Seligman

Which of the following statements is most likely be made by a culturally embedded psychologist?

Positive traits manifest themselves in different ways in different cultures.

With regard to the emotional reactions of perceived similarity to others,

Relationships very high in similarity typically result in no perceived need to change.

Which of the following statements about Hinduism is true?

Returning to this world is an indication of one's failure to achieve ultimate knowledge.

Culture-bound syndromes

Sets of symptoms much more common in some societies than in others.

Which of the following is a main tenant of Buddhism?

Suffering

Which of the following disciplines has been of greatest influence in Eastern traditions?

Taoism

Validity

The ability of a scale to measure what it is intended to measure.

Reliability

The ability of a scale to produce consistent and reliable results over a number of administrations or after the passage of time.

Freud's definition of "normalcy"

The capacity to love, work, and play.

Etiology

The cause, origin, or a reason for something.

In Taoism, the Tao is best seen as

The energy that drives all living beings.

Linguistic equivalence

The extent to which a measure has been appropriately translated from its original language into another; items on the measure must have the same linguistic meaning in both languages, meaning that various idioms, vocabulary, etc. must be examined carefully.

Construct equivalence

The extent to which a particular construct or concept has the same definition in two different cultures.

Construct validity

The extent to which a scale measures the underlying attributes it intends to measure. Construct validity can be achieved by comparing your measure to other measures that assess a similar construct.

Metric equivalence

The extent to which scales of measurement used on various tests are equivalent; one issue with this type of equivalence is even if two scales contain the same metrics visually, different cultures may not use them in an equivalent manner.

Criterion validity

The extent to which scores on a scale can predict actual behavior or performance on another, related measure.

Psychometric properties

The measurement characteristics of a scale that include its reliability, validity, and statistics on items of the measure.

Reality negotiation

The ongoing processes by which people arrive at agreed-upon worldviews or definitions.

Need for uniqueness

The pursuit of individualistic goals to produce a sense of specialness.

What is the best description of positive psychology?

The science and applications related to the study of human psychological strengths.

Positive psychology

The science and applications related to the study of psychological strengths and positive emotions.

According to Clifton's Gallup Themes of Talent scale, People who are high in the deliberative theme are characterized by

The serious care they take in making decisions and choices, and the anticipation of obstacles.

Eugenics

The study of methods of reducing "genetic inferiority" by selective breeding, especially as applied to human reproduction.

What would a score of 125 on the Need for Uniqueness scale indicate about a person?

They have a high need for uniqueness level.

African-American participants who report high levels of racial pride and a traditional African-American worldview have been found to be more susceptible to mental health issues.

True

In pursuing happiness, the Westerner is likely to draw a straight line to his goal while the Easterner tends to view the pursuit is a circle.

True

Most scales on the Clifton StrengthsFinder have been found to be internally consistent.

True

Pessimism has been found to be positively correlated with problem-solving behaviors amongst Asian-Americans.

True

Reality resides in people's perceptions of events and happening in their worlds.

True

Regarding the cultural stories we tell, collectivist cultures tend to focus on interdependence, while individualistic cultures tend to focus on individual independence.

True

The United States of the 21st century is prosperous, stable, and poised for peace.

True

Turkish college students consider respect to be the most important attribute of the good person, however Americans consider it to be of much lesser importance.

True

Athenian tradition

Western philosophical tradition focused on the writings and teachings of Plato and Aristotle.

Judeo-Christian tradition

Western religious tradition emphasizing Christianity and Judaism.

Our worldview, or personal view defines which of the following constructs?

What motivation and behaviors are desirable and undesirable.

Mental illness

Within the pathology psychological approach, refers to a variety of problems that people may have. A catch-all term for someone having severe psychological problems, as in "he is suffering from mental illness."

In Confucianism, five virtues are deemed central to living a moral existence. Three of these are

truthfulness, wisdom, and humanity.